Introduction
Nissen fundoplication is an effective treatment for gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). It has also been popularized in children and presently, it is the second most common pediatric surgical procedure in the United States [1‐3]. To ensure a floppy wrap of the fundus of the stomach to minimize dysphagia and residual gastro-esophageal reflux, many advocate to divide the short gastric vessels during operation [4‐7]. Although the spleen is extensively vascularized by the splenic artery, division of the gastric vessels often results in perfusion defects of the spleen. It is unknown how often it occurs and whether it results in clinically relevant hypotrophy of the spleen [8, 9].
The spleen is essential for optimal immunologic function. If the splenic mass is reduced with 50–70%, there is an increased risk of infection, particularly of overwhelming streptococcal septicemia with a high mortality [10, 11]. Death due to septicemia after a vanishing spleen after Nissen fundoplication has been described [12]. Therefore, we assessed the effect of division of the short gastric splenic vessels during Nissen fundoplication on the size of the spleen.
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Materials and methods
The size of the spleen was measured ultrasonographically before and after surgery in children aged 15 years or younger, who underwent a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication between March 2007 and December 2010. Excluded from the study were children with open surgery and children in whom a second ultrasound was not considered feasible because of long travel distances. The patients were suffering from gastro-esophageal reflex disease which did not sufficiently respond to medical therapy. All procedures were performed by two experienced and specialized pediatric surgeons (BV and LvH) and the operating technique was similar in all the patients: the tissue between the posterior portion of the stomach and the left diaphragmatic crus was dissected free and the distal esophagus and proximal stomach were mobilized. The superior pole of the spleen was separated from the gastric fundus which required division of the short gastric vessels in all the patients. The part of the spleen that became ischemic was estimated by the surgeon as a percentage of the discoloration and registered.
Pre-operatively and at least 3 months post-operatively, the size of the spleen was measured ultrasonographically (iU22, Philips Health Care, Bothell, WA, USA) by an expert pediatric radiologist (SGR) using a 4–9 MHz broadband curved array transducer. The length, width and area of the spleen, defined as the section of the spleen in the position with the largest diameters, were determined at their maximal dimension. The ratio of the splenic size was, calculated by dividing the post-operative value by the pre-operative value, so that a ratio less than 1 means a decrease in size.
Data are listed as median (range) and were analyzed using IBM SPSS Data editor 16. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the paired measurements (Wilcoxon signed ranks test) and correlation of ischemic coloring and age and size ratio (Spearman’s correlation). A predictive value smaller than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Twenty-seven patients underwent a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication in the study period. Three patients were not willing to participate to the study due to travel distance. Twenty-four children entered the study; one patient was excluded from analysis because the spleen could not be visualized ultrasonographically. In this patient the spleen was found in the left lower quadrant of the abdominal cavity at operation. The characteristics of the 23 analyzed patients are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Patient characteristics of 23 analyzed patients
Patient characteristic | |
|---|---|
Number of patients | 23 |
Age at surgery (years) | 2 (0–14) |
Sex (m:f) | 14:9 |
Mentally handicapped (n) | 5 |
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In 11 patients (48%) there was discoloration of the upper pole of the spleen during surgery with a median estimated splenic surface of 20% (range 5–50%). Post-operatively, there were no patients with left upper abdominal pain, fever or chill as symptoms of splenic infarction.
At ultrasound at a median of 3 months after operation (range 2–27, seven patients after 6 months or longer) there were no patients with clinically relevant hypotrophy of the spleen. The median pre- and post-operative length, width, and area are listed in Table 2. There were no significant changes in splenic size before and after surgery: the median ratio for pre-operative and post-operative length, width, and area was 0.97, 1.03, and 0.96, respectively.
Table 2
Ultrasound measurements of the spleen
Parameter | Length (cm) | Width (cm) | Area (cm2) |
|---|---|---|---|
Pre | 7.3 (5.1–12.0) | 3.1 (1.7–6.7) | 22.8 (10.1–68.3) |
Post | 6.5 (5.3–13.0) | 3.1 (2.2–6.9) | 22.1 (13.4–61.4) |
Paired measurement pre and post |
Z = −1.00 |
Z = −0.73 |
Z = −0.46 |
p = 0.47 |
p = 0.31 |
p = 0.65 | |
Ratio | 0.97 (0.83–1.57) | 1.03 (0.70–1.52) | 0.96 (0.67–2.02) |
Correlation with per-operative ischemic decolorization |
R = −0.087 |
R = −0.003 |
R = 0.087 |
p = 0.69 |
p = 0.99 |
p = 0.70 |
The percentage of the estimated perfusion defect during surgery was not correlated with the measured length, width, or area ratio (Table 2). In three patients, the area ratio was smaller than 0.8 (0.67–0.75), at 3.3 and 7 months follow-up, meaning that the area decreased with at least 20% after surgery. In none of these patients there was any discoloration of the spleen during surgery. In five patients the area ratio was 1.2 or more. Three of these measurements were taken more than 6 months after fundoplication. There was a significant correlation of the patients age with the pre-operative size of the spleen (R = 0.55, p = 0.007 for length; R = 0.52, p = 0.012 for width; and R = 0.60, p = 0.003 for area). Age was not significantly correlated with the pre and post-operative ratio of length, width and area; therefore, decrease in splenic size was not age-dependant (R = 0.12, p = 0.59 for length; R = −0.38, p = 0.08 for width; and R = −0.28, p = 0.19 for area).
Discussion
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease is relatively common in children [1‐3]. Fundoplication has shown to be a successful and safe treatment in children with severe GERD or in children in whom medical therapy is ineffective [2, 13‐15]. There are several surgical techniques to treat GERD, of which Nissen fundoplication is the most frequently used. There is no common opinion as to whether the short gastric vessels should be divided to obtain an adequate wrap in Nissen fundoplication [4, 5]. In adults, there is evidence that division of the short gastric vessels has no additional effect on reflux control [6, 7]. In children, the fundus of the stomach is smaller, and the stomach is closely attached to the spleen. Moreover, particularly in young or disabled children, dysphagia due to a tight wrap is more difficult to handle [16, 17].
It is extremely important to preserve the spleen during surgery, since it has an important function as secondary lymphoid organ in immune defense and bloodstream filter [10, 11, 18]. Asplenia is related with an increased risk of bacteremia, especially after infection with encapsulated bacteria including S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b and N. meningitidis [10, 18]. After splenectomy, life-threatening infections occur with a lifetime risk of 5% and an estimated incidence of 0.23–0.42% per year [18]. The risk of infection is highest in young children and during the first 2 years after the spleen has been lost [18]. To reduce the chance of infection, vaccination and prophylactic antibiotic treatment is recommended. This reduces, but does not abolish the increased risk of severe infection [10, 11].
The spleen has an extensive circulation of branches from gastric, omental, and pancreatic arteries. The short gastric vessels are terminal branches of the left gastroepiploic artery. They supply the gastric cardia, gastric fundus, and spleen, and lack a collateral network so that parts of the spleen may easily become ischemic if one of the branches is injured. Ischemia can be diagnosed during surgery if there is a change in color, especially of the upper pole of the spleen [9]. It is difficult to assess the extent of ischemic damage of the spleen as only its surface can be seen during surgery and it cannot be followed-up post-operatively. We have arbitrarily chosen to assess the splenic size 3 months after surgery. At this time point, splenic infarction with a decrease in size, if present, should be visible. Serial ultrasonographic measurements at different time points after surgery were not considered necessary, as it is highly probable that the remaining arterial branches of the spleen will prevent a further decrease in size after the period of 3 months.
In this group of patients we have shown that a change of color up to 50% is not associated with relevant splenic atrophy. This confirms the existing opinion that that discoloration alone lacks a clinical relevance in the majority of the patients [8]. In adults, the prevalence of pathologically proven infarction after fundoplication is less than 1% [19]. However, the incidence in children is unknown. A large polar infarction may lead to a substantial decrease in splenic size and so to an increased morbidity or even mortality [8, 9]. Symptoms of splenic infarction may be subtle, and include left upper quadrant abdominal pain, changes in appetite, and early satiety, of which the third is common after fundoplication. Fever and an elevated white blood cell count are aspecific symptoms which can be present in ischemia but also in infection and other disorders [19‐21].
The differences between pre- and post-operative ultrasound measurements of the spleen are relatively small, and include both an increase and decrease in size. This may be explained by inter-observer variability and a changed position of the spleen. Furthermore, as the measurements in seven patients were done more than 6 months after surgery, natural growth of the spleen may be partly responsible for the post-operatively measured increased ratios. The lowest ratio of the pre and post-operative ultrasonographic splenic size measurements was 0.67, which is well above the size which is considered necessary for an adequate immunologic function. Moreover, there was no correlation between the intra-operatively estimated perfusion defects of the spleen and decrease of splenic size after surgery. Therefore, we conclude that discoloration of the spleen after division of the short gastric vessels is not associated with a significant post-operative decrease in splenic size. However, due to the relatively limited number of included patients, it cannot be fully excluded that splenic atrophy after division of the short gastric vessels in Nissen fundoplication never occurs.
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Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.