Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Measures
Psychosocial health
Sports participation
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Fourth grade | Fifth grade | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Mean | SD | N | % | Mean | SD | ||
Sex | Boys | 334 | 48.1 | 233 | 47.8 | ||||
Girls | 361 | 51.9 | 254 | 52.2 | |||||
Age | 11.0 | 0.5 | 11.9 | 0.5 | |||||
BMI | 17.8 | 2.5 | 18.3 | 2.3 | |||||
SES | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.30 | 0.90 | |||||
Household composition | Two parent family | 570 | 82.0 | 399 | 81.9 | ||||
Others | 125 | 18.0 | 88 | 18.1 | |||||
Membership sports club | No | 89 | 12.8 | 63 | 12.9 | ||||
Yes | 606 | 87.2 | 424 | 87.1 | |||||
Frequency of sports participation | 2.92 | 1.44 | 2.51 | 1.64 | |||||
Nonathletes | 89 | 12.8 | 68 | 14.0 | |||||
Low sports actives | 229 | 32.9 | 130 | 26.7 | |||||
Moderate sports actives | 194 | 27.9 | 166 | 34.1 | |||||
High sports actives | 183 | 26.3 | 123 | 25.3 | |||||
Individual versus team sports | Nonathletes | 89 | 12.8 | 68 | 14.0 | ||||
Individual sports | 161 | 23.2 | 108 | 22.2 | |||||
Team sports | 325 | 46.8 | 236 | 48.5 | |||||
Individual as well as team sports | 120 | 17.3 | 75 | 15.4 | |||||
Indoor versus outdoor sports | Nonathletes | 89 | 12.8 | 68 | 14.0 | ||||
Indoor sports | 207 | 29.8 | 130 | 23.7 | |||||
Outdoor sports | 308 | 44.3 | 239 | 49.1 | |||||
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 91 | 13.1 | 50 | 10.3 | |||||
Contact versus non-contact sports | Nonathletes | 89 | 12.8 | 68 | 14.0 | ||||
Non-contact sports | 240 | 34.5 | 161 | 33.1 | |||||
Contact sports | 277 | 39.9 | 205 | 42.1 | |||||
Non-contact as well as contact sports | 89 | 12.8 | 53 | 10.9 | |||||
Involvement in competition or not | Nonathletes | 89 | 12.8 | 68 | 14.0 | ||||
Training activities | 139 | 20.0 | 86 | 17.7 | |||||
Competition | 467 | 67.2 | 333 | 68.4 | |||||
Psychosocial health | internalizing problems | 3.97 | 2.78 | 3.21 | 2.83 | ||||
normal | 647 | 93.1 | 453 | 93.0 | |||||
abnormal | 48 | 6.9 | 34 | 7.0 | |||||
externalizing problems | 5.53 | 3.07 | 5.16 | 3.17 | |||||
normal | 572 | 82.3 | 403 | 82.8 | |||||
abnormal | 123 | 17.7 | 84 | 17.2 | |||||
prosocial behaviour | 7.90 | 1.62 | 8.31 | 1.56 | |||||
normal | 642 | 92.4 | 450 | 92.4 | |||||
abnormal | 53 | 7.6 | 37 | 7.6 |
Internalizing problems
Linear mix models | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw analyses | Adjusted analysesa | ||||||
Bb | P | CI | Bb | p | CI | ||
Sports participation | Nonathletes | Reference | Reference | ||||
Membership sports club | −0.25 | < 0.001*** | − 0.37 to − 0.13 | −0.25 | < 0.001*** | − 0.37 to − 0.13 | |
Frequency of sports participation | High sports actives | Reference | Reference | ||||
Moderate sports actives | 0.02 | 0.71 | −0.09 - 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.42 | −0.06 - 0.15 | |
Low sports actives | 0.17 | 0.004** | 0.05–0.28 | 0.13 | 0.02* | 0.02–0.24 | |
Nonathletes | 0.33 | < 0.001*** | 0.18–0.47 | 0.32 | < 0.001*** | 0.17–0.47 | |
Individual versus team sports | Individual sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Team sports | −0.10 | 0.09 | − 0.21 - 0.02 | − 0.08 | 0.20 | − 0.20 - 0.04 | |
Individual as well as team sports | −0.01 | 0.87 | −0.15 - 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.84 | − 0.14 - 0.17 | |
Nonathletes | 0.19 | 0.01** | 0.05–0.34 | 0.14 | 0.10 | −0.02 - 0.30 | |
Indoor versus outdoor sports | Indoor sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Outdoor sports | −0.28 | < 0.001*** | − 0.38 to − 0.17 | −0.22 | < 0.001*** | − 0.34 to − 0.11 | |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | − 0.10 | 0.20 | − 0.25 - 0.05 | − 0.08 | 0.30 | − 0.24 - 0.08 | |
Nonathletes | 0.10 | 0.16 | −0.04 - 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.23 | −0.06 - 0.25 | |
Contact versus non-contact sports | Non-contact sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Contact sports | −0.19 | 0.001*** | − 0.30 to − 0.09 | − 0.12 | 0.05* | −0.25 - 0.00 | |
Non-Contact as well as contact sports | −0.07 | 0.34 | −0.22 - 0.08 | − 0.05 | 0.53 | − 0.20 - 0.10 | |
Nonathletes | 0.16 | 0.02* | 0.02–0.29 | 0.19 | 0.01** | 0.05–0.32 | |
Involvement in competition or not | Competition | Reference | Reference | ||||
Training activities | 0.16 | 0.003** | 0.05–0.27 | 0.09 | 0.15 | −0.03 - 0.22 | |
Nonathletes | 0.30 | < 0.001*** | 0.17–0.43 | 0.29 | 0.01** | 0.08–0.43 |
Externalizing problems
Linear mix models | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw analyses | Adjusted analysesa | ||||||
Bb | P | CI | Bb | p | CI | ||
Sports participation | Nonathletes | Reference | Reference | ||||
Membership sports club | −0.22 | 0.44 | −0.77 - 0.33 | − 0.30 | 0.28 | − 0.86 - 0.25 | |
Frequency of sports participation | High sports actives | Reference | Reference | ||||
Moderate sports actives | −0.10 | 0.67 | −0.57 - 0.37 | − 0.09 | 0.72 | − 0.56 - 0.39 | |
Low sports actives | −0.04 | 0.88 | −0.54 - 0.47 | −0.02 | 0.94 | −0.53 - 0.49 | |
Nonathletes | 0.17 | 0.62 | −0.49 - 0.82 | 0.27 | 0.43 | −0.39 - 0.93 | |
Individual versus team sports | Individual sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Team sports | 0.03 | 0.91 | −0.50 - 0.56 | −0.04 | 0.87 | −0.59 - 0.50 | |
Individual as well as team sports | 0.10 | 0.75 | −0.53 - 0.74 | −0.10 | 0.77 | −0.79 - 0.59 | |
Nonathletes | 0.25 | 0.45 | −0.39 - 0.89 | 0.48 | 0.20 | −0.25- 1.21 | |
Indoor versus outdoor sports | Indoor sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Outdoor sports | −0.21 | 0.42 | 0.73–0.30 | −0.34 | 0.23 | −0.88 - 0.21 | |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 0.19 | 0.59 | −0.50 - 0.88 | 0.02 | 0.96 | −0.72 - 0.75 | |
Nonathletes | 0.14 | 0.66 | −0.48 - 0.76 | 0.35 | 0.33 | −0.35 – 1.05 | |
Contact versus non-contact sports | Non-contact sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Contact sports | 0.16 | 0.53 | −0.34 - 0.69 | 0.11 | 0.70 | −0.46 - 0.69 | |
Non-Contact as well as contact sports | 0.47 | 0.17 | −0.21 - 1.15 | 0.31 | 0.42 | −0.46 - 1.08 | |
Nonathletes | 0.33 | 0.29 | −0.27 - 0.93 | 0.48 | 0.17 | −0.21 - 1.18 | |
Involvement in competition or not | Competition | Reference | Reference | ||||
Training activities | 0.21 | 0.41 | −0.29 - 0.70 | 0.47 | 0.10 | −0.10 - 1.04 | |
Nonathletes | 0.29 | 0.32 | −0.29 - 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.04* | 0.06–1.64 |
Prosocial behaviour
Linear mix models | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw analyses | Adjusted analysesa | ||||||
Bb | P | CI | Bb | p | CI | ||
Sports participation | Nonathletes | Reference | Reference | ||||
Membership sports club | 0.30 | 0.05* | 0.00–0.60 | 0.40 | 0.01** | 0.10–0.69 | |
Frequency of sports participation | High sports actives | Reference | Reference | ||||
Moderate sports actives | −0.02 | 0.89 | −0.28 - 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.93 | −0.25 – 0.27 | |
Low sports actives | −0.16 | 0.25 | −0.44 - 0.11 | −0.24 | 0.08 | −0.51 - 0.03 | |
Nonathletes | −0.37 | 0.04* | −0.73 to − 0.02 | −0.51 | 0.004** | −0.86 to − 0.16 | |
Individual versus team sports | Individual sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Team sports | −0.13 | 0.34 | −0.41 - 0.14 | − 0.06 | 0.69 | − 0.34 - 0.22 | |
Individual as well as team sports | −0.06 | 0.71 | −0.40 - 0.27 | −0.16 | 0.40 | −0.52 - 0.21 | |
Nonathletes | −0.38 | 0.03* | −0.72 to − 0.03 | −0.27 | 0.18 | −0.66 - 0.12 | |
Indoor versus outdoor sports | Indoor sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Outdoor sports | 0.08 | 0.57 | −0.19 - 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.08 | −0.02 - 0.53 | |
Indoor as well as outdoor sports | 0.09 | 0.62 | −0.27 - 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.89 | −0.35 - 0.41 | |
Nonathletes | −0.25 | 0.15 | −0.58 - 0.09 | −0.15 | 0.44 | −0.53 - 0.23 | |
Contact versus non-contact sports | Non-contact sports | Reference | Reference | ||||
Contact sports | −0.16 | 0.22 | − 0.42 - 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.60 | −0.12 - 0.37 | |
Non-Contact as well as contact sports | −0.14 | 0.45 | −0.50 - 0.22 | −0.13 | 0.52 | −0.53 - 0.27 | |
Nonathletes | −0.38 | 0.02* | −0.71 to − 0.05 | −0.20 | 0.29 | −0.60 - 0.17 | |
Involvement in competition or not | Competition | Reference | Reference | ||||
Training activities | −0.10 | 0.45 | − 0.37 - 0.16 | −0.17 | 0.26 | −0.49 - 0.04 | |
Nonathletes | −0.33 | 0.04* | −0.64 to − 0.02 | −0.38 | 0.08 | −0.48 - 0.13 |