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Erschienen in: Der Internist 11/2017

06.10.2017 | Auswurf | Schwerpunkt: Chronische Atemwegsinfektionen

Aspergillus-Nachweis im Atemwegsmaterial

Ignorieren oder behandeln?

verfasst von: Dr. H. J. F. Salzer, MPH, C. Lange, M. Hönigl

Erschienen in: Die Innere Medizin | Ausgabe 11/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Schimmelpilze der Gattung Aspergillus sind ubiquitär verbreitet. Obwohl Aspergillus-Sporen von Menschen unter natürlichen Bedingungen täglich eingeatmet werden, treten Aspergillus-assoziierte Erkrankungen nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen auf. Maßgeblich dafür, welche Aspergillus-assoziierte Erkrankung entsteht, ist die Konstitution des Wirts. Neben allergischen Krankheitsbildern, wie der exogen allergischen Aspergillose (EAA), treten allergisch-infektiöse Erkrankungen auf, wie die allergische bronchopulmonale Aspergillose (ABPA) oder die bronchozentrische Granulomatose, und auch infektiöse Erkrankungen, wie die invasive (IA), die semiinvasive (SIA) und die chronische pulmonale Aspergillose (CPA). Der alleinige Nachweis von Aspergillus spp. in Sputum oder Bronchialsekret ist für die Diagnose einer Aspergillus-assoziierten Erkrankung nicht ausschlaggebend. Für die assoziierten Infektionskrankheiten ist der kulturelle oder histopathologische Nachweis von Aspergillus in Lungengewebe ausschlaggebend. Häufiger beruht die Einleitung einer Therapie aber auf einer Verdachtsdiagnose, die durch den Nachweis von Aspergillus-spezifischem IgG-Antikörpern im Blut oder von Galaktomannan-Antigen aus der bronchoalveolären Lavage gestellt wurde. Akute invasive oder semiinvasive Infektionen haben eine hohe Letalität und bedürfen einer raschen medikamentösen Therapie. Die CPA ist allein medikamentös praktisch nicht heilbar, durch eine antimykotische medikamentöse Therapie kann sie in Remission gebracht werden. Eine Eradikation der CPA gelingt i.d.R. nur durch ein kombiniertes antimykotisches/chirurgisches Vorgehen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Aspergillus-Nachweis im Atemwegsmaterial
Ignorieren oder behandeln?
verfasst von
Dr. H. J. F. Salzer, MPH
C. Lange
M. Hönigl
Publikationsdatum
06.10.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Innere Medizin / Ausgabe 11/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-7080
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7099
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-017-0334-9

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