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Erschienen in: Der Ophthalmologe 6/2017

30.11.2016 | Sarkoidose | Übersichten

Sarkoidose und Uveitis

Ein Update

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. J. G. Garweg

Erschienen in: Die Ophthalmologie | Ausgabe 6/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Eine Augenbeteiligung findet sich bei bis zu einem Drittel der Sarkoidosepatienten, meist im Frühstadium der Erkrankung, sodass die zugrunde liegende Systemerkrankung oft noch nicht bekannt ist. Wegen der therapeutischen Konsequenzen ist eine frühzeitige Sicherung der zugrunde liegenden systemischen Grunderkrankung anzustreben. Bei Visusbeeinträchtigung sind invasive Maßnahmen wie eine bronchoalveoläre Lavage oder ultraschallgesteuerte transbronchiale Lungenbiopsie gerechtfertigt, wenn noduläre konjunktivale oder kutane Veränderungen nicht vorliegen, an denen die Diagnose gesichert werden könnte. Ausreichend sensitive Biomarker der Krankheitsaktivität existieren nicht. Eine erhöhte Aktivität des Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyms (ACE) und Lysozyms untermauern die Diagnose und sind für die Beurteilung der Krankheitsaktivität im Verlauf geeignet, jedoch nicht diagnosespezifisch. Bei Patienten mit neu aufgetretener Uveitis ohne bekannte Systemerkrankung sollten speckige, granulomatöse Hornhautbeschläge bei anteriorer Uveitis, „snow balls“ und eine Glaskörperbasisverdichtung mit einer Periphlebitis retinae bei intermediärer Uveitis sowie multifokale cremige Aderhautläsionen von etwa 500 µm Größe in verschiedenen Aktivitätsstadien an die Diagnose einer Sarkoidose denken und eine Tuberkulose ausschließen lassen. Neben erhöhten ACE- und Lysozymspiegeln werden eine Kalzämie und Kalziurie, eine kutane Anergie sowie auffällige Leberenzymwerte und typische hiläre Lungenveränderungen als diagnostische Kriterien genutzt. Unbehandelt kann die Erkrankung bei chronischem Verlauf zu schwerem permanentem Sehverlust führen. Die anteriore Uveitis lässt sich in der Regel durch topische Steroide gut kontrollieren und ist selbstlimitierend, wohingegen die intermediäre, posteriore und Panuveitis typischerweise im Zusammenhang mit einem chronischen Verlauf stehen und eine systemische Therapie erfordern. Zunehmend früher werden bei nicht ausreichendem Ansprechen auf Steroide zur Vermeidung bleibender Organschäden immunmodulierende und Biologikatherapien mit hervorragenden Kurz- und Langzeitergebnissen selbst bei therapierefraktären Fällen eingesetzt.
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Metadaten
Titel
Sarkoidose und Uveitis
Ein Update
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. J. G. Garweg
Publikationsdatum
30.11.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Ophthalmologie / Ausgabe 6/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-720X
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7218
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-016-0405-7

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