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Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 7/2017

02.06.2017 | Morbus Alzheimer | Leitthema

Suche nach Risikogenen bei der Alzheimer-Erkrankung

verfasst von: I. Karaca, H. Wagner, PD Dr. Dr. A. Ramirez

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 7/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Die Alzheimer-Erkrankung („Alzheimer’s disease“, AD) ist die häufigste Form der neurodegenerativen Demenz. Die Suszeptibilität für die AD wird durch eine komplexe Interaktion zwischen genetischen, epigenetischen und Umweltfaktoren bestimmt. Generell beträgt das Risiko, welches genetischen Faktoren zugeordnet werden kann, ca. 80 %. Obwohl die meisten AD-Fälle sporadisch sind, gibt es jedoch auch Familien mit seltenen voll penetranten Mutationen in APP, PSEN1 und PSEN2. Diese sind jedoch sehr selten und kaum mit sporadischen Fällen assoziiert. Über 20 Jahre lang war das APOE-ε4-Allel der einzige bekannte genetische Risikofaktor der sporadischen AD, der die Suszeptibilität zur AD in etwa dreifach erhöht. Durch die Entwicklung der genomweiten Assoziationsstudien wurde die Suche nach zusätzlichen genetischen Faktoren vorangetrieben und führte zur Identifizierung 26 neuer Risikovarianten. Bei genauerer Betrachtung lassen sich diese Gene in verschiedene Gruppen einordnen, die maßgeblich in bestimmten biologischen Signalwegen zusammengefasst werden können, wie Cholesterol- und Lipidmetabolismus, Immunantwort sowie endozytotische Transportvorgänge; u. a. mithilfe neuer Sequenziermethoden wurden zudem neue Impulse in der Risikogensuche gesetzt. Durch die Exomsequenzierung wurden Assoziationen zwischen der AD und seltenen kodierenden Varianten bei TREM2, SORL1 und ABCA1 aufgedeckt (geringere Allelfrequenz <1 %). Somit hat der Fortschritt der genetischen Forschung maßgeblich zum Verständnis der Krankheitsmechanismen beigetragen. Doch obwohl unser Wissen über die Genetik der AD deutlich vorangeschritten ist, ist es noch weit davon entfernt, vollständig zu sein. Um jedoch die genaue Architektur der AD zu vervollständigen, muss weitere intensive Forschung betrieben werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Suche nach Risikogenen bei der Alzheimer-Erkrankung
verfasst von
I. Karaca
H. Wagner
PD Dr. Dr. A. Ramirez
Publikationsdatum
02.06.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 7/2017
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0354-7

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