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Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 5/2016

01.05.2016 | Zervixkarzinom | Leitthema

Humane Papillomaviren

Karzinogenese, Nachweismethoden, Impfstrategien

verfasst von: Dr. M. Cavalar, PD Dr. D. Beyer

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 5/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Wichtigste Verursacher von Gebärmutterhalskrebs, aber auch anderer Karzinome sind humane Papillomaviren (HPV). Verlauf und Ergebnis einer HPV-Infektion sind vom HPV-Subtyp, von der Anatomie der Angriffsstelle und vom Differenzierungsstatus der Wirtszellen abhängig. Etwa 30 HPV-Typen die sich in Niedrigrisiko- und Hochrisikotypen unterteilen lassen, sind auf die Infektion von Haut und Schleimhaut im Anogenitalbereich spezialisiert. Eine genitale HPV-Infektion erfolgt häufig schon bei den ersten Sexualkontakten. Die HPV-Prävalenz variiert in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen abhängig von Alter, sozialer Schicht und Kulturkreis. In der Regel überwindet das Immunsystem eine HPV-Infektion innerhalb von 2 Jahren von selbst, eine überwundene Infektion mit einem HPV-Typ hinterlässt aber keine lebenslange Immunität. Anhaltende oder parallele Infektionen mit verschiedenen HPV-Typen erhöhen das Risiko an Gebärmutterhalskrebs zu erkranken. Für die maligne Transformation einer infizierten Epithelzelle ist die Überexpression der viralen Onkogene E6 und E7 notwendig. Eine Voraussetzung für die vollständige maligne Transformation einer Wirtszelle ist die Integration der HPV-DNA ins Wirtsgenom. Während dieses Vorgangs werden Genabschnitte der Virus-DNA zerstört, häufig ist das E2-, E1- oder L1-Gen betroffen. Die derzeit verfügbaren Impfstoffe immunisieren nur gegen einen kleinen Teil der 18 Hochrisiko-HPV und bieten daher nur eingeschränkten Schutz vor Zervixkarzinomen. Auch geimpfte Frauen sollten daher regelmäßig die Früherkennungsuntersuchungen beim Frauenarzt wahrnehmen. Moderne, PCR-basierte Tests zum Nachweis von HPV sind in der klinischen Routine etabliert und bieten die Möglichkeit, Infektionen frühzeitig, objektiv und sensitiv nachzuweisen, sind qualitativ aber sehr verschieden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Humane Papillomaviren
Karzinogenese, Nachweismethoden, Impfstrategien
verfasst von
Dr. M. Cavalar
PD Dr. D. Beyer
Publikationsdatum
01.05.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 5/2016
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-016-3871-8

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