Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Der Kardiologe 3/2017

10.04.2017 | Vorhofflimmern | Leitlinien

Kommentar zu den 2016 Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) zum Management von Vorhofflimmern

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. L. Eckardt, T. Deneke, H. C. Diener, G. Hindricks, H. M. Hoffmeister, S. H. Hohnloser, P. Kirchhof, C. Stellbrink

Erschienen in: Die Kardiologie | Ausgabe 3/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Vorhofflimmern ist die mit Abstand häufigste Herzrhythmusstörung. Schätzungen zufolge entwickeln zumindest 25 % der aktuell 40-Jährigen im Verlauf ihres Lebens Vorhofflimmern. Es ist mit einer erhöhten Mortalität assoziiert und wesentliche Ursache für Schlaganfälle. Neue Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre waren Grundlage einer Überarbeitung der Leitlinien. Die aktuelle 2016 ESC-Leitlinie zum Vorhofflimmern gibt einen detaillierten Überblick über den aktuellen Wissensstand in der Behandlung von Vorhofflimmern. Im Vergleich zur letzten Aktualisierung aus dem Jahr 2012 sind der Patient und die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt. Von insgesamt 154 Empfehlungen wurden ca. zwei Drittel als Evidenz (Evidenzgrad A oder B) eingestuft, wobei allerdings nur 23 (15 %) auf Evidenzgrad A beruhen. Die Klassifikation von Vorhofflimmern hat sich geringfügig geändert. Paroxysmales Vorhofflimmern, das innerhalb von 7 Tagen kardiovertiert wird, wird weiterhin als paroxysmal und nicht als persistierend klassifiziert. In der Schlaganfallprävention treten Blutungsscores im Vergleich zum CHA2DS2-VASc in den Hintergrund und begründen in der Regel nicht den Verzicht auf eine Antikoagulation. Die Leitlinie spricht eine eindeutige Präferenz zugunsten von NOAK gegenüber Vitamin-K-Antagonisten aus. ASS hat unverändert zur letzten Leitlinie keinen Stellenwert in der Schlaganfallprävention bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern. Die Bedeutung des weiblichen Geschlechts als Risikofaktor für thrombembolische Ereignisse ist abgewertet worden. Frequenzregulation und Rhythmus erhaltende Therapie weisen demgegenüber kaum Änderungen auf, wobei chirurgische Ablationsverfahren in der Leitlinie größere Bedeutung erlangen. Der vorliegende Kommentar fasst wesentliche Änderungen zusammen und diskutiert die Leitlinie vor dem Hintergrund der Versorgungssituation in Deutschland.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines-CPG, Document Reviewers (2012) 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation--developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 14(10):1385–1413CrossRefPubMed Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines-CPG, Document Reviewers (2012) 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation--developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 14(10):1385–1413CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castellá M, Diener HC, Heidbüchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Alexandru Popescu B, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P (2016) 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 37:2893–2962CrossRefPubMed Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castellá M, Diener HC, Heidbüchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Alexandru Popescu B, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P (2016) 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 37:2893–2962CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Conti JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Murray KT, Sacco RL, Stevenson WG, Tchou PJ, Tracy CM, Yancy CW, ACC/AHA Task Force Members (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 130:2071–2104CrossRefPubMed January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, Cleveland JC Jr, Conti JB, Ellinor PT, Ezekowitz MD, Field ME, Murray KT, Sacco RL, Stevenson WG, Tchou PJ, Tracy CM, Yancy CW, ACC/AHA Task Force Members (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 130:2071–2104CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Lowres N, Neubeck L, Redfern J, Freedman SB (2013) Screening to identify unknown atrial fibrillation. A systematic review. Thromb Haemost 110:213–222CrossRefPubMed Lowres N, Neubeck L, Redfern J, Freedman SB (2013) Screening to identify unknown atrial fibrillation. A systematic review. Thromb Haemost 110:213–222CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat GISSI-AF Investigators, Disertori M, Latini R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Di Pasquale G, Tognoni G (2009) Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 360:1606–1617CrossRef GISSI-AF Investigators, Disertori M, Latini R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Staszewsky L, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Di Pasquale G, Tognoni G (2009) Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 360:1606–1617CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Goette A, Schön N, Kirchhof P, Breithardt G, Fetsch T, Häusler KG, Klein HU, Steinbeck G, Wegscheider K, Meinertz T (2012) Angiotensin II-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5:43–51CrossRefPubMed Goette A, Schön N, Kirchhof P, Breithardt G, Fetsch T, Häusler KG, Klein HU, Steinbeck G, Wegscheider K, Meinertz T (2012) Angiotensin II-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5:43–51CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, Twomey D, Elliott AD, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, Lau DH, Sanders P (2015) Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol 65:2159–2169CrossRefPubMed Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M, Mehta AB, Mahajan R, Wong CX, Twomey D, Elliott AD, Kalman JM, Abhayaratna WP, Lau DH, Sanders P (2015) Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol 65:2159–2169CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace 12:1360–1420CrossRef European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace 12:1360–1420CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Charitos EI, Pürerfellner H, Glotzer TV, Ziegler PD (2014) Clinical classifications of atrial fibrillation poorly reflect its temporal persistence: insights from 1,195 patients continuously monitored with implantable devices. J Am Coll Cardiol 63:2840–2848CrossRefPubMed Charitos EI, Pürerfellner H, Glotzer TV, Ziegler PD (2014) Clinical classifications of atrial fibrillation poorly reflect its temporal persistence: insights from 1,195 patients continuously monitored with implantable devices. J Am Coll Cardiol 63:2840–2848CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, Lau CP, Fain E, Yang S, Bailleul C, Morillo CA, Carlson M, Themeles E, Kaufman ES, Hohnloser SH, ASSERT Investigators (2012) Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 366:120–129CrossRefPubMed Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, Lau CP, Fain E, Yang S, Bailleul C, Morillo CA, Carlson M, Themeles E, Kaufman ES, Hohnloser SH, ASSERT Investigators (2012) Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 366:120–129CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziegler PD, Rogers JD, Ferreira SW, Nichols AJ, Sarkar S, Koehler JL, Warman EN, Richards M (2015) Real-world experience with Insertable cardiac monitors to find atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 40:175–181CrossRefPubMed Ziegler PD, Rogers JD, Ferreira SW, Nichols AJ, Sarkar S, Koehler JL, Warman EN, Richards M (2015) Real-world experience with Insertable cardiac monitors to find atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 40:175–181CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Huxley RR, Misialek JR, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Soliman EZ, Chen LY, Alonso A (2014) Physical activity, obesity, weight change, and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:620–625CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Huxley RR, Misialek JR, Agarwal SK, Loehr LR, Soliman EZ, Chen LY, Alonso A (2014) Physical activity, obesity, weight change, and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:620–625CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy NF, MacIntyre K, Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole D, McMurray JJ (2006) Long-term cardiovascular consequences of obesity: 20-year follow-up of more than 15 000 middle-aged men and women (the Renfrew-Paisley study). Eur Heart J 27:96–106CrossRefPubMed Murphy NF, MacIntyre K, Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole D, McMurray JJ (2006) Long-term cardiovascular consequences of obesity: 20-year follow-up of more than 15 000 middle-aged men and women (the Renfrew-Paisley study). Eur Heart J 27:96–106CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hendriks JM, de Wit R, Crijns HJ, Vrijhoef HJ, Prins MH, Pisters R, Pison LA, Blaauw Y, Tieleman RG (2012) Nurse-led care vs. usual care for patients with atrial fibrillation: results of a randomized trial of integrated chronic care vs. routine clinical care in ambulatory patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 33:2692–2699CrossRefPubMed Hendriks JM, de Wit R, Crijns HJ, Vrijhoef HJ, Prins MH, Pisters R, Pison LA, Blaauw Y, Tieleman RG (2012) Nurse-led care vs. usual care for patients with atrial fibrillation: results of a randomized trial of integrated chronic care vs. routine clinical care in ambulatory patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 33:2692–2699CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lip GY, Al-Khatib SM, Cosio FG, Banerjee A, Savelieva I, Ruskin J, Blendea D, Nattel S, De Bono J, Conroy JM, Hess PL, Guasch E, Halperin JL, Kirchhof P, Cosio MD, Camm AJ (2014) Contemporary management of atrial fibrillation: What can clinical registries tell us about stroke prevention and current therapeutic approaches? J Am Heart Assoc 3:e001179CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lip GY, Al-Khatib SM, Cosio FG, Banerjee A, Savelieva I, Ruskin J, Blendea D, Nattel S, De Bono J, Conroy JM, Hess PL, Guasch E, Halperin JL, Kirchhof P, Cosio MD, Camm AJ (2014) Contemporary management of atrial fibrillation: What can clinical registries tell us about stroke prevention and current therapeutic approaches? J Am Heart Assoc 3:e001179CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Makris M, Van Veen JJ, Tait CR, Mumford AD, Laffan M, British Committee for Standards in Haematology (2012) Guideline on the management of bleeding in patients on antithrombotic agents. Br J Haematol 160:35–46CrossRefPubMed Makris M, Van Veen JJ, Tait CR, Mumford AD, Laffan M, British Committee for Standards in Haematology (2012) Guideline on the management of bleeding in patients on antithrombotic agents. Br J Haematol 160:35–46CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, Glund S, Verhamme P, Bernstein RA, Dubiel R, Huisman MV, Hylek EM, Kamphuisen PW, Kreuzer J, Levy JH, Sellke FW, Stangier J, Steiner T, Wang B, Kam CW, Weitz JI (2015) Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med 373:511–520CrossRefPubMed Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, Glund S, Verhamme P, Bernstein RA, Dubiel R, Huisman MV, Hylek EM, Kamphuisen PW, Kreuzer J, Levy JH, Sellke FW, Stangier J, Steiner T, Wang B, Kam CW, Weitz JI (2015) Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med 373:511–520CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY (2012) Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J 33:1500–1510CrossRefPubMed Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY (2012) Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J 33:1500–1510CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ (2001) Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 104:2517–2524CrossRefPubMed Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ (2001) Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 104:2517–2524CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, Hagege AA, Lafont A, Limongelli G, Mahrholdt H, McKenna WJ, Mogensen J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Nistri S, Pieper PG, Pieske B, Rapezzi C, Rutten FH, Tillmanns C, Watkins H (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35:2733–2779CrossRefPubMed Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P, Hagege AA, Lafont A, Limongelli G, Mahrholdt H, McKenna WJ, Mogensen J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Nistri S, Pieper PG, Pieske B, Rapezzi C, Rutten FH, Tillmanns C, Watkins H (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35:2733–2779CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Bellone P, Conte MR, Cecchi F, Flygenring BP, Casey SA, Gohman TE, Bongioanni S, Spirito P (2002) Clinical profile of stroke in 900 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:301–307CrossRefPubMed Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Bellone P, Conte MR, Cecchi F, Flygenring BP, Casey SA, Gohman TE, Bongioanni S, Spirito P (2002) Clinical profile of stroke in 900 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:301–307CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Björck F, Renlund H, Lip GY, Wester P, Svensson PJ, Själander A (2016) Outcomes in a warfarin-treated population with atrial fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol 1:172–180CrossRefPubMed Björck F, Renlund H, Lip GY, Wester P, Svensson PJ, Själander A (2016) Outcomes in a warfarin-treated population with atrial fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol 1:172–180CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, Diener HC, Hart R, Golitsyn S, Flaker G, Avezum A, Hohnloser SH, Diaz R, Talajic M, Zhu J, Pais P, Budaj A, Parkhomenko A, Jansky P, Commerford P, Tan RS, Sim KH, Lewis BS, Van Mieghem W, Lip GY, Kim JH, Lanas-Zanetti F, Gonzalez-Hermosillo A, Dans AL, Munawar M, O’Donnell M, Lawrence J, Lewis G, Afzal R, Yusuf S, AVERROES Steering Committee and Investigator (2011) Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 364:806–817CrossRefPubMed Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, Diener HC, Hart R, Golitsyn S, Flaker G, Avezum A, Hohnloser SH, Diaz R, Talajic M, Zhu J, Pais P, Budaj A, Parkhomenko A, Jansky P, Commerford P, Tan RS, Sim KH, Lewis BS, Van Mieghem W, Lip GY, Kim JH, Lanas-Zanetti F, Gonzalez-Hermosillo A, Dans AL, Munawar M, O’Donnell M, Lawrence J, Lewis G, Afzal R, Yusuf S, AVERROES Steering Committee and Investigator (2011) Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 364:806–817CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hindricks G, Piorkowski C, Tanner H, Kobza R, Gerds-Li JH, Carbucicchio C, Kottkamp H (2005) Perception of atrial fibrillation before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation: relevance of asymptomatic arrhythmia recurrence. Circulation 112:307–313CrossRefPubMed Hindricks G, Piorkowski C, Tanner H, Kobza R, Gerds-Li JH, Carbucicchio C, Kottkamp H (2005) Perception of atrial fibrillation before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation: relevance of asymptomatic arrhythmia recurrence. Circulation 112:307–313CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Själander S, Holmqvist F, Smith JG, Platonov PG, Kesek M, Svensson PJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Tabrizi F, Tapanainen J, Poci D, Jönsson A, Själander A (2017) Assessment of use vs discontinuation of oral anticoagulation after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol 2:146–152CrossRefPubMed Själander S, Holmqvist F, Smith JG, Platonov PG, Kesek M, Svensson PJ, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Tabrizi F, Tapanainen J, Poci D, Jönsson A, Själander A (2017) Assessment of use vs discontinuation of oral anticoagulation after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol 2:146–152CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuramatsu JB, Gerner ST, Schellinger PD, Glahn J, Endres M, Sobesky J, Flechsenhar J, Neugebauer H, Jüttler E, Grau A, Palm F, Röther J, Michels P, Hamann GF, Hüwel J, Hagemann G, Barber B, Terborg C, Trostdorf F, Bäzner H, Roth A, Wöhrle J, Keller M, Schwarz M, Reimann G, Volkmann J, Müllges W, Kraft P, Classen J, Hobohm C, Horn M, Milewski A, Reichmann H, Schneider H, Schimmel E, Fink GR, Dohmen C, Stetefeld H, Witte O, Günther A, Neumann-Haefelin T, Racs AE, Nueckel M, Erbguth F, Kloska SP, Dörfler A, Köhrmann M, Schwab S, Huttner HB (2015) Anticoagulant reversal, blood pressure levels, and anticoagulant resumption in patients with anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA 313:824–836CrossRefPubMed Kuramatsu JB, Gerner ST, Schellinger PD, Glahn J, Endres M, Sobesky J, Flechsenhar J, Neugebauer H, Jüttler E, Grau A, Palm F, Röther J, Michels P, Hamann GF, Hüwel J, Hagemann G, Barber B, Terborg C, Trostdorf F, Bäzner H, Roth A, Wöhrle J, Keller M, Schwarz M, Reimann G, Volkmann J, Müllges W, Kraft P, Classen J, Hobohm C, Horn M, Milewski A, Reichmann H, Schneider H, Schimmel E, Fink GR, Dohmen C, Stetefeld H, Witte O, Günther A, Neumann-Haefelin T, Racs AE, Nueckel M, Erbguth F, Kloska SP, Dörfler A, Köhrmann M, Schwab S, Huttner HB (2015) Anticoagulant reversal, blood pressure levels, and anticoagulant resumption in patients with anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA 313:824–836CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagstaff AJ, Overvad TF, Lip GY, Lane DA (2014) Is female sex a risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. QJM 107:955–967CrossRefPubMed Wagstaff AJ, Overvad TF, Lip GY, Lane DA (2014) Is female sex a risk factor for stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. QJM 107:955–967CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin RC, Burgin WS, Schabath MB, Kirby B, Chae SH, Fradley MG, Rose DZ, Labovitz AJ (2017) Gender-specific differences for risk of disability and death in atrial fibrillation-related stroke. Am J Cardiol 119:256–261CrossRefPubMed Martin RC, Burgin WS, Schabath MB, Kirby B, Chae SH, Fradley MG, Rose DZ, Labovitz AJ (2017) Gender-specific differences for risk of disability and death in atrial fibrillation-related stroke. Am J Cardiol 119:256–261CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group (2016) Ischemic stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VAsc score of 1: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 47:1364–1367CrossRefPubMed Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group (2016) Ischemic stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VAsc score of 1: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 47:1364–1367CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD, Camm AJ, Weitz JI, Lewis BS, Parkhomenko A, Yamashita T, Antman EM (2014) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 383:955–962CrossRefPubMed Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, Hoffman EB, Deenadayalu N, Ezekowitz MD, Camm AJ, Weitz JI, Lewis BS, Parkhomenko A, Yamashita T, Antman EM (2014) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 383:955–962CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallentin L, Yusuf S, Ezekowitz MD, Alings M, Flather M, Franzosi MG, Pais P, Dans A, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Yang S, Connolly SJ, RE-LY investigators (2010) Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet 376:975–983CrossRefPubMed Wallentin L, Yusuf S, Ezekowitz MD, Alings M, Flather M, Franzosi MG, Pais P, Dans A, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Yang S, Connolly SJ, RE-LY investigators (2010) Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet 376:975–983CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Piccini JP, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, Patel MR, Harrell FE, Singer DE, Becker RC, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Berkowitz SD, Nessel CC, Mahaffey KW, Fox KA, Califf RM, ROCKET AF Investigators (2014) Relationship between time in therapeutic range and comparative treatment effect of rivaroxaban and warfarin: results from the ROCKET AF trial. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000521CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Piccini JP, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, Patel MR, Harrell FE, Singer DE, Becker RC, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Berkowitz SD, Nessel CC, Mahaffey KW, Fox KA, Califf RM, ROCKET AF Investigators (2014) Relationship between time in therapeutic range and comparative treatment effect of rivaroxaban and warfarin: results from the ROCKET AF trial. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000521CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Darius H, Bosch R, Hindricks G, Hoffmeister HM, Hohnloser S, Israel CW, Kirchhof P, Willems S (2013) Kommentar: Fokus Update der Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) zum Management des Vorhofflimmerns. Kardiologie 7:171–180CrossRef Darius H, Bosch R, Hindricks G, Hoffmeister HM, Hohnloser S, Israel CW, Kirchhof P, Willems S (2013) Kommentar: Fokus Update der Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) zum Management des Vorhofflimmerns. Kardiologie 7:171–180CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Staerk L, Fosbøl EL, Lip GY, Lamberts M, Bonde AN, Torp-Pedersen C, Ozenne B, Gerds TA, Gislason GH, Olesen JB (2016) Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke associated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin use in patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw496 Staerk L, Fosbøl EL, Lip GY, Lamberts M, Bonde AN, Torp-Pedersen C, Ozenne B, Gerds TA, Gislason GH, Olesen JB (2016) Ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke associated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin use in patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehw496
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao X, Abraham NS, Sangaralingham LR, Bellolio MF, McBane RD, Shah ND, Noseworthy PA (2016) Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 5:e003725CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yao X, Abraham NS, Sangaralingham LR, Bellolio MF, McBane RD, Shah ND, Noseworthy PA (2016) Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 5:e003725CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Hohnloser S, Basic E, Näbauer M (2016) Comparative risk of major bleeding with new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and phenprocoumon in patients with atrial fibrillation: a post-marketing surveillance study. Clin Res Cardiol. doi:10.1007/s00392-017-1098-x PubMed Hohnloser S, Basic E, Näbauer M (2016) Comparative risk of major bleeding with new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and phenprocoumon in patients with atrial fibrillation: a post-marketing surveillance study. Clin Res Cardiol. doi:10.​1007/​s00392-017-1098-x PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Noseworthy PA, Yao X, Abraham NS, Sangaralingham LR, McBane RD, Shah ND (2016) Direct comparison of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban for effectiveness and safety in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Chest 150:1302–1312CrossRefPubMed Noseworthy PA, Yao X, Abraham NS, Sangaralingham LR, McBane RD, Shah ND (2016) Direct comparison of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban for effectiveness and safety in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Chest 150:1302–1312CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Aisenberg J, Ansell J, Atar D, Breithardt G, Eikelboom J, Ezekowitz MD, Granger CB, Halperin JL, Hohnloser SH, Hylek EM, Kirchhof P, Lane DA, Verheugt FW, Veltkamp R, Lip GY (2016) Choosing a particular oral anticoagulant and dose for stroke prevention in individual patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: part 1. Eur Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv643 Diener HC, Aisenberg J, Ansell J, Atar D, Breithardt G, Eikelboom J, Ezekowitz MD, Granger CB, Halperin JL, Hohnloser SH, Hylek EM, Kirchhof P, Lane DA, Verheugt FW, Veltkamp R, Lip GY (2016) Choosing a particular oral anticoagulant and dose for stroke prevention in individual patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: part 1. Eur Heart J. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehv643
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Aisenberg J, Ansell J, Atar D, Breithardt G, Eikelboom J, Ezekowitz MD, Granger CB, Halperin JL, Hohnloser SH, Hylek EM, Kirchhof P, Lane DA, Verheugt FW, Veltkamp R, Lip GY (2016) Choosing a particular oral anticoagulant and dose for stroke prevention in individual patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: part 2. Eur Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw069 Diener HC, Aisenberg J, Ansell J, Atar D, Breithardt G, Eikelboom J, Ezekowitz MD, Granger CB, Halperin JL, Hohnloser SH, Hylek EM, Kirchhof P, Lane DA, Verheugt FW, Veltkamp R, Lip GY (2016) Choosing a particular oral anticoagulant and dose for stroke prevention in individual patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: part 2. Eur Heart J. doi:10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehw069
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly SJ, Milling TJ Jr, Eikelboom JW, Gibson CM, Curnutte JT, Gold A, Bronson MD, Lu G, Conley PB, Verhamme P, Schmidt J, Middeldorp S, Cohen AT, Beyer-Westendorf J, Albaladejo P, Lopez-Sendon J, Goodman S, Leeds J, Wiens BL, Siegal DM, Zotova E, Meeks B, Nakamya J, Lim WT, Crowther M, ANNEXA-4 Investigators (2016) Andexanet alfa for acute major bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med 375:1131–1141CrossRefPubMed Connolly SJ, Milling TJ Jr, Eikelboom JW, Gibson CM, Curnutte JT, Gold A, Bronson MD, Lu G, Conley PB, Verhamme P, Schmidt J, Middeldorp S, Cohen AT, Beyer-Westendorf J, Albaladejo P, Lopez-Sendon J, Goodman S, Leeds J, Wiens BL, Siegal DM, Zotova E, Meeks B, Nakamya J, Lim WT, Crowther M, ANNEXA-4 Investigators (2016) Andexanet alfa for acute major bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med 375:1131–1141CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, Lu G, Conley PB, Wiens BL, Mathur VS, Castillo J, Bronson MD, Leeds JM, Mar FA, Gold A, Crowther MA (2015) Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med 373:2413–2424CrossRefPubMed Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, Lu G, Conley PB, Wiens BL, Mathur VS, Castillo J, Bronson MD, Leeds JM, Mar FA, Gold A, Crowther MA (2015) Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med 373:2413–2424CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Thalji NK, Ivanciu L, Davidson R, Gimotty PA, Krishnaswamy S, Camire RM (2016) A rapid pro-hemostatic approach to overcome direct oral anticoagulants. Nat Med 22:924–932CrossRefPubMed Thalji NK, Ivanciu L, Davidson R, Gimotty PA, Krishnaswamy S, Camire RM (2016) A rapid pro-hemostatic approach to overcome direct oral anticoagulants. Nat Med 22:924–932CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Kermer P, Eschenfelder CC, Diener HC, Grond M, Abdalla Y, Althaus K, Berrouschot J, Cangür H, Daffertshofer M, Edelbusch S, Gröschel K, Haase CG, Harloff A, Held V, Kauert A, Kraft P, Lenz A, Müllges W, Obermann M, Partowi S, Purrucker J, Ringleb PA, Röther J, Rossi R, Schäfer N, Schneider A, Schuppner R, Seitz RJ, Szabo K, Wruck R (2017) Antagonizing dabigatran by idarucizumab in cases of ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage in Germany – a national case collection. Clin Res Cardiol: in press Kermer P, Eschenfelder CC, Diener HC, Grond M, Abdalla Y, Althaus K, Berrouschot J, Cangür H, Daffertshofer M, Edelbusch S, Gröschel K, Haase CG, Harloff A, Held V, Kauert A, Kraft P, Lenz A, Müllges W, Obermann M, Partowi S, Purrucker J, Ringleb PA, Röther J, Rossi R, Schäfer N, Schneider A, Schuppner R, Seitz RJ, Szabo K, Wruck R (2017) Antagonizing dabigatran by idarucizumab in cases of ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage in Germany – a national case collection. Clin Res Cardiol: in press
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma D, Reddy VY, Sandri M, Schulz P, Majunke N, Hala P, Wiebe J, Mraz T, Miller MA, Neuzil P, Möbius-Winkler S, Sievert H, Sick P (2016) Left atrial appendage closure in patients with contraindications to oral anticoagulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:2190–2192CrossRefPubMed Sharma D, Reddy VY, Sandri M, Schulz P, Majunke N, Hala P, Wiebe J, Mraz T, Miller MA, Neuzil P, Möbius-Winkler S, Sievert H, Sick P (2016) Left atrial appendage closure in patients with contraindications to oral anticoagulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 67:2190–2192CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes DR Jr, Kar S, Price MJ, Whisenant B, Sievert H, Doshi SK, Huber K, Reddy VY (2014) Prospective randomized evaluation of the watchman left atrial appendage closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: the PREVAIL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:1–12CrossRefPubMed Holmes DR Jr, Kar S, Price MJ, Whisenant B, Sievert H, Doshi SK, Huber K, Reddy VY (2014) Prospective randomized evaluation of the watchman left atrial appendage closure device in patients with atrial fibrillation versus long-term warfarin therapy: the PREVAIL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:1–12CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, Mullin CM, Sick P, PROTECT AF Investigators (2009) Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 374:534–542CrossRefPubMed Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, Mullin CM, Sick P, PROTECT AF Investigators (2009) Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 374:534–542CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamel H, Okin PM, Elkind MS, Iadecola C (2016) Atrial fibrillation and mechanisms of stroke: time for a new model. Stroke 47:895–900PubMedPubMedCentral Kamel H, Okin PM, Elkind MS, Iadecola C (2016) Atrial fibrillation and mechanisms of stroke: time for a new model. Stroke 47:895–900PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Budera P, Straka Z, Osmančík P, Vaněk T, Jelínek Š, Hlavička J, Fojt R, Červinka P, Hulman M, Šmíd M, Malý M, Widimský P (2012) Comparison of cardiac surgery with left atrial surgical ablation vs. cardiac surgery without atrial ablation in patients with coronary and/or valvular heart disease plus atrial fibrillation: final results of the PRAGUE-12 randomized multicentre study. Eur Heart J 33:2644–2652CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Budera P, Straka Z, Osmančík P, Vaněk T, Jelínek Š, Hlavička J, Fojt R, Červinka P, Hulman M, Šmíd M, Malý M, Widimský P (2012) Comparison of cardiac surgery with left atrial surgical ablation vs. cardiac surgery without atrial ablation in patients with coronary and/or valvular heart disease plus atrial fibrillation: final results of the PRAGUE-12 randomized multicentre study. Eur Heart J 33:2644–2652CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Cappato R, Marchlinski FE, Hohnloser SH, Naccarelli GV, Xiang J, Wilber DJ, Ma CS, Hess S, Wells DS, Juang G, Vijgen J, Hügl BJ, Balasubramaniam R, De Chillou C, Davies DW, Fields LE, Natale A (2015) VENTURE-AF Investigators Uninterrupted rivaroxaban vs. uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists for catheter ablation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 36:1805–1811CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cappato R, Marchlinski FE, Hohnloser SH, Naccarelli GV, Xiang J, Wilber DJ, Ma CS, Hess S, Wells DS, Juang G, Vijgen J, Hügl BJ, Balasubramaniam R, De Chillou C, Davies DW, Fields LE, Natale A (2015) VENTURE-AF Investigators Uninterrupted rivaroxaban vs. uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists for catheter ablation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 36:1805–1811CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Calkins H, Willems S, Gerstenfeld EP, Verma A, Schilling R, Hohnloser SH, Okumura K, Serota H, Nordaby M, Guiver K, Biss B, Brouwer MA, Grimaldi M, for the RE-CIRCUIT Investigators (2017) Uninterrupted Dabigatran versus Warfarin for Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 115:1154–155. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1701005 CrossRefPubMed Calkins H, Willems S, Gerstenfeld EP, Verma A, Schilling R, Hohnloser SH, Okumura K, Serota H, Nordaby M, Guiver K, Biss B, Brouwer MA, Grimaldi M, for the RE-CIRCUIT Investigators (2017) Uninterrupted Dabigatran versus Warfarin for Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 115:1154–155. doi: 10.​1056/​NEJMoa1701005 CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Karasoy D, Gislason GH, Hansen J, Johannessen A, Køber L, Hvidtfeldt M, Özcan C, Torp-Pedersen C, Hansen ML (2015) Oral anticoagulation therapy after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation and the risk of thromboembolism and serious bleeding: long-term follow-up in nationwide cohort of Denmark. Eur Heart J 36:307–314CrossRefPubMed Karasoy D, Gislason GH, Hansen J, Johannessen A, Køber L, Hvidtfeldt M, Özcan C, Torp-Pedersen C, Hansen ML (2015) Oral anticoagulation therapy after radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation and the risk of thromboembolism and serious bleeding: long-term follow-up in nationwide cohort of Denmark. Eur Heart J 36:307–314CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Voight J, Akkaya M, Somasundaram P, Karim R, Valliani S, Kwon Y, Adabag S (2014) Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation and stroke after radiofrequency ablation of isolated, typical atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm 11:1884–1889CrossRefPubMed Voight J, Akkaya M, Somasundaram P, Karim R, Valliani S, Kwon Y, Adabag S (2014) Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation and stroke after radiofrequency ablation of isolated, typical atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm 11:1884–1889CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Lubitz SA, Yin X, Rienstra M, Schnabel RB, Walkey AJ, Magnani JW, Rahman F, McManus DD, Tadros TM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Ellinor PT, Benjamin EJ (2015) Long-term outcomes of secondary atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 131:1648–1655CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lubitz SA, Yin X, Rienstra M, Schnabel RB, Walkey AJ, Magnani JW, Rahman F, McManus DD, Tadros TM, Levy D, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Ellinor PT, Benjamin EJ (2015) Long-term outcomes of secondary atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 131:1648–1655CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson E, Dyke C, Levy JH (2014) Anticoagulation strategies for the management of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Clin Lab Med 34:537–561CrossRefPubMed Anderson E, Dyke C, Levy JH (2014) Anticoagulation strategies for the management of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Clin Lab Med 34:537–561CrossRefPubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Cappato R, Ezekowitz MD, Klein AL, Camm AJ, Ma CS, Le Heuzey JY, Talajic M, Scanavacca M, Vardas PE, Kirchhof P, Hemmrich M, Lanius V, Meng IL, Wildgoose P, van Eickels M, Hohnloser SH, X‑VeRT Investigators (2014) Rivaroxaban vs. vitamin K antagonists for cardioversion in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 35:3346–3355CrossRefPubMed Cappato R, Ezekowitz MD, Klein AL, Camm AJ, Ma CS, Le Heuzey JY, Talajic M, Scanavacca M, Vardas PE, Kirchhof P, Hemmrich M, Lanius V, Meng IL, Wildgoose P, van Eickels M, Hohnloser SH, X‑VeRT Investigators (2014) Rivaroxaban vs. vitamin K antagonists for cardioversion in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 35:3346–3355CrossRefPubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Goette A, Merino JL, Ezekowitz MD, Zamoryakhin D, Melino M, Jin J, Mercuri MF, Grosso MA, Fernandez V, Al-Saady N, Pelekh N, Merkely B, Zenin S, Kushnir M, Spinar J, Batushkin V, de Groot JR, Lip GY, ENSURE-AF investigators (2016) Edoxaban versus enoxaparin-warfarin in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (ENSURE-AF): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 388:1995–2003CrossRefPubMed Goette A, Merino JL, Ezekowitz MD, Zamoryakhin D, Melino M, Jin J, Mercuri MF, Grosso MA, Fernandez V, Al-Saady N, Pelekh N, Merkely B, Zenin S, Kushnir M, Spinar J, Batushkin V, de Groot JR, Lip GY, ENSURE-AF investigators (2016) Edoxaban versus enoxaparin-warfarin in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (ENSURE-AF): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 388:1995–2003CrossRefPubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuck KH, Brugada J, Fürnkranz A, Metzner A, Ouyang F, Chun KR, Elvan A, Arentz T, Bestehorn K, Pocock SJ, Albenque JP, Tondo C, FIRE AND ICE Investigators (2016) Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 374:2235–2245CrossRefPubMed Kuck KH, Brugada J, Fürnkranz A, Metzner A, Ouyang F, Chun KR, Elvan A, Arentz T, Bestehorn K, Pocock SJ, Albenque JP, Tondo C, FIRE AND ICE Investigators (2016) Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 374:2235–2245CrossRefPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Hohnloser SH, Halperin JL, Camm AJ, Gao P, Radzik D, Connolly SJ, PALLAS investigators (2014) Interaction between digoxin and dronedarone in the PALLAS trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:1019–1025CrossRefPubMed Hohnloser SH, Halperin JL, Camm AJ, Gao P, Radzik D, Connolly SJ, PALLAS investigators (2014) Interaction between digoxin and dronedarone in the PALLAS trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7:1019–1025CrossRefPubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Frommeyer G, Milberg P, Schulze Grotthoff J, Dechering DG, Kochhäuser S, Stypmann J, Fehr M, Breithardt G, Eckardt L (2015) Dronedarone and digitalis: individually reduced post-repolarization refractoriness enhances life-threatening arrhythmias. Europace 17:1300–1308CrossRefPubMed Frommeyer G, Milberg P, Schulze Grotthoff J, Dechering DG, Kochhäuser S, Stypmann J, Fehr M, Breithardt G, Eckardt L (2015) Dronedarone and digitalis: individually reduced post-repolarization refractoriness enhances life-threatening arrhythmias. Europace 17:1300–1308CrossRefPubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Frommeyer G, Puckhaber D, Ellermann C, Dechering DG, Kochhäuser S, Leitz P, Reinke F, Eckardt L (2017) Interactions of digitalis and class-III antiarrhythmic drugs: amiodarone versus dronedarone. Int J Cardiol 228:74–79CrossRefPubMed Frommeyer G, Puckhaber D, Ellermann C, Dechering DG, Kochhäuser S, Leitz P, Reinke F, Eckardt L (2017) Interactions of digitalis and class-III antiarrhythmic drugs: amiodarone versus dronedarone. Int J Cardiol 228:74–79CrossRefPubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Vamos M, Erath JW, Hohnloser SH (2015) Digoxin-associated mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur Heart J 36:1831–1838CrossRefPubMed Vamos M, Erath JW, Hohnloser SH (2015) Digoxin-associated mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Eur Heart J 36:1831–1838CrossRefPubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Chao TF, Liu CJ, Tuan TC, Chen SJ, Wang KL, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF, Chen TJ, Chiang CE, Chen SA (2015) Rate-control treatment and mortality in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 132:1604–1612CrossRefPubMed Chao TF, Liu CJ, Tuan TC, Chen SJ, Wang KL, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Hu YF, Chen TJ, Chiang CE, Chen SA (2015) Rate-control treatment and mortality in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 132:1604–1612CrossRefPubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Washam JB, Stevens SR, Lokhnygina Y, Halperin JL, Breithardt G, Singer DE, Mahaffey KW, Hankey GJ, Berkowitz SD, Nessel CC, Fox KA, Califf RM, Piccini JP, Patel MR, ROCKET AF Steering Committee and Investigators (2015) Digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective analysis of the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Lancet 385:2363–2370CrossRefPubMed Washam JB, Stevens SR, Lokhnygina Y, Halperin JL, Breithardt G, Singer DE, Mahaffey KW, Hankey GJ, Berkowitz SD, Nessel CC, Fox KA, Califf RM, Piccini JP, Patel MR, ROCKET AF Steering Committee and Investigators (2015) Digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: a retrospective analysis of the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Lancet 385:2363–2370CrossRefPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, Griffith M, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Steeds RP, Townend J, Kotecha D (2015) Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-anaqlysis of observational studies and controlled clinical data. BMJ 351:h4451CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ziff OJ, Lane DA, Samra M, Griffith M, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Steeds RP, Townend J, Kotecha D (2015) Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-anaqlysis of observational studies and controlled clinical data. BMJ 351:h4451CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Mont L, Bisbal F, Hernández-Madrid A, Pérez-Castellano N, Viñolas X, Arenal A, Arribas F, Fernández-Lozano I, Bodegas A, Cobos A, Matía R, Pérez-Villacastín J, Guerra JM, Ávila P, López-Gil M, Castro V, Arana JI, Brugada J, SARA investigators (2014) Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial (SARA study). Eur Heart J 35:501–507CrossRefPubMed Mont L, Bisbal F, Hernández-Madrid A, Pérez-Castellano N, Viñolas X, Arenal A, Arribas F, Fernández-Lozano I, Bodegas A, Cobos A, Matía R, Pérez-Villacastín J, Guerra JM, Ávila P, López-Gil M, Castro V, Arana JI, Brugada J, SARA investigators (2014) Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial (SARA study). Eur Heart J 35:501–507CrossRefPubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Verma A, Jiang CY, Betts TR, Chen J, Deisenhofer I, Mantovan R, Macle L, Morillo CA, Haverkamp W, Weerasooriya R, Albenque JP, Nardi S, Menardi E, Novak P, Sanders P, STAR AF II Investigators (2015) Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 372:1812–1822CrossRefPubMed Verma A, Jiang CY, Betts TR, Chen J, Deisenhofer I, Mantovan R, Macle L, Morillo CA, Haverkamp W, Weerasooriya R, Albenque JP, Nardi S, Menardi E, Novak P, Sanders P, STAR AF II Investigators (2015) Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 372:1812–1822CrossRefPubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Nabauer M, Gerth A, Limbourg T, Schneider S, Oeff M, Kirchhof P, Goette A, Lewalter T, Ravens U, Meinertz T, Breithardt G, Steinbeck G (2009) The registry of the German competence NETwork on atrial fibrillation: patient characteristics and initial management. Europace 11:423–434CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nabauer M, Gerth A, Limbourg T, Schneider S, Oeff M, Kirchhof P, Goette A, Lewalter T, Ravens U, Meinertz T, Breithardt G, Steinbeck G (2009) The registry of the German competence NETwork on atrial fibrillation: patient characteristics and initial management. Europace 11:423–434CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Biase L, Mohanty P, Mohanty S, Santangeli P, Trivedi C, Lakkireddy D, Reddy M, Jais P, Themistoclakis S, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pelargonio G, Narducci ML, Schweikert R, Neuzil P, Sanchez J, Horton R, Beheiry S, Hongo R, Hao S, Rossillo A, Forleo G, Tondo C, Burkhardt JD, Haissaguerre M, Natale A (2016) Ablation versus amiodarone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure and an implanted device: results from the AATAC multicenter randomized trial. Circulation 133:1637–1644CrossRefPubMed Di Biase L, Mohanty P, Mohanty S, Santangeli P, Trivedi C, Lakkireddy D, Reddy M, Jais P, Themistoclakis S, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pelargonio G, Narducci ML, Schweikert R, Neuzil P, Sanchez J, Horton R, Beheiry S, Hongo R, Hao S, Rossillo A, Forleo G, Tondo C, Burkhardt JD, Haissaguerre M, Natale A (2016) Ablation versus amiodarone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure and an implanted device: results from the AATAC multicenter randomized trial. Circulation 133:1637–1644CrossRefPubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Afzal MR, Chatta J, Samanta A, Waheed S, Mahmoudi M, Vukas R, Gunda S, Reddy M, Dawn B, Lakkireddy D (2015) Use of contact force sensing technology during radiofrequency ablation reduces recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm 12:1990–1996CrossRefPubMed Afzal MR, Chatta J, Samanta A, Waheed S, Mahmoudi M, Vukas R, Gunda S, Reddy M, Dawn B, Lakkireddy D (2015) Use of contact force sensing technology during radiofrequency ablation reduces recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm 12:1990–1996CrossRefPubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat De Greef Y, Dekker L, Boersma L, Murray S, Wieczorek M, Spitzer SG, Davidson N, Furniss S, Hocini M, Geller JC, Csanádi Z, PRECISION GOLD investigators (2016) Low rate of asymptomatic cerebral embolism and improved procedural efficiency with the novel pulmonary vein ablation catheter GOLD: results of the PRECISION GOLD trial. Europace 18:687–695CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral De Greef Y, Dekker L, Boersma L, Murray S, Wieczorek M, Spitzer SG, Davidson N, Furniss S, Hocini M, Geller JC, Csanádi Z, PRECISION GOLD investigators (2016) Low rate of asymptomatic cerebral embolism and improved procedural efficiency with the novel pulmonary vein ablation catheter GOLD: results of the PRECISION GOLD trial. Europace 18:687–695CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Leitz P, Güner F, Wasmer K, Foraita P, Pott C, Dechering DG, Zellerhoff S, Kochhäuser S, Lange PS, Eckardt L, Mönnig G (2016) Data on procedural handling and complications of pulmonary vein isolation using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter GOLD. Europace 18:696–701PubMed Leitz P, Güner F, Wasmer K, Foraita P, Pott C, Dechering DG, Zellerhoff S, Kochhäuser S, Lange PS, Eckardt L, Mönnig G (2016) Data on procedural handling and complications of pulmonary vein isolation using the pulmonary vein ablation catheter GOLD. Europace 18:696–701PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasmer K, Krüsemann D, Leitz P, Güner F, Pott C, Zellerhoff S, Dechering D, Köbe J, Lange PS, Eckardt L, Mönnig G (2016) Lower rate of left atrial tachycardia after pulmonary vein isolation with PVAC versus irrigated-tip circumferential antral ablation. Heart Rhythm 13:1596–1601CrossRefPubMed Wasmer K, Krüsemann D, Leitz P, Güner F, Pott C, Zellerhoff S, Dechering D, Köbe J, Lange PS, Eckardt L, Mönnig G (2016) Lower rate of left atrial tachycardia after pulmonary vein isolation with PVAC versus irrigated-tip circumferential antral ablation. Heart Rhythm 13:1596–1601CrossRefPubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Boersma LV, Castella M, van Boven W, Berruezo A, Yilmaz A, Nadal M, Sandoval E, Calvo N, Brugada J, Kelder J, Wijffels M, Mont L (2012) Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial. Circulation 125:23–30CrossRefPubMed Boersma LV, Castella M, van Boven W, Berruezo A, Yilmaz A, Nadal M, Sandoval E, Calvo N, Brugada J, Kelder J, Wijffels M, Mont L (2012) Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial. Circulation 125:23–30CrossRefPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Breithardt G, Krämer LI, Willems S (2012) Curriculum spezielle Rhythmologie. Kardiologe 6:219–225CrossRef Breithardt G, Krämer LI, Willems S (2012) Curriculum spezielle Rhythmologie. Kardiologe 6:219–225CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillinov AM, Gelijns AC, Parides MK, DeRose JJ Jr, Moskowitz AJ, Voisine P, Ailawadi G, Bouchard D, Smith PK, Mack MJ, Acker MA, Mullen JC, Rose EA, Chang HL, Puskas JD, Couderc JP, Gardner TJ, Varghese R, Horvath KA, Bolling SF, Michler RE, Geller NL, Ascheim DD, Miller MA, Bagiella E, Moquete EG, Williams P, Taddei-Peters WC, O’Gara PT, Blackstone EH, Argenziano M, CTSN Investigators (2015) Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery. N Engl J Med 372:1399–1409CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gillinov AM, Gelijns AC, Parides MK, DeRose JJ Jr, Moskowitz AJ, Voisine P, Ailawadi G, Bouchard D, Smith PK, Mack MJ, Acker MA, Mullen JC, Rose EA, Chang HL, Puskas JD, Couderc JP, Gardner TJ, Varghese R, Horvath KA, Bolling SF, Michler RE, Geller NL, Ascheim DD, Miller MA, Bagiella E, Moquete EG, Williams P, Taddei-Peters WC, O’Gara PT, Blackstone EH, Argenziano M, CTSN Investigators (2015) Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery. N Engl J Med 372:1399–1409CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Kommentar zu den 2016 Leitlinien der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) zum Management von Vorhofflimmern
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. L. Eckardt
T. Deneke
H. C. Diener
G. Hindricks
H. M. Hoffmeister
S. H. Hohnloser
P. Kirchhof
C. Stellbrink
Publikationsdatum
10.04.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Kardiologie / Ausgabe 3/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-7129
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7137
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12181-017-0141-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2017

Der Kardiologe 3/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Passend zum Thema

ANZEIGE

Leitlinien-Update und neue Pocket-Leitlinie vorgestellt von Prof. Möllmann

Die neue Leitlinie zur Behandlung von Herzklappenerkrankungen der European Society of Cardiology (ESC) und der European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) ist ab jetzt als deutschsprachige Pocket-Leitlinien abrufbar. Die wichtigsten Neuerungen des Updates finden Sie hier von Prof. Dr. Helge Möllmann aus Dortmund für Sie zusammengefasst.

ANZEIGE

Expertenrat: Wer profitiert vom Vorhofohr-Verschluss

Der interventionelle Verschluss des linken Vorhofohrs ist eine in den Leitlinien empfohlene Alternative zur oralen Antikoagulation bei Menschen mit Vorhofflimmern. Bei welchen Patientinnen und Patienten Sie konkret an diese Alternative denken sollten – dazu gibt Kardiologe PD Dr. Zisis Dimitriadis alltagstaugliche Tipps.

ANZEIGE

Abbott Structural Heart

Content Hub

Wir helfen Menschen mit Strukturellen Herzerkrankungen ihre Lebensqualität zu verbessern. Entdecken Sie unser einzigartiges Produktportfolio für ihre Patienten.

Abbott Medical GmbH