Background
Methods
Participants
Data sources and variables
Follow-up time and outcomes
Exposures
Leisure-time physical activity
Body mass index (BMI)
Tobacco
Alcohol consumption
Number of pain locations
Background factors and covariates
Severity of diseases
Very Life-Threatening Condition | Somewhat Life-Threatening Condition | Not at all Life-Threatening Condition |
---|---|---|
Cardiac insufficiency | High blood pressure | Migraine |
Angina pectoris | Vascular spasm in legs | Dizziness |
Heart attack | Emphysema | Glaucoma |
Thrombosis in leg | Chronic bronchitis | Cataract |
Stroke | Tuberculosis | Other eye disorders |
Multiple sclerosis | Allergies and Asthma | Knee disorders |
Cancer | Epilepsy | Hip disorders |
Parkinson's disease | Psoriasis | |
Mental conditions | Goiter/other gland disorders | |
Polio | Stomach/intestinal disorders | |
Rheumatoid arthritis | Gall disorders | |
Osteoporosis | Gout | |
Disabled (physically) | Urinary tract disorder | |
Diabetes | Neck and shoulder disorders | |
Ulcer | Eczema | |
Liver disorders | Sciatica | |
Kidney disease | Back disorders | |
Prostate disorders | Scoliosis | |
Uterus or ovary operation | ||
SLE (Lupus) | ||
Osteoporosis | ||
Hay fever | ||
Dyslipidemia | ||
Cardiac arrhythmia | ||
Cardiac murmur |
DP due to MSD | DP in general | No DP | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | |
Background factors | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Employment at 1970 | ||||||||||||
≥ 35 hours | 87 (84) | 114 (79) | 79 (41) | 111 (36) | 204 (77) | 296 (75) | 181 (38) | 262 (37) | 1646 (56) | 2563 (57) | 1062 (34) | 1448 (33) |
20-34 hours | 1 (1) | - | 17 (9) | 37 (12) | 3 (1) | - | 40 (8) | 61 (9) | 23 (1) | 26 (1) | 172 (6) | 267 (6) |
1-19 hours | - | - | 3 (2) | 11 (4) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 17 (4) | 25 (4) | 18 (1) | 12 (0) | 97 (3) | 129 (3) |
Student | 13 (13) | 22 (15) | 33 (17) | 53 (17) | 38 (14) | 72 (18) | 115 (24) | 147 (21) | 1060 (36) | 1664 (37) | 1136 (37) | 1506 (35) |
Conscript in army | 2 (2) | 5 (3) | - | - | 7 (3) | 12 (3) | - | - | 121 (4) | 158 (4) | - | - |
Other (not in paid work) | - | 2 (1) | 59 (31) | 91 (30) | 5 (2) | 5 (1) | 123 (26) | 198 (28) | 10 (0) | 24 (1) | 605 (20) | 966 (22) |
Missing data | - | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 4 (2) | 8 (2) | 3 (1) | 10 (1) | 35 (1) | 49 (1) | 22 (1) | 30 (1) |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Married or living with someone | 90 (87) | 120 (83) | 145 (75) | 232 (76) | 213 (80) | 306 (78) | 339 (71) | 510 (72) | 2366 (81) | 3696 (82) | 2379 (77) | 3366 (77) |
Single, separated, widowed | 14 (14) | 25 (17) | 48 (25) | 73 (24) | 52 (20) | 88 (22) | 140 (29) | 193 (23) | 551 (19) | 803 (18) | 723 (23) | 981 (23) |
Number and severity of diseases | ||||||||||||
- None | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | 12 (3) | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 162 (6) | 247 (6) | 105 (3) | 160 (4) |
- One or more not life-threatening | 42 (40) | 47 (32) | 38 (20) | 86 (28) | 69 (26) | 96 (24) | 85 (18) | 169 (24) | 966 (33) | 1637 (36) | 999 (32) | 1471 (34) |
One or more somewhat life-threatening | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 5 (2) | 4 (2) | 13 (3) | 6 (1) | 11 (2) | 127 (4) | 218 (5) | 109 (4) | 137 (3) |
One or more not and somewhat life-threatening | 57 (55) | 92 (63) | 135 (70) | 192 (63) | 180 (68) | 261 (66) | 336 (70) | 458 (65) | 1562 (54) | 2278 (51) | 1657 (53) | 2291 (53) |
One or more very life-threatening | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (0) | - | 6 (0) | 3 (0) | 14 (1) | 15 (0) |
Two or more not and very life-threatening | - | - | 2 (1) | 7 (2) | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | 7 (2) | 12 (2) | 26 (1) | 33 (1) | 63 (2) | 101 (2) |
Two or more somewhat and very life-threatening | - | - | - | 1 (0) | - | - | 1 (0) | 3 (0) | 3 (0) | 8 (0) | 9 (0) | 8 (0) |
Three or more not, somewhat and very life-threatening | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 16 (8) | 13 (4) | 9 (3) | 11 (3) | 42 (9) | 49 (7) | 65 (2) | 73 (2) | 145 (5) | 164 (4) |
Health behaviour
| ||||||||||||
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||||||||
Stable frequent exerciser | 27 (26) | 32 (22) | 41 (21) | 87 (29) | 60 (23) | 92 (23) | 129 (27) | 182 (26) | 745 (26) | 1162 (26) | 1006 (32) | 1334 (31) |
Stable sedentary | 19 (18) | 34 (23) | 51 (26) | 70 (23) | 51 (19) | 93 (24) | 112 (23) | 181 (26) | 598 (21) | 857 (19) | 646 (21) | 955 (22) |
Decreased the frequency of exercise | 28 (27) | 35 (24) | 48 (25) | 64 (21) | 75 (28) | 106 (27) | 112 (23) | 152 (22) | 754 (26) | 1243 (28) | 643 (21) | 927 (21) |
Increased the frequency of exercise | 8 (8) | 13 (9) | 25 (13) | 46 (15) | 22 (8) | 27 (7) | 63 (13) | 96 (14) | 244 (8) | 395 (9) | 476 (15) | 683 (16) |
BMI | ||||||||||||
Stable | 43 (41) | 51 (35) | 85 (44) | 124 (41) | 106 (40) | 146 (37) | 226 (47) | 292 (42) | 1139 (39) | 1893 (42) | 1462 (47) | 2126 (49) |
Decreased | - | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 4 (2) | 6 (2) | 5 (1) | 12 (2) | 21 (1) | 39 (1) | 19 (1) | 49 (1) |
Increased | 46 (44) | 72 (50) | 78 (40) | 137 (45) | 113 (43) | 185 (47) | 188 (39) | 300 (43) | 1388 (48) | 2016 (45) | 1324 (43) | 1692 (39) |
Pain locations | ||||||||||||
Never any pain | 16 (15) | 16 (11) | 23 (12) | 53 (17) | 50 (20) | 92 (23) | 105 (22) | 153 (22) | 1136 (39) | 1666 (37) | 1291 (42) | 1818 (42) |
Stable number of pain locations | 6 (6) | 11 (8) | 10 (5) | 12 (4) | 23 (9) | 23 (6) | 16 (3) | 22 (3) | 120 (4) | 206 (5) | 85 (3) | 129 (3) |
Decrease of pain locations | 3 (3) | 6 (4) | 6 (3) | 10 (3) | 12 (5) | 20 (5) | 9 (2) | 27 (4) | 105 (4) | 188 (4) | 89 (3) | 153 (4) |
Increase of pain locations | 66 (64) | 88 (61) | 127 (66) | 196 (64) | 142 (54) | 196 (50) | 291 (61) | 409 (58) | 1197 (41) | 1884 (42) | 1373 (44) | 1828 (42) |
Change of use of tobacco products | ||||||||||||
Stable never user | 9 (9) | 9 (6) | 26 (14) | 50 (16) | 24 (9) | 35 (9) | 76 (16) | 109 (16) | 367 (13) | 441 (10) | 677 (22) | 880 (20) |
Changed the use (increased or decreased) | 19 (18) | 21 (15) | 40 (21) | 56 (18) | 41 (16) | 69 (18) | 91 (19) | 131 (19) | 795 (27) | 1181 (26) | 858 (28) | 1057 (24) |
Stable tobacco user | 58 (56) | 88 (61) | 89 (46) | 150 (49) | 155 (59) | 224 (57) | 238 (50) | 346 (49) | 1390 (48) | 2295 (51) | 1245 (40) | 1904 (44) |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
Abstainer | 5 (5) | 2 (1) | 6 (3) | 12 (4) | 6 (2) | 5 (1) | 15 (3) | 25 (4) | 63 (2) | 90 (2) | 102 (3) | 188 (4) |
Sometimes or regularly | 99 (95) | 143 (99) | 187 (97) | 293 (96) | 259 (98) | 390 (99) | 464 (97) | 678 (96) | 2854 (98) | 4409 (98) | 2999 (97) | 4160 (96) |
Statistical analysis
Results
DP due to MSD | DP in general | No DP | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | MZ | DZ | |
Background factors | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
Follow-up time (years) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.3) | 3 (2.1) | 4 (2.1) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.2) | 3 (2.2) | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.8) |
Age at SALT-interview | 55 (3.8) | 54 (4.4) | 54 (4.6) | 54 (4.8) | 55 (3.9) | 54 (4.6) | 54 (4.5) | 54 (4.7) | 53 (5.6) | 52 (5.7) | 52 (5.8) | 53 (5.8) |
Education (years) | 10 (1.8) | 10 (1.9) | 11 (2.2) | 10 (2.1) | 11 (2.2) | 10 (2.3) | 11 (2.5) | 11 (2.3) | 12 (2.6) | 11 (2.5) | 12 (2.5) | 11 (2.5) |
DP due to MSD | DP in general | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole sample | Discordant pairs | Whole sample | Discordant pairs | |||||
Health behaviour | HR* | 95%CI | HR#
| 95%CI | HR* | 95%CI | HR#
| 95%CI |
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||||
Stable frequent exercisers (reference group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Stable sedentary | 1.09 | 0.88, 1.34 |
0.63
|
0.44, 0.91
| 1.13 | 0.99, 1.29 | 0.84 | 0.68, 1.04 |
Decreased the frequency of exercise | 1.16 | 0.94, 1.43 | 0.99 | 0.69, 1.42 |
1.17
|
1.03, 1.34
| 1.13 | 0.92, 1.38 |
Increased the frequency of exercise | 0.98 | 0.76, 1.25 |
0.64
|
0.43, 0.94
| 0.94 | 0.80, 1.10 | 0.84 | 0.66, 1.08 |
BMI | ||||||||
Stable (reference group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Decreased | 0.54 | 0.20, 1.45 | 1.34 | 0.31, 5.91 |
1.58
|
1.07, 2.32
| 1.30 | 0.63, 2.67 |
Increased |
1.21
|
1.03, 1.41
| 0.96 | 0.73, 1.27 | 1.10 | 0.99, 1.21 | 1.12 | 0.95, 1.32 |
Pain locations | ||||||||
Never any pain (reference group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Stable number of pain locations |
3.54
|
2.45, 5.13
|
2.65
|
1.29, 5.44
|
2.04
|
1.60, 2.59
|
1.46
|
1.01, 2.10
|
Decrease of pain locations |
2.32
|
1.50, 3.57
|
2.98
|
2.09, 4.27
|
1.72
|
1.33, 2.21
| 1.07 | 0.71, 1.60 |
Increase of pain locations |
3.69
|
2.99, 4.56
| 1.51 | 0.74, 3.08 |
2.15
|
1.92, 2.42
|
1.61
|
1.36, 1.90
|
Change in use of tobacco products | ||||||||
Stable never user (reference group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Changed the use (either increased or decreased) | 1.16 | 0.89, 1.52 | 1.20 | 0.77, 1.86 | 1.04 | 0.88, 1.23 | 0.89 | 0.69, 1.14 |
Stable tobacco user |
1.48
|
1.17, 1.85
| 1.23 | 0.75, 2.02 |
1.41
|
1.22, 1.62
| 1.19 | 0.89, 1.59 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
Abstainer (reference group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Sometimes or regularly | 1.24 | 0.83, 1.86 | 0.49 | 0.20, 1.20 |
1.34
|
1.02, 1.78
| 0.80 | 0.50, 1.27 |