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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 3/2017

17.02.2017 | Volumenersatz | Leitthema

Stand der Wissenschaft in der Flüssigkeits- und Volumentherapie

Ein anwenderfreundliches Stufenkonzept

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. M. Rehm, N. Hulde, T. Kammerer, A. S. Meidert, K. Hofmann-Kiefer

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 3/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Eine adäquate intraoperative Infusionstherapie ist wesentlich für das perioperative Outcome eines Patienten. Sowohl Hypo- als auch Hypervolämie können zu einer erhöhten Rate perioperativer Komplikationen führen und somit zu einem schlechteren Behandlungsergebnis. Daher sollte die perioperative Flüssigkeitstherapie bedarfsgerecht und zielorientiert durchgeführt werden. Das Hauptziel ist die präoperative Normovolämie durch eine rationale Infusionstherapie aufrechtzuerhalten. Perioperative Flüssigkeitsverluste sollten dabei von Volumenverlusten durch chirurgische Blutungen oder Proteinverlusten ins Interstitium differenziert werden. Flüssigkeitsverluste via Urinexkretion oder Perspiratio insensibilis (0,5–1,0 ml/kg/h) sollten 1:1 mit balancierten, isoonkotischen, kristalloiden Infusionslösungen ausgeglichen werden. Volumentherapie, Stufe 1: Intraoperative Volumenverluste bis zu einem Blutverlust von 20 % des Gesamtblutvolumens werden mit balancierten Kristalloiden im Verhältnis 4–5:1 ausgeglichen. Stufe 2: Darüber hinausgehende Blutverluste sind im Verhältnis 1:1 mit isoonkotischen Kolloiden (bevorzugt balanciert) zu behandeln. In dieser Hinsicht und unter Beachtung der Kontraindikationen wie Sepsis, Verbrennungen, kritische Erkrankung (i. d. R. Patienten auf Intensivstation), eingeschränkte Nierenfunktion oder Nierenersatztherapie, intrakranielle Blutung oder schwere Gerinnungsstörungen können perioperativ auch künstliche Kolloide, wie z. B. HES, zum Volumenersatz verwendet werden. Stufe 3: Wenn die Indikation zur Gabe von Fremdblut besteht, erfolgt ein differenzierter Einsatz von Blut und Blutprodukten.
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Metadaten
Titel
Stand der Wissenschaft in der Flüssigkeits- und Volumentherapie
Ein anwenderfreundliches Stufenkonzept
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. M. Rehm
N. Hulde
T. Kammerer
A. S. Meidert
K. Hofmann-Kiefer
Publikationsdatum
17.02.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Schlagwort
Volumenersatz
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 3/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-017-0272-x

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