Background
Methods
Study sample
Measures
PHQ-4
HADS
DT
BHS
QLS
GHQ-12
GSES
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Total sample | PHQ-4 | Group differences | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | M | SD |
Pvalue | Effect sizeb
| ||
Gender | Male | 724 | 48.3 | 1.13 | 1.90 | < .01 | d = 0.14 |
Female | 776 | 51.7 | 1.41 | 2.09 | |||
Age group, yr. | 18-24 | 279 | 18.6 | 1.18 | 2.09 | .16 | η2 = 0.06 |
25-34 | 282 | 18.8 | 1.11 | 1.80 | |||
35-44 | 286 | 19.1 | 1.17 | 1.88 | |||
45-54 | 267 | 17.8 | 1.37 | 2.19 | |||
55-64 | 216 | 14.4 | 1.40 | 1.98 | |||
≥ 65 | 170 | 11.3 | 1.55 | 2.11 | |||
Cohabitation | Yes | 764 | 50.9 | 1.32 | 2.02 | .41 | d = 0.04 |
No | 736 | 49.1 | 1.23 | 1.99 | |||
Marital Status | Married | 490 | 32.7 | 1.14 | 1.94 | .10 | η2 = 0.03 |
Living together | 274 | 18.3 | 1.40 | 2.08 | |||
Single | 510 | 34.0 | 1.25 | 2.06 | |||
Divorced | 152 | 10.1 | 1.35 | 1.88 | |||
Widowed | 74 | 4.9 | 1.74 | 2.01 | |||
Education | ≤ 5 years | 228 | 15.2 | 1.77 | 2.26 | <.001 | η2 = 0.20 |
6-9 years | 544 | 36.3 | 1.38 | 2.04 | |||
10-13 years | 266 | 17.8 | 1.12 | 2.00 | |||
≥ 14 years | 431 | 9.6 | 1.03 | 1.76 | |||
None | 31 | 2.1 | 1.52 | 2.13 | |||
Employment | Pupil or Student | 183 | 12.2 | 1.34 | 2.19 | <.01 | η2 = 0.12 |
Unemployed | 107 | 7.1 | 1.36 | 2.03 | |||
Handicapped | 21 | 1.4 | 2.71 | 3.29 | |||
Retired | 111 | 7.4 | 1.41 | 1.87 | |||
Housewife/Househusband | 348 | 23.2 | 1.41 | 1.96 | |||
Employed | 730 | 48.7 | 1.12 | 2.93 | |||
Net household incomea
| < 400,000 | 145 | 11.5 | 1.78 | 2.45 | < .001 | η2 = 0.02 |
400,000 to 800,000 | 403 | 32.0 | 1.29 | 1.89 | |||
800,000 to 1600,000 | 317 | 25.2 | 1.34 | 2.03 | |||
> 1600,000 | 393 | 31.2 | 0.97 | 1.76 |
Internal consistency
Correlation matrix of items | Correlation matrix of subscales | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | 1a
| 2a
| 3b
| 4b
| Subscale | Total score | Anxiety | Depression |
2 | .63*** | 1 | Total score | 1 | ||||
3 | .44*** | .59*** | 1 | Anxiety | .91*** | 1 | ||
4 | .54*** | .61*** | .68*** | 1 | Depression | .91*** | .66*** | 1 |
Confirmatory factor analysis
χ2(df) | Δχ2
| ΔP | CMIN/df | CFI | Δ CFI | RMSEA1
| ΔRMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender
| ||||||||
Men | 20.68 (1) | 20.68 | .98 | .165 | ||||
Women | 11.49 (1) | 11.497 | .99 | .116 | ||||
Multigroup analysis
| ||||||||
Configural model | 32.18 (2) | 16.09 | .98 | .100 | ||||
Metric model | 33.76 (4) | 1.58 | <.001 | 8.44 | .98 | .000 | .070 | .03 |
Scalar model | 51.43 (8) | 19.25 | <.001 | 6.42 | .98 | .005 | .060 | .04 |
Age
| ||||||||
≤48 years | 9.55 (1) | 9.55 | .99 | .106 | ||||
>48 years | 21.01 (1) | 21.01 | .98 | .165 | ||||
Multigroup analysis
| ||||||||
Configural model | 30.56 (2) | 15.28 | .98 | .098 | ||||
Metric model | 33.37 (4) | 2.81 | <.001 | 8.34 | .98 | .000 | .070 | .02 |
Scalar model | 49.89 (8) | 19.33 | <.001 | 6.23 | .98 | .005 | .059 | .03 |
Construct validity
PHQ-4 | PHQ-4 subscales | ||
---|---|---|---|
Anxiety | Depression | ||
Anxiety and depression (HADS) | |||
Total Score | .46*** | .37*** | .47*** |
Anxiety | .45*** | .39*** | .44*** |
Depression | .40*** | .30*** | .42*** |
Hopelessness (BHS) | |||
Total Score | .27*** | .21*** | .28*** |
General mental health (GHQ-12) | |||
Total Score | .44*** | .37*** | .42*** |
Self-efficacy (GSES) | |||
Total Score | -.26*** | -.21*** | -.26*** |
Distress (DT) | |||
Total Score | .41*** | .40*** | .35*** |
Life satisfaction (QLS) | |||
Total Score | -.29*** | -.25*** | -.27*** |
Normative data
Total | Men | Women | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18-90 y. | 18-24 | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | ≥65 | 18-24 | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | ≥65 | |
N = 1500 | n = 147 | n = 128 | n = 132 | n = 118 | n = 108 | n = 91 | n = 132 | n = 154 | n = 154 | n = 149 | n = 108 | n = 79 | |
M | 1.27 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.02 | 1.36 | 1.25 | 1.22 | 1.37 | 1.21 | 1.31 | 1.38 | 1.56 | 1.94 |
S.D. | 2.01 | 1.81 | 1.76 | 1.84 | 2.13 | 1.95 | 1.95 | 2.36 | 1.84 | 1.90 | 2.23 | 2.01 | 2.23 |
Sum Score | Percentilea
| ||||||||||||
0 | 28.3 | 33.1 | 30.9 | 31.8 | 28.8 | 28.2 | 28.6 | 29.9 | 28.6 | 27.9 | 28.9 | 21.3 | 22.2 |
1 | 63.6 | 71.3 | 70.7 | 71.6 | 63.1 | 64.8 | 64.3 | 64.4 | 62.0 | 62.3 | 64.4 | 51.4 | 50.0 |
2 | 75.0 | 80.4 | 83.6 | 81.4 | 73.3 | 76.4 | 76.9 | 74.6 | 73.4 | 73.1 | 75.5 | 69.4 | 60.8 |
3 | 82.9 | 86.8 | 89.1 | 86.4 | 80.9 | 82.9 | 85.2 | 83.0 | 84.1 | 81.8 | 81.9 | 82.9 | 69.6 |
4 | 89.1 | 91.2 | 92.6 | 91.7 | 88.6 | 89.8 | 31.2 | 88.6 | 91.9 | 88.6 | 86.2 | 89.8 | 80.4 |
5 | 93.1 | 94.3 | 94.5 | 94.3 | 93.2 | 94.0 | 95.1 | 92.8 | 96.4 | 92.9 | 90.3 | 94.0 | 89.2 |
6 | 95.6 | 96.6 | 96.5 | 96.2 | 94.9 | 95.8 | 96.7 | 95.1 | 98.4 | 96.8 | 93.6 | 94.0 | 94.3 |
7 | 97.6 | 98.7 | 98.4 | 98.1 | 97.5 | 97.7 | 96.7 | 96.6 | 99.4 | 99.3 | 97.0 | 97.2 | 97.5 |
8 | 98.9 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.2 | 99.5 | 98.4 | 97.7 | 99.4 | 100.0 | 99.3 | 97.2 | 99.4 |
9 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.2 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 97.7 | 99.4 | 100.0 | 99.3 | 99.1 | 99.4 |
10 | 99.6 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.2 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 98.5 | 99.4 | 100.0 | 99.3 | 100.0 | 99.4 |
11 | 99.7 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 98.5 | 99.4 | 100.0 | 99.3 | 100.0 | 99.4 |
12 | 99.9 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.4 |