Introduction
Methods
Data
Measures
Males | Females | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Destination | ||||||||
Origin | Low | Medium | High | Total | Low | Medium | High | Total |
Low |
361
| 341 | 142 | 844 |
347
| 414 | 126 | 887 |
Medium | 68 |
220
| 137 | 425 | 68 |
324
| 172 | 564 |
High | 17 | 112 |
171
| 300 | 18 | 103 |
199
| 320 |
Total | 446 | 673 | 450 |
1569
| 433 | 841 | 497 |
1771
|
Contrasting conventional methods to Diagonal Reference Models
Results
Modelling social mobility effects on OWOB using conventional logistic regression analyses
Mobility groups | Males | Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI |
p
| OR | 95% CI |
p
| |
Intercept | 0.47 | [0.31; 0.72] | <0.001 | 0.35 | [0.23; 0.54] | <0.001 |
Immobile individuals | ||||||
High | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | ||||
Medium | 1.72 | [1.13; 2.63] | 0.012 | 1.75 | [1.18; 2.58] | 0.005 |
Low | 1.67 | [1.11; 2.52] | 0.014 | 2.99 | [2.00; 4.48] | <0.001 |
Downwardly mobile individuals | ||||||
High–medium | 1.70 | [1.02; 2.83] | 0.040 | 1.48 | [0.88; 2.49] | 0.141 |
Medium–low | 2.40 | [1.32; 4.36] | 0.004 | 2.53 | [1.41; 4.55] | 0.002 |
High–low | 1.61 | [0.56; 4.64] | 0.379 | 1.96 | [0.71; 5.38] | 0.192 |
Upwardly mobile individuals | ||||||
Medium–high | 1.07 | [0.66; 1.71] | 0.794 | 0.95 | [0.60; 1.51] | 0.825 |
Low–medium | 1.78 | [1.19; 2.65] | 0.005 | 2.01 | [1.37; 2.95] | <0.001 |
Low–high | 1.25 | [0.77; 2.00] | 0.365 | 1.58 | [0.97; 2.57] | 0.068 |
Age (centred) | 1.05 | [1.03; 1.06] | <0.001 | 1.04 | [1.03; 1.06] | <0.001 |
Native | 0.69 | [0.55; 0.87] | 0.002 | 0.70 | [0.56; 0.88] | 0.002 |
Marital status | ||||||
No partner (ref) | ||||||
Married cohabitation | 2.37 | [1.78; 3.15] | <0.001 | 1.60 | [1.21; 2.10] | <0.001 |
Unmarried cohabitation | 1.41 | [1.00; 2.00] | 0.052 | 1.42 | [1.00: 2.04] | 0.052 |
No cohabitation | 1.35 | [0.88; 2.08] | 0.169 | 0.81 | [0.50; 1.31] | 0.392 |
Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI |
p
| OR | 95% CI |
p
| |
Intercept | 0.47 | [0.32; 0.70] | <0.001 | 0.35 | [0.24; 0.53] | <0.001 |
Social mobility | ||||||
Immobile | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | ||||
Downwards | 1.63 | [1.13; 2.35] | 0.010 | 1.52 | [1.06; 2.18] | 0.024 |
Upwards | 0.84 | [0.66; 1.07] | 0.161 | 0.60 | [0.48; 0.76] | <0.001 |
Social position of origin | ||||||
Low | 1.79 | [1.25; 2.58] | 0.002 | 3.07 | [2.14; 4.39] | <0.001 |
Medium | 1.50 | [1.07; 2.09] | 0.017 | 1.68 | [1.21; 2.31] | 0.002 |
High | (Ref.) | (Ref.) | ||||
Age (centred) | 1.05 | [1.03; 1.06] | <0.001 | 1.04 | [1.02; 1.06] | <0.001 |
Native | 0.70 | [0.55; 0.88] | 0.002 | 0.71 | [0.57; 0.88] | 0.002 |
Marital status | ||||||
No partner (ref) | ||||||
Married cohabitation | 2.36 | [1.78; 3.13] | <0.001 | 1.61 | [1.22; 2.12] | <0.001 |
Unmarried cohabitation | 1.41 | [1.00; 2.00] | 0.052 | 1.42 | [0.99; 2.03] | 0.054 |
No cohabitation | 1.35 | [0.88; 2.07] | 0.172 | 0.81 | [0.50; 1.30] | 0.381 |
Modelling social mobility effects on OWOB using Diagonal Reference Models
Males | Females | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef | 95% CI |
p
| Coef | 95% CI |
p
| |
Model 1
| ||||||
Diagonal interceptsa
| ||||||
µ
11: low | 0.73 | [0.55; 0.97] | 0.030 | 0.98 | [0.72; 1.34] | 0.901 |
µ
22: medium | 0.74 | [0.52; 1.03] | 0.070 | 0.55 | [0.38; 0.78] | <0.001 |
µ
33: high | 0.41 | [0.28; 0.60] | <0.001 | 0.31 | [0.21; 0.47] | <0.001 |
w: weight of originb
| 0.35 | [−0.12; 0.82] | 0.32 | [0.01; 0.64] | ||
β: covariatesc
| ||||||
Downwards mobility | 1.27 | [0.86; 1.88] | 0.227 | 1.03 | [0.66; 1.60] | 0.900 |
Age (centred) | 1.05 | [1.03; 1.06] | <0.001 | 1.04 | [1.02; 1.06] | <0.001 |
Native | 0.68 | [0.54; 0.86] | 0.001 | 0.70 | [0.55; 0.89] | 0.004 |
Marital status | ||||||
No partner (ref) | ||||||
Married cohabitation | 2.38 | [1.80; 3.15] | <0.001 | 1.59 | [1.19; 2.12] | 0.002 |
Unmarried cohabitation | 1.42 | [1.01; 2.00] | 0.047 | 1.41 | [0.97; 2.05] | 0.073 |
No cohabitation | 1.36 | [0.90; 2.06] | 0.147 | 0.81 | [0.48; 1.34] | 0.419 |
Model 2
| ||||||
Diagonal interceptsa
| ||||||
µ
11: low | 0.75 | [0.56; 1.00] | 0.048 | 1.01 | [0.73; 1.38] | 0.962 |
µ
22: medium | 0.73 | [0.51; 1.08] | 0.093 | 0.57 | [0.40; 0.82] | 0.003 |
µ
33: high | 0.43 | [0.30; 0.63] | <0.001 | 0.32 | [0.22; 0.48] | <0.001 |
w: weight of originb
| 0.11 | [−0.56; 0.77] | 0.43 | [−0.02; 0.89] | ||
β: covariatesc
| ||||||
Upwards mobility | 1.05 | [0.78; 1.40] | 0.792 | 0.87 | [0.58; 1.32] | 0.531 |
Age (centred) | 1.05 | [1.03; 1.06] | <0.001 | 1.04 | [1.02; 1.06] | <0.001 |
Native | 0.70 | [0.56; 0.88] | 0.002 | 0.70 | [0.55; 0.89] | 0.004 |
Marital status | ||||||
No partner (ref) | ||||||
Married cohabitation | 2.37 | [1.79; 3.15] | <0.001 | 1.59 | [1.19; 2.13] | 0.002 |
Unmarried cohabitation | 1.41 | [1.00; 1.99] | 0.049 | 1.41 | [0.97; 2.06] | 0.071 |
No cohabitation | 1.37 | [0.90; 2.07] | 0.138 | 0.82 | [0.49; 1.35] | 0.436 |