Introduction
One of the most common sleep disorders is sleep apnea, and it is believed that approximately 1–10 % of adults are affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). OSA is characterized by decreased rates of breathing or an absence of breathing during sleep [1] and is a well-known risk factor associated with morbidly obese individuals [2]. In obese patients, OSA is attributed to a reduction in pharyngeal cross-sectional area due to peripharyngeal fat deposition [3]. In patients undergoing bariatric surgery, OSA is a risk factor for postoperative complications, such as cardiac arrhythmias and decompensation, pulmonary embolism and sudden death [4‐8]. The exact mechanisms underlying these associations are complex and not yet fully understood [9]. The cardio-respiratory consequences of OSA may exacerbate in the postoperative period due to the adverse effect of general anesthetics and pain treatment for breathing control and upper airways muscle tone. Based on such information, many authors have suggested that it is important to identify patients suffering from OSA [11, 12]. Earlier studies of preoperative sleep disorders prior to bariatric surgery demonstrated an overall prevalence rate of OSA ranging from 48 to 91 % [13, 14]. Not all morbidly obese patients are routinely tested and diagnosed for OSA by a polysomnography (PSG) test, which is a test that enables OSA to be diagnosed objectively [15, 16]. Patients diagnosed for OSA receive the advice to use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which is effective in treating obstructive sleep apnea [17, 18]. Clinicians often use the STOP-Bang questionnaire to estimate the OSA risk involved [19] as this questionnaire has a well predictive power [20, 21]. The likelihood of having moderate or severe OSA increases with each point increase in the STOP-bang score. In our hospital we observed that patients not using CPAP due to the absence of a diagnosis for OSA based on a PSG test had more complications and increased length of hospital stay (LOS) than those who did. An increased LOS limits the capacity of the hospital system and hence contributes to a poorer economic performance. In this study we hypothesize that morbidly obese patients diagnosed with OSA by a PSG test and using CPAP have fewer perioperative complications and a shorter hospital stay than those who have a medical history which meets at least three STOP-Bang criteria and who are not using CPAP.
Patients and methods
After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for the study was obtained, data on all patients undergoing bariatric surgery between January 2009 and November 2013 were collected. The need for consent was waived by our IRB due to the entirely retrospective nature of the study. During the study period, based on a prospective database, 693 patients underwent bariatric surgery in the Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland. The scheduling of patients for the operation was based on their arrival in the hospital, on a first-come first-served basis. Criteria for patient eligibility for bariatric surgery include the following [22]: (1) age range 18–65; (2) weight of >45 kg above the ideal body weight for sex and height; (3) body mass index (BMI) of >40 kg/m2 by itself or >35 kg/m2 in the case of an associated comorbidity such as diabetes or sleep apnea; (4) obesity-related health problems; (4) reasonable attempts at other weight loss techniques; (5) no psychiatric or drug dependency problems; (6) capacity to understand the risks and commitment associated with the surgery; (7) pregnancy not anticipated in the first 2 years following surgery. Criteria for exclusion from the study were emergency or urgent surgery required within 48 h and patients with trauma or who were critically ill patients. The performed surgical procedures were Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). As a part of the bariatric protocol, all patients, both those diagnosed and not diagnosed for OSA, were asked to fill in the STOP-Bang questionnaire. STOP-Bang scoring was conducted by trained personnel.
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Patient groups
We divided the patients into three groups, as follows:
Group A:
This group consisted of patients with preoperatively diagnosed OSA based on PSG test results. The test was performed in our hospital or in other clinics before these patients allowed to enrol in the bariatric pathway program, and the results were added to the patient file. The patients in this group used CPAP at home pre- and postoperatively, and none of these patients had been treated surgically to solve OSA. These patients also brought their own CPAP mask to the hospital. Patients accepted for surgery were informed by the surgeon about the health benefits of using CPAP, and they were asked to immediately inform the outpatient department when they were not able to comply. This (and the reason why) was noted in the patient file. The CPAP apparatus records compliance data in order to provide the necessary information, such as usage (in hours) per night. Current trends define compliance as 4 h per night as an average over all nights observed [23]. We measured compliance from the second week of CPAP usage until a day before the scheduled surgery.
Group B:
This group consists of patients not diagnosed for OSA by use of the PSG test and patients who underwent a PSG test and were not diagnosed for OSA. Patients in group B complied to at least three STOP-Bang criteria and did not use CPAP.
Group C:
This group consists of patients scoring one to two items on the STOP-Bang questionnaire,
indicating that they have a low risk for OSA.
In all groups during the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative phases, standardized multimodal analgesia, antiemesis and thromboprophylaxis were given. For induction, this included piritramide 20 mg, propofol 200–400 mg, suxamethonium 100–200 mg, granisetron 3 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg. For maintenance, this included remifentanyl and desflurane. Postoperatively, all patients were stimulated for early mobilization. Group A patients with proven OSA had their own CPAP mask with them; the mask was applied immediately after extubation in the operating room or approximately after 30 min in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) for a minimum of 8 h. During the night the CPAP mask was also used. After surgery, these patients were monitored using pulse oximetry in the PACU and in the surgical ward.
Study endpoints
For the three groups, we analyzed the following data on the day of surgery and during postoperative hospital stay:
(1)
Pulse oximetry (SpO2; blood oxygen saturation): postoperative period until the morning of the second day after surgery (days 0–2, 08:00 to 09:00 AM);
(2)
Respiratory rate: postoperative period until the first morning after surgery (08:00 to 10:00 AM);
(3)
LOS: day of admission until day of discharge;
(4)
Patient outcome variables: acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, pneumonia, reintubations, ICU admission rates.
We used the following definitions for the different outcome variables. Pneumonia was diagnosed by clinical features (e.g., cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain) and by lung imaging (X-ray). Myocardial Infarction was diagnosed when there is a rise and/or fall of cardiac biomarkers, along with supportive evidence in the form of typical symptoms, suggestive electrocardiographic changes, or imaging evidence of new loss of viable myocardium or new regional wall motion abnormality. Symptoms are chest pain and dyspnea [23]. Stroke was defined as rapidly developing clinical signs of focal (or global) disturbance(s) in cerebral function lasting more than 24 h (except in cases of sudden death or if the development of symptoms is interrupted by a surgical intervention), with no apparent cause other than a vascular origin: it includes patients presenting clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or cerebral ischemic necrosis [24]. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure at or above 140/90 mmHg. Reasons for reintubation were, for example, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and exhaustion; reasons for ICU admissions were, for example, hypotension, respiratory problems, (abdominal) sepsis, bleeding, and re-intervention. Surgical criteria for hospital discharge included normal mobility, normal respiratory function, normal cardiac function, no signs of infection, low pain score (e.g. visual analog score), normal bowel function, and absence of nausea.
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SpO2 was monitored continuously (also during asleep) postoperatively until the morning of the second night after surgery (08:00–10:00 AM), and measurements were logged every 5 min. The SpO2 levels presented in the tables were measured without oxygen administration to avoid possible confounding factors. Consequently, if the saturation level demanded the temporary administration of oxygen, the SpO2 levels during this period were excluded from the calculations. The number of patients who needed oxygen and the number of times after surgery the oxygen was required were counted and presented in the results. The respiratory rate (breaths per minute) were measured (during sleep and wakefulness) using electrocardiography-derived respiration during the immediate postoperative period until the first morning after surgery (08:00–10:00 AM).
Follow-up was verified and adverse events reviewed, including death, unanticipated transfer or admission to hospital within 30 days after surgery.
Statistics
Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics ver. 20 program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). One-way analysis of variance was performed to determine the significance of means among the groups. After testing for homogeneity of variance, we used Tukey’s HSD post hoc test odds-ratio test to accept or reject the null hypothesis that portions are equal. p values of <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
A total of 693 patients underwent bariatric surgery (356 RYGB, 337 patients LSG). All patients underwent bariatric operations without any surgical complications, and none of the patients were unexpectedly transferred or admitted to our or another hospital within 30 days after surgery. Table 1 presents the patient characteristics and the preoperative existing comorbidities. Patients in groups A and B did not differ significantly in terms of demographics and the presence of comorbidities (p > 0.05). The demographics and presence of comorbidities did differ between group C and group A/B for hypertension only [p = 0.042 (groups A–C) vs. p = 0.008 (groups B–C)].
Table 1
Patient characteristics
Patient characteristics | Group A (n = 99) | Group B (n = 182) | Group C (n = 412) |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)a
| 44.5 (7.0) | 46.6 (5.3) | 46.0 (5.8) |
Sex: male/female (n, %) | 72/27 (72/28.0) | 129/53 (70.9/29.1) | 285/127 (69.2/30.8) |
Body mass index (kg/m2)a
| 42.6 (2.6) | 43.5 (2.1) | 43.2 (3.1) |
Comorbidities (n, %) | |||
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 7 (7.9 | 14 (7.6) | 18 (4.4) |
Asthma | 9 (10.1) | 16 (8.9) | 21 (5.1) |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 14 (15.7) | 31 (17.0) | 65 (15.8) |
Coronary artery disease | 15 (16.9) | 25 (13.7) | 49 (11.9) |
Hypertension | 31 (34.8) | 58 (31.9) | 89 (21.6) |
Table 2 shows the STOP-BANG results per group differentiated to the level of risk for OSA. The odd-ratio shows no significant difference between patients in the different risk levels [p = 0.1137 (moderate risk group A–B) vs. p = 0.4687 (high risk group A–B).
Table 2
Distribution of STOP-BANG scores
Group A | Group B | Group C |
|---|---|---|
Moderate risk: 49 (49.4 %) High risk: 41 (41.4 %) | Moderate risk: 112 (61.5 %) High risk: 70 (38.5 %) | Low risk: 412 (100 %) |
Table 3 presents the distribution of all the STOP-Bang factors for each patient group, Table 4 shows the compliance rate versus the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) per group, Table 5 shows the data on SpO2 and respiratory rate, and in Table 6 we present other relevant characteristics of the groups. There were no patients with acute myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
Table 3
Distribution of positive scored STOP-Bang factors for each patient group
STOP-Bang factors | Group A | Group B | Group C |
|---|---|---|---|
Snoring? Do you snore loudly (loud enough to be heard through closed doors or your partner has to wear ear plugs or elbow you at night)? | 91 (91.9 %) | 163 (89.0 %) | 46 (11.2 %) |
Tired? Do you often feel tired, fatigued, or sleepy during the daytime? | 95 (95.9 %) | 145 (80.0 %) | 28 (6.8 %) |
Observed ? Has anyone observed you stop breathing during your sleep? | 71 (71.7 %) | 131 (72.0 %) | 34 (8.3 %) |
Pressure ? Do you have or are being treated for high blood pressure? | 86 (86.9 %) | 171 (94.0 %) | 22 (5.3 %) |
Body mass index of >35 kg/m2? | 97 (98.0 %) | 182 (100 %) | 412 (100 %) |
Age older than 50 years? | 21 (10.1 %) | 44 (24.2 %) | 69 (16.7 %) |
Neck size large? For male, is your shirt collar 17 inches or larger? For female, is your shirt collar 16 inches or larger? | 94 (94.9 %) | 103 (97.8 %) | 39 (9.5 %) |
Gender = male? | 72 (72.7 %) | 129 (70.9 %) | 285 (69.2 %) |
Table 4
Patients in group A: compliance versus the apnea/hypopnea index
AHI index | No. of patients who complied | No. of patients who did not comply | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
AHI >30 | 49 | 2 | 51 |
AHI >15 | 29 | 3 | 32 |
AHI 5–15 | 4 | 12 | 16 |
Total | 81 | 17 | 99 |
Table 5
Mean blood oxygen saturation and respiratory rates in the patient groups
SpO2 level/RR | Group A (n = 99) | Group B (n = 182) | Group C (n = 412) | Differences group A–B (p values) | Differences group B–C (p values) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SpO2 (%) day 0 | 92.1 (1.4) | 90.8 (1.6) | 94.8 (1.2) | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
SpO2 (%) day 1 | 94.3 (1.2) | 90.6 (1.3) | 96.6 (1.3) | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
SpO2 (%) day 2 | 96.6 (1.1) | 94.8 (1.4) | 98.4 (1.5) | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
RR (breaths/min) on day 0 | 15.8 (1.9) | 12.4 (2.4) | 16.1 (0.9) | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
RR (breaths/min) day 1 | 16.6 (1.4) | 13.6 (2.9) | 18.0 (0.7) | <0.0001* | <0.0001* |
Table 6
Characteristics of the groups
Characteristics | Group A (n = 99) | Group B (n = 182) | Group C (n = 412) | Differences Group A–B (p values) | Differences Group B–C (p values) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hypertension (n) | 11 7 AHI > 30 4 AHI > 15 | 21 8 moderate risk 12 high risk | 12 | 0.9142 | <0.0001* |
Deaths (n) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.5142 | 0.3807 |
Length of stay (mean, SD) | 3.2 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.6) | 0.0001* | <0.0001* |
Pneumonia (n) | 2 2 AHI > 30 | 17 6 moderate risk 11 high risk | 4 | 0.040* | <0.0001* |
Reintubations (n) | 0 | 7 7 high risk | 0 | 0.1442 | 0.0098* |
ICU admissions (n) | 0 | 2 2 high risk | 0 | 0.5142 | 0.0873* |
Group A
A total of 122 patients were originally included in group A. However, a search of the patient records revealed that 23 patients had reported that they did not use CPAP at all, or only some nights per week (varying from 0–4 nights per week) for 0–2 h per night. These patients were excluded from this group and included in group B, leaving 99 patients (57 RYGB, 42 LSG) in group A.
The compliance rate of this group was 81.8 % {81 patients, average usage 5.9 [standard deviation (SD) 0.8] h/night; minimum–maximum usage 4.0–9.1 h}. Based on the PSG test we found that 51 patients had severe sleep apnea (AHI >30), 32 patients had moderate sleep apnea (AHI >15), and 16 had mild sleep apnea (AHI 5–15).
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In all cases, patients could be safely discharged from intensive monitoring (reaching the SpO2 >90 %) on the second day after the bariatric operation. Only in one case, did a respiratory tract complication (pulmonary embolism) occur; this patient was treated accordingly. No other patient was administered oxygen during the postoperative period. The mean length of LOS in group A for RYGB and LSG was 3.2 (0.7) and 3.1 (0.4) days, respectively.
Group B
A total of 182 patients were included in group B, of whom 112 (53 RYGB, 49 LSG) scored three to four items on the STOP-Bang questionnaire (moderate risk) and 70 (30 RYGB, 40 LSG) scored five to eight items (high risk). Included in these 182 patients were 23 patients originally from group A who reported that they did not use CPAP (at all).
In this group the mean value of SpO2 on days 0–2 postoperatively was significantly lower than that of group A patients (p < 0.0001). On days 0–1 the respiratory rate in group B had a larger variation and was significantly lower than those of group A and C. Sixteen patients received oxygen in the postoperative period; this occurred between 1 and 14 h after surgery and the duration of oxygen administration varied between 20 and 45 min. Further analysis (not shown) revealed that there was no difference between the RGB/LSG patients. The mean LOS was 4.1 (0.5)/4.2 (0.6) days (RGB/LSG), which is significantly (p < 0.001) longer than that for group A. The percentage of complications did not differ significantly from that of the other groups. In this group we also noted two cases of sudden death, both of which took place during the night on the second postoperative day. These patients (I and II) were two males aged 34 and 41 years, respectively. Patients (I/II) had a BMI of 44/46 kg/m2 and had scored four/six items on the STOP-Bang. Both had hypertension and diabetes and snored loudly during hospitalization (before and after surgery). Both patients also presented with signs and symptoms of dyspnea and hypoxia (SpO2 < 90 %) on the day of surgery (day 0) and the first postoperative day. For patient I, we also observed high blood pressure which required antihypertensive drugs. Autopsy revealed that both patients died because of sudden cardiac death caused by asphyxia.
Group C
There were 412 (221 RYGB, 181 LSG) patients in this group, all of whom scored one or two items on the STOP-Bang. In this group the respiratory parameters and LOS were significantly better than in those group B, and there was no significant difference with group A.
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Discussion
Our results show that morbidly obese patients diagnosed with OSA by a PSG test and who are using CPAP have fewer perioperative complications and a shorter hospital stay than patients whose medical history meets at least three STOP-Bang criteria and who are not using CPAP. They also indicate that when the severity of OSA is known one can take more appropriate measures to reduce the risk of complications and reduce LOS in hospital. Our findings confirm that it is essential to address the burden of morbidly obese patients diagnosed with OSA to public healthcare systems and to develop cost-effective case-finding strategies and feasible treatments for OSA [1]. Our findings are opposite to those reported by Kaw et al. [25] who reported that non-cardiac patients with OSA (AHI ≥ 5) were are at higher risk of postoperative hypoxemia, ICU transfers, and longer LOS. However, these authors did not differentiate between the specific type of procedure (bariatric), and the average BMI of these patients was lower. It is known that the more specific the group of patients, the more precisely the outcomes can be defined. Hence, this may explain the difference in complications and LOS between the two studies. In our study we found that the higher the AHI index, the higher the compliance. Earlier findings are not clear in terms of determining whether there is a causal relation between AHI and compliance [33]. Our results confirm those of earlier studies demonstrating a relation between diagnosed OSA (not using CPAP) and an increased incidence of postoperative complications, with the most frequent being oxygen desaturation [27‐29].
In our study we show a negative effect on LOS whereas other studies [29] showed a mixed impact. For the final diagnosis of OSA, PSG tests are essential. To our knowledge, there have as yet been no double-blinded randomized studies in a preoperative assessment setting showing the outcomes of PSG tests versus questionnaires. It would appear reasonable to ask if a PSG is always necessary when a patient scores three or more items on the STOP-Bang questionnaire. The PSG test is relatively costly [30], and the STOP-Bang does has highly prognostic value for OSA [20, 21]. From the economic point of view the use of CPAP also reduces the LOS in hospital and hence reduces costs per patients admitted. All other things being equal, a shorter stay may reduce the cost per discharge and shift care from inpatient to less expensive post-acute settings. Also, OSA is related to severe respiratory complications and ICU admission. Reducing costs by identifying and treating risk patients with CPAP and consequently avoiding the expensive use of ICU facilities is desirable [31, 32].
There are a number of limitations to our study. As this is a retrospective study, it can show association but not causality. Moreover, the study population is relatively small. Larger randomized case–control studies are needed to confirm our results. Although we have information about the STOP-Bang results for groups A and B, the severity for OSA in Group A is objectively determined by the PSG test. Although we may assume that patients in Group B scoring five to eight items on the STOP-Bang have an elevated risk for OSA, the severity of OSA is still not clear. It may be that these patients on average have a higher median AHI score when diagnosed for OSA and that this result may then (partially) explain the higher postoperative complications in group B.
Based on our results, we conclude that patients meeting at least three STOP-BANG criteria can be expected to have higher postoperative complications and an increased LOS than patients using CPAP.
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Conflict of interest
None.
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