Background
Methods
Design and trial size
Inclusion criteria
Recruitment of study participants
Data collection
Outcome measurements
Statistical analyses
Ethical considerations
Results
Birth seat group | Control group | RR/mean difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n= 253 | n= 697 | (95% CI) | P-value | |
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Age groups
| ||||
< 25 years |
44 (17.4)
|
121 (17.3)
|
1.00 (0.73 - 1.37)
|
1.00
|
25-35 years |
192 (75.1)
|
495 (71.1)
|
1.06 (0.98 - 1.16)
|
0.14
|
> 35 years |
19 (7.5)
|
81 (11.6)
|
0.64 (0.40 - 1.04)
|
0.07
|
Body Mass Index (SD)
|
22.7 (±5.1)
|
22.7 (±5.1)
|
0.37 (0.80 - 6.65)
|
0.85
|
Smoking
|
22 (8.0)
|
95 (13.6)
|
0.63 (0.41 - 0.99)
|
0.04
|
Previous caesarean section
|
2 (0.7)
|
7 (1.0)
|
0.78 (0.16 - 3.76)
|
1.00
|
Gestational Age
| ||||
< 37 + 6 weeks |
10 (3.9)
|
29 (4.1)
|
0.95 (0.47 - 1.91)
|
1.00
|
38 + 0 - 40 + 6 weeks |
202 (79.8)
|
521 (74.7)
|
1.06 (0.99 - 1.15)
|
0.12
|
> 41 + 0 weeks |
41 (16.2)
|
147 (21.0)
|
0.76 (0.56 - 1.08)
|
0.09
|
Birth seat group | Control group | Crude | Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n= 253 | n= 697 | Odds Ratio | P-value | Odds Ratio | P-value | |
n (%) | n (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
Duration of labour
| ||||||
First stage of labour in minutes* |
397 (± 191)
|
465 (± 240)
|
0.99 (0.99 - 0.99)
|
<0.01
|
0.99 (0.99 - 1.00)
|
<0.01
|
Second stage of labour in minutes** |
32 (± 18)
|
44 (± 27)
|
0.97 (0.70 - 0.98)
|
<0.01
|
0.97 (0.96 - 0.98)
|
<0.01
|
Third stage of labour in minutes*** |
14 (± 17)
|
13 (± 14)
|
1.00 (0.99 - 1.03)
|
0.34
|
1.00 (0.99 - 1.01)
|
0.22
|
Augmentation of labour
| ||||||
No augmentation |
127 (50.2)
|
202(28.9)
|
1.0 Ref.
|
1.0 Ref.
| ||
Augmentation initiated during first stage of labour**** |
90 (35.6)
|
355 (50.9)
|
0.40 (0.29 - 0.56)
|
<0.01
|
0.74 (0.49 - 1.13)
|
0.17
|
Augmentation initiated during second stage of labour***** |
36 (14.2)
|
140 (20.1)
|
0.66 (0.44 - 0.98)
|
0.04
|
0.49 (0.29 - 0.86)
|
<0.01
|
Epidural analgesia******
|
94 (37.0)
|
314 (45.0)
|
0.72 (0.54 - 0.97)
|
0.03
|
1.14 (0.75 - 1.73)
|
0.54
|
Blood loss*******
| ||||||
< 499 ml |
86 (34.0)
|
355 (51.1)
|
1.0 Ref.
|
1.0 Ref.
| ||
500-999 ml |
128 (50.6)
|
246 (35.1)
|
1.43 (1.22 - 1.68)
|
<0.01
|
2.20 (1.48 - 3.26)
|
<0.01
|
>1000 ml |
39 (15.4)
|
96 (13.8)
|
1.67 (1.08 - 2.60)
|
0.02
|
2. 00 (1.19 - 3.37)
|
<0.01
|
Mean blood loss in ml. (SD)*******
|
709 (± 462)
|
592 (± 448)
|
117
|
<0.01
|
1.00 (1.00 - 1.01)
|
<0.01
|
Episiotomies*******
|
5 (2.0)
|
90 (13.7 )
|
0.15 (0.06 - 0.37)
|
<0.01
|
0.19 (0.07 - 0.54)
|
<0.01
|
Perineal lacerations*******
| ||||||
No laceration |
10 (4.0)
|
40 (6.1)
|
1.0 Ref.
|
1.0 Ref.
| ||
1 degree |
184 (73.8)
|
458 (69.8)
|
1.06 (0.97 - 1.15)
|
0.25
|
1.63 (0.70 - 3.80)
|
0.26
|
2.degree |
42 (16.8)
|
118 (17.9)
|
1.93 (0.68 - 1.30)
|
0.77
|
1.53 (0.60 - 3.89)
|
0.37
|
3.degree |
13 (5.2)
|
40 (6.1)
|
0.85 (0.47 - 1.57)
|
0.75
|
1.76 (0.60 - 5.29)
|
0.31
|
Oedema*******
| ||||||
1 (vas 0-3) |
184 (85.2)
|
419 (83.4)
|
1.0 Ref.
|
1.0 Ref.
| ||
2 (vas 4-7) |
30 (13.8)
|
70 (13.9)
|
0.99 (0.67 - 1.48)
|
1.00
|
1.79 (0.35 - 8.77)
|
0.51
|
3 (vas 8-10) |
2 (0.9)
|
13 (2.6)
|
0.35 (0.08 - 1.57)
|
0.25
|
2.54 (0.48 - 13.64)
|
0.28
|
Birth seat group | Control group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No oxytocin initiated | Oxytocin initiated | OR (95% CI) | No oxytocin initiated | Oxytocin initiated | OR (95% CI) | |
during first stage | during first stage | for oxytocin during | during first stage | during first stage | for oxytocin during | |
Blood loss
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
first stage
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
first stage
|
<499 ml | 63 (38cif.6) | 23 (25.5) | 1.0 Ref. | 193 (56.4) | 162 (45.5) | 1.0 Ref. |
500-999 ml | 79 (48.6) | 49 (54.5) | 1.7 (0.9-3.1) | 113 (33.0) | 133 (37.0) | 1.4 (1.0 -1.9)** |
>1000 ml | 21 (12.8) | 18 (20.0) | 2.3 (1.1-5.1)* | 36 (10.6) | 60 (17.5) | 2.0 (1.2-3.1)** |
No oxytocin initiated
|
Oxytocin given
|
OR (95% CI)
|
No oxytocin given
|
Oxytocin given
|
OR (95% CI)
| |
during second stage
|
during second stage
|
for oxytocin during
|
during second stage
|
during second stage
|
for oxytocin during
| |
Blood loss
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
second stage
|
n (%)
|
n (%)
|
second stage
|
<499 ml | 51 (40.0) | 12 (33.4) | 1.0 Ref. | 120 (59.0) | 73 (52.1) | 1.0 Ref. |
500-999 | 59 (46.5) | 20 (55.6) | 1.5 (0.6-3.2) | 62 (31.0) | 51 (36.4) | 1.4 (0.8-2.2) |
>1000 | 17 (13.5) | 4 (11.0) | 1.0 (0.3-3.5) | 20 (10.0) | 16 (11.5) | 1.3 (0.6-2.7) |