Background
Methods
Sampling techniques and participants
Procedures and measures
Statistical analysis
Results
The characteristics of participants
Characteristics | Total | Balkans | Refugees in the West |
---|---|---|---|
N = 4167 | N = 3313 | N = 854 | |
Female gender1 (N, %) | 2221 (53.3) | 1783 (53.8) | 438 (51.3) |
Age (mean years, SD) | 42.3 (11.8) | 42.5 (12.0) | 41.6 (10.8) |
Education level (N, %) | |||
None or primary | 1195 (28.7) | 1007 (30.4) | 188 (22.0) |
Secondary | 1972 (47.3) | 1618 (48.8) | 354 (41.5) |
Vocational/higher | 1000 (24.0) | 688 (20.8) | 312 (36.5) |
Marital status2 (N, %) | |||
Married/cohabiting | 2980 (71.5) | 2328 (70.3) | 652 (76.3) |
Single | 695 (16.7) | 606 (18.3) | 89 (10.4) |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 491 (11.8) | 378 (11.4) | 113 (13.2) |
Employment status (N, %) | |||
Employed/In training | 1714 (41.1) | 1329 (40.1) | 385 (45.1) |
Unemployed | 1983 (47.6) | 1545 (46.6) | 438 (51.3) |
Retired | 470 (11.3) | 439 (13.3) | 31 (3.6) |
Number of traumatic events (Mean, SD) | |||
Pre-war traumatic events | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.3) |
War traumatic events | 4.7 (3.2) | 4.2 (2.8) | 6.8 (3.6) |
Post-war traumatic events | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.1 (1.3) |
Living in collective accommodation3
| 322 (7.7) | 282 (8.5) | 40 (4.7) |
Had met a friend in a week before interview4
| 3378 (81.1) | 2676 (80.8) | 702 (82.2) |
Experienced war-related displacement5
| - | 1486 (44.9) | 854 (100) |
Number of migration stressors (Mean, SD) | - | - | 2.6 (1.6) |
Posttraumatic stress (Mean, SD)
| 1.2 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.2) |
Subjective quality of life
MANSA | Total sample | Balkans | Refugees in the West |
t-test |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 4158 | N = 3313 | N = 845 |
p
| |
Total score, mean (SD) | 4.78 (0.9) | 4.80 (0.9) | 4.73 (0.9) | 0.67 |
Individual items, mean (SD)
| ||||
Life in general1
| 4.4 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.3) | .181 |
Employment/retirement2
| 3.7 (1.7) | 3.6 (1.8) | 3.8 (1.7) | .006 |
Financial situation3
| 3.4 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
Friendships4
| 5.0 (1.3) | 5.1 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.4) | < 0.001 |
Leisure activities5
| 4.4 (1.5) | 4.4 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
Accommodation6
| 4.9 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.5) | .134 |
Personal safety7
| 5.1 (1.3) | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.1 (1.4) | .995 |
People living with/living alone8
| 5.7 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.4) | .256 |
Sex life9
| 5.0 (1.6) | 5.1 (1.6) | 4.9 (1.7) | .037 |
Relationship with family10
| 5.8 (1.1) | 5.8 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.2) | .097 |
Physical health11
| 4.9 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
Mental Health
12
| 5.1 (1.6) | 5.3 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
Factors associated with subjective quality of life
Balkan sample
BALKAN SAMPLE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 3313 | Univariable regression | Multivariable regression | ||||
B | 95% (CI) |
p-value
| B | 95% (CI) |
p-value
| |
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | .009 | -.053 to .072 | .769 | |||
Female | 0 | |||||
Age | -.017 | -.019 to -.014 | < 0.001 | -.012 | -.014 to -.009 | < 0.001 |
Education | ||||||
Primary or none | 0 | 0 | ||||
Secondary | .154 | .083 to .225 | < 0.001 | -.026 | -.090 to .038 | .431 |
Higher | .443 | .355 to .530 | < 0.001 | .131 | .050 to .213 | .002 |
Being married | ||||||
Yes | .142 | .074 to .210 | < 0.001 | .222 | .165 to .280 | < 0.001 |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||
TRAUMATIC EVENTS | ||||||
Pre-war traumatic events | -.112 | -.141 to -.083 | < 0.001 | -.034 | -.060 to -.009 | .009 |
War-related traumatic events | -.056 | -.067 to -.045 | < 0.001 | -.026 | -.038 to -.013 | < 0.001 |
Post-war events traumatic events | -.142 | -.181 to -.103 | < 0.001 | -.051 | -.084 to -.018 | .002 |
Displacement | 0.46 | -.016 to .109 | .148 | |||
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS | ||||||
Posttraumatic stress symptoms | -.377 | -.404 to -.351 | < 0.001 | -.315 | -.341 to -.288 | < 0.001 |
POST-WAR ENVIRONMENT | ||||||
Being unemployed | ||||||
Yes | -.492 | -.554 to -.431 | < 0.001 | -.294 | -.350 to -.238 | < 0.001 |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||
Living in collective accommodation | ||||||
Yes | -.595 | -.705 to -.486 | < 0.001 | -.188 | -.282 to -.093 | < 0.001 |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||
Having met a friend in the previous week | ||||||
Yes | .600 | .523 to .676 | < 0.001 | .493 | .427 to .559 | < 0.001 |
No
| 0 | 0 |
Refugee sample
REFUGEES IN WESTERN EUROPE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 854 | Univariable regression | Multivariable regression | ||||
B | 95% (CI) |
p-value
| B | 95% (CI) |
p-value
| |
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male | .082 | -.042 to .206 | .194 | |||
Female | 0 | |||||
Age | -.010 | -.016 to -.005 | < 0.001 | -.002 | -.007 to .004 | .573 |
Education | ||||||
Primary or none | ||||||
Secondary | .112 | -.051 to .275 | .179 | |||
Higher | .109 | -.058 to .276 | .199 | |||
Being Married | ||||||
Yes | .266 | .122 to .411 | < 0.001 | .313 | .188 to .439 | < 0.001 |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||
TRAUMATIC EVENTS | ||||||
Pre-war traumatic events | -.102 | -.148 to -.056 | < 0.001 | -.080 | -.120 to -.039 | < 0.001 |
War traumatic events | -.034 | -.051 to -.017 | < 0.001 | .013 | -.003 to .030 | .112 |
Post-war events traumatic events | -.141 | -.190 to -.093 | < 0.001 | -.050 | -.094 to -.007 | .023 |
PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS | ||||||
Posttraumatic stress symptoms | -.310 | -.357 to -.263 | < 0.001 | -.252 | -.304 to -.200 | < 0.001 |
POST-WAR ENVIRONMENT | ||||||
Migration stressors | -204 | -.241 to -.166 | < 0.001 | -.127 | -.165 to -.089 | < 0.001 |
Unemployed | ||||||
Yes | -.381 | -.503 to -.259 | < 0.001 | -.258 | -.379 to -.138 | < 0.001 |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||
Collective accommodation | ||||||
Yes | -.399 | -.691 to -.108 | .007 | -.063 | -.321 to .196 | .635 |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||
Having met a friend in the previous week | ||||||
Yes | .368 | .202 to .534 | < 0.001 | .253 | .109 to .396 | .001 |
No
| 0 | 0 |