Sudden cardiac death from structural heart diseases in adults: imaging findings with cardiovascular computed tomography and magnetic resonance

1.

Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines, European Heart Rhythm Association, Heart Rhythm Society (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114(10):e385–e484PubMedCrossRef

2.

Goldberger JJ, Cain ME, Hohnloser SH, Kadish AH, Knight BP, Lauer MS, Maron BJ, Page RL, Passman RS, Siscovick D, Siscovick D, Stevenson WG, Zipes DP, American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology Foundation, Heart Rhythm Society 2008 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society scientific statement on noninvasive risk stratification techniques for identifying patients at risk for sudden cardiac death: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 118(14):1497–1518PubMedCrossRef

3.

Sen-Chowdhry S, McKenna WJ (2006) Sudden cardiac death in the young: a strategy for prevention by targeted evaluation. Cardiology 105(4):196–206PubMedCrossRef

4.

Mahnken AH, Hohl C, Suess C, Bruder H, Muhlenbruch G, Das M, Gunther RW, Wildberger JE (2006) Influence of heart rate and temporal resolution on left-ventricular volumes in cardiac multislice spiral computed tomography: a phantom study. Invest Radiol 41(5):429–435PubMedCrossRef

5.

Ko SM, Kim YJ, Park JH, Choi NM (2010) Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion with 64-slice multidetector CT: a comparison with two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Br J Radiol 83(985):28–34PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

6.

Cury RC, Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Nasir K, Cury RC, Brady TJ (2007) Comprehensive cardiac CT study: evaluation of coronary arteries, left ventricular function, and myocardial perfusion–is it possible? J Nucl Cardiol 14(2):229–243PubMedCrossRef

7.

Henneman MM, Schuijf JD, Jukema JW, Holman ER, Lamb HJ, de Roos A, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ (2006) Assessment of global and regional left ventricular function and volumes with 64-slice MSCT: a comparison with 2D echocardiography. J Nucl Cardiol 13(4):480–487PubMedCrossRef

8.

Ko YJ, Kim SS, Park WJ, Jeong JO, Ko SM (2012) Comparison of global left ventricular function using 20 phases with 10-phase reconstructions in multidetector-row computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(3):603–611PubMedCrossRef

9.

Lembcke A, Durmus T, Westermann Y, Geigenmueller A, Claus B, Butler C, Thiele H (2011) Assessment of mitral valve stenosis by helical MDCT: comparison with transthoracic doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197(3):614–622PubMedCrossRef

10.

Salerno M, Beller GA (2009) Noninvasive assessment of myocardial perfusion. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2(5):412–424PubMedCrossRef

11.

Rossi A, Merkus D, Klotz E, Mollet N, de Feyter PJ, Krestin GP (2014) Stress myocardial perfusion: imaging with multidetector CT. Radiology 270(1):25–46PubMedCrossRef

12.

Bischoff B, Bamberg F, Marcus R, Schwarz F, Becker HC, Becker A, Reiser M, Nikolaou K (2013) Optimal timing for first-pass stress CT myocardial perfusion imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 29(2):435–442PubMedCrossRef

13.

So A, Hsieh J, Narayanan S, Thibault JB, Imai Y, Dutta S, Leipsic J, Min J, LaBounty T, Lee TY (2012) Dual-energy CT and its potential use for quantitative myocardial CT perfusion. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 6(5):308–317PubMedCrossRef

14.

Huber AM, Leber V, Gramer BM, Muenzel D, Leber A, Rieber J, Schmidt M, Vembar M, Hoffmann E, Rummeny E (2013) Myocardium: dynamic versus single-shot CT perfusion imaging. Radiology 269(2):378–386PubMedCrossRef

15.

Ko SM, Kim YW, Han SW, Seo JB (2007) Early and delayed myocardial enhancement in myocardial infarction using two-phase contrast-enhanced multidetector-row CT. Korean J Radiol 8(2):94–102PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

16.

Gweon HM, Kim SJ, Kim TH, Lee SM, Hong YJ, Rim SJ, Hong BK, Min PK, Yoon YW, Kwon HM (2010) Evaluation of reperfused myocardial infarction by low-dose multidetector computed tomography using prospective electrocardiography (ECG)-triggering: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Yonsei Med J 51(5):683–691PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

17.

Wu W, Budovec J, Foley WD (2009) Prospective and retrospective ECG gating for thoracic CT angiography: a comparative study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193(4):955–963PubMedCrossRef

18.

Aljaroudi WA, Flamm SD, Saliba W, Wilkoff BL, Kwon D (2013) Role of CMR imaging in risk stratification for sudden cardiac death. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(3):392–406PubMedCrossRef

19.

Barkhausen J, Ruehm SG, Goyen M, Buck T, Laub G, Debatin JF (2001) MR evaluation of ventricular function: true fast imaging with steady-state precession versus fast low-angle shot cine MR imaging: feasibility study. Radiology 219(1):264–269PubMedCrossRef

20.

Aandal G, Nadig V, Yeh V, Rajiah P, Jenkins T, Sattar A, Griswold M, Gulani V, Gilkeson RC, Seiberlich N (2014) Evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction using through-time radial GRAPPA. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16:79PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

21.

Plein S, Kozerke S, Suerder D, Luescher TF, Greenwood JP, Boesiger P, Schwitter J (2008) High spatial resolution myocardial perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance for the detection of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 29(17):2148–2155PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

22.

Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, Nandalur MR, Carlos RC (2007) Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(14):1343–1353PubMedCrossRef

23.

Burt JR, Zimmerman SL, Kamel IR, Halushka M, Bluemke DA (2014) Myocardial T1 mapping: techniques and potential applications. Radiographics 34(2):377–395PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

24.

Suzuki J, Caputo GR, Kondo C, Higgins CB (1990) Cine MR imaging of valvular heart disease: display and imaging parameters affect the size of the signal void caused by valvular regurgitation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155(4):723–727PubMedCrossRef

25.

Saloner D (1999) Flow and motion. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 7(4):699–715PubMed

26.

Mostbeck GH, Caputo GR, Higgins CB (1992) MR measurement of blood flow in the cardiovascular system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159(3):453–461PubMedCrossRef

27.

Didier D, Saint-Martin C, Lapierre C, Trindade PT, Lahlaidi N, Vallee JP, Kalangos A, Friedli B, Beghetti M (2006) Coarctation of the aorta: pre and postoperative evaluation with MRI and MR angiography: correlation with echocardiography and surgery. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 22(3–4):457–475PubMedCrossRef

28.

Sparrow PJ, Kurian JB, Jones TR, Sivananthan MU (2005) MR imaging of cardiac tumors. Radiographics 25(5):1255–1276PubMedCrossRef

29.

Gottdiener JS, Bednarz J, Devereux R, Gardin J, Klein A, Manning WJ, Morehead A, Kitzman D, Oh J, Quinones M, Schiller NB, Stein JH, Weissman NJ, American Society of Echocardiography (2004) American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17(10):1086–1119PubMed

30.

Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, Poon M, Hendel RC, Carr JC, Gerstad NA, Gillam LD, Hodgson JM, Kim RJ, Kramer CM, Lesser JR, Martin ET, Messer JV, Redberg RF, Rubin GD, Rumsfeld JS, Taylor AJ, Weigold WG, Woodard PK, Brindis RG, Hendel RC, Douglas PS, Peterson ED, Wolk MJ, Allen JM, Patel MR, American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology (2006) ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(7):1475–1497PubMedCrossRef

31.

Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, Mark D, Min J, O’Gara P, Rubin GD, American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, American College of Radiology, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Kramer CM, Berman D, Brown A, Chaudhry FA, Cury RC, Desai MY, Einstein AJ, Gomes AS, Harrington R, Hoffmann U, Khare R, Lesser J, McGann C, Rosenberg A, Schwartz R, Shelton M, Smetana GW, Smith SC Jr 2010 ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(22):pp 1864–1894PubMedCrossRef

32.

American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents, Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK (2010) ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(23):2614–2662CrossRef

33.

Myerburg RJ, Interian A Jr, Mitrani RM, Kessler KM, Castellanos A (1997) Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol 80(5B):10F–19FPubMedCrossRef

34.

Davies MJ (1992) Anatomic features in victims of sudden coronary death. Coronary artery pathology. Circulation 85(1 Suppl):I19-24

35.

Bello D, Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Pereles FS, Passman R, Song G, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ (2005) Infarct morphology identifies patients with substrate for sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(7):1104–1108PubMedCrossRef

36.

Finn AV, Nakano M, Narula J, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R (2010) Concept of vulnerable/unstable plaque. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(7):1282–1292PubMedCrossRef

37.

Caussin C, Ohanessian A, Ghostine S, Jacq L, Lancelin B, Dambrin G, Sigal-Cinqualbre A, Angel CY, Paul JF (2004) Characterization of vulnerable nonstenotic plaque with 16-slice computed tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 94(1):99–104PubMedCrossRef

38.

Maurovich-Horvat P, Ferencik M, Voros S, Merkely B, Hoffmann U (2014) Comprehensive plaque assessment by coronary CT angiography. Nat Rev Cardiol 11(7):390–402PubMedCrossRef

39.

Motoyama S, Sarai M, Harigaya H, Anno H, Inoue K, Hara T, Naruse H, Ishii J, Hishida H, Wong ND, Virmani R, Kondo T, Ozaki Y, Narula J (2009) Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(1):49–57PubMedCrossRef

40.

Maurovich-Horvat P, Schlett CL, Alkadhi H, Nakano M, Otsuka F, Stolzmann P, Scheffel H, Ferencik M, Kriegel MF, Seifarth H, Virmani R, Hoffmann U (2012) The napkin-ring sign indicates advanced atherosclerotic lesions in coronary CT angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 5(12):1243–1252PubMedCrossRef

41.

van Velzen JE, de Graaf FR, de Graaf MA, Schuijf JD, Kroft LJ, de Roos A, Reiber JH, Bax JJ, Jukema JW, Boersma E, Schalij MJ, van der Wall EE (2011) Comprehensive assessment of spotty calcifications on computed tomography angiography: comparison to plaque characteristics on intravascular ultrasound with radiofrequency backscatter analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 18(5):893–903PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

42.

Tsai IC, Lee WL, Tsao CR, Chang Y, Chen MC, Lee T, Liao WC (2008) Comprehensive evaluation of ischemic heart disease using MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191(1):64–72PubMedCrossRef

43.

Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM (1996) Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation 94(12):3318–3326PubMedCrossRef

44.

Pouleur AC, Barkoudah E, Uno H, Skali H, Finn PV, Zelenkofske SL, Belenkov YN, Mareev V, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Maggioni AP, Kober L, Califf RM, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD, Investigators V (2010) Pathogenesis of sudden unexpected death in a clinical trial of patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. Circulation 122(6):597–602PubMedCrossRef

45.

van der Burg AE, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Pauwels EK, van der Wall EE, Schalij MJ (2003) Impact of viability, ischemia, scar tissue, and revascularization on outcome after aborted sudden death. Circulation 108(16):1954–1959PubMedCrossRef

46.

Piccini JP, Horton JR, Shaw LK, Al-Khatib SM, Lee KL, Iskandrian AE, Borges-Neto S (2008) Single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion defects are associated with an increased risk of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and sudden cardiac death. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 1(3):180–188PubMedCrossRef

47.

Blankstein R, Shturman LD, Rogers IS, Rocha-Filho JA, Okada DR, Sarwar A, Soni AV, Bezerra H, Ghoshhajra BB, Petranovic M, Loureiro R, Feuchtner G, Gewirtz H, Hoffmann U, Mamuya WS, Brady TJ, Cury RC (2009) Adenosine-induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging using dual-source cardiac computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(12):1072–1084PubMedCrossRef

48.

Rocha-Filho JA, Blankstein R, Shturman LD, Bezerra HG, Okada DR, Rogers IS, Ghoshhajra B, Hoffmann U, Feuchtner G, Mamuya WS, Brady TJ, Cury RC (2010) Incremental value of adenosine-induced stress myocardial perfusion imaging with dual-source CT at cardiac CT angiography. Radiology 254(2):410–419PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

49.

Osawa K, Miyoshi T, Koyama Y, Hashimoto K, Sato S, Nakamura K, Nishii N, Kohno K, Morita H, Kanazawa S, Ito H (2014) Additional diagnostic value of first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging without stress when combined with 64-row detector coronary CT angiography in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 100(13):1008–1015PubMedCrossRef

50.

Hill SF, Sheppard MN (2010) Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease associated with sudden cardiac death. Heart 96(14):1119–1125PubMedCrossRef

51.

Yildiz A, Okcun B, Peker T, Arslan C, Olcay A, Bulent Vatan M (2010) Prevalence of coronary artery anomalies in 12,457 adult patients who underwent coronary angiography. Clin Cardiol 33(12):E60–E64PubMedCrossRef

52.

Cheitlin MD, De Castro CM, McAllister HA (1974) Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva, A not-so-minor congenital anomaly. Circulation 50(4):780–787PubMedCrossRef

53.

Ropers D, Gehling G, Pohle K, Maeffert R, Regenfus M, Moshage W, Schuster P, Daniel WG, Achenbach S (2002) Images in cardiovascular medicine. Anomalous course of the left main or left anterior descending coronary artery originating from the right sinus of valsalva: identification of four common variations by electron beam tomography. Circulation 105(6):e42–e43PubMedCrossRef

54.

Kim SY, Seo JB, Do KH, Heo JN, Lee JS, Song JW, Choe YH, Kim TH, Yong HS, Choi SI, Song KS, Lim TH (2006) Coronary artery anomalies: classification and ECG-gated multi-detector row CT findings with angiographic correlation. Radiographics 26(2):317–333 discussion 333–314PubMedCrossRef

55.

Angelini P (2007) Coronary artery anomalies: an entity in search of an identity. Circulation 115(10):1296–1305PubMed

56.

Virmani R, Chun PK, Goldstein RE, Robinowitz M, McAllister HA (1984) Acute takeoffs of the coronary arteries along the aortic wall and congenital coronary ostial valve-like ridges: association with sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 3(3):766–771PubMedCrossRef

57.

Frescura C, Basso C, Thiene G, Corrado D, Pennelli T, Angelini A, Daliento L (1998) Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease. Hum Pathol 29(7):689–695PubMedCrossRef

58.

Lee BY (2009) Anomalous right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus with an interarterial course: is it really dangerous? Korean Circ J 39(5):175–179PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

59.

Lee HJ, Hong YJ, Kim HY, Lee J, Hur J, Choi BW, Chang HJ, Nam JE, Choe KO, Kim YJ (2012) Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus with an interarterial course: subtypes and clinical importance. Radiology 262(1):101–108PubMedCrossRef

60.

Robinowitz M, Virmani R, McAllister HA Jr (1982) Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and eosinophilic inflammation: a cause and effect relationship? Am J Med 72(6):923–928PubMedCrossRef

61.

Elming H, Kober L (1999) Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Case report and literature review. Scand Cardiovasc J 33(3):175–179PubMedCrossRef

62.

Verma PK, Sandhu MS, Mittal BR, Aggarwal N, Kumar A, Mayank M, Bhattacharya A, Anand RK, Grover A (2004) Large spontaneous coronary artery dissections-a study of three cases, literature review, and possible therapeutic strategies. Angiology 55(3):309–318PubMedCrossRef

63.

Saw J, Poulter R, Fung A, Wood D, Hamburger J, Buller CE (2012) Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia: a case series. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 5(1):134–137PubMedCrossRef

64.

Cohen DE, Strimike CL (2000) A case of multiple spontaneous coronary artery dissections. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 49(3):318–320PubMedCrossRef

65.

Gowda RM, Sacchi TJ, Khan IA (2005) Clinical perspectives of the primary spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Int J Cardiol 105(3):334–336PubMedCrossRef

66.

Ruda-Vega M (1997) Aortic dissection—exceedingly rare complication of coronary angioplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 42(4):416PubMedCrossRef

67.

Lopez-Minguez JR, Climent V, Yen-Ho S, Gonzalez-Fernandez R, Nogales-Asensio JM, Sanchez-Quintana D (2006) Structural features of the sinus of valsalva and the proximal portion of the coronary arteries: their relevance to retrograde aortocoronary dissection. Rev Esp Cardiol 59(7):696–702PubMedCrossRef

68.

Alfonso F, Paulo M, Lennie V, Dutary J, Bernardo E, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Gonzalo N, Escaned J, Banuelos C, Perez-Vizcayno MJ, Hernandez R, Macaya C (2012) Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: long-term follow-up of a large series of patients prospectively managed with a “conservative” therapeutic strategy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 5(10):1062–1070PubMedCrossRef

69.

Polacek P, Kralove H (1961) Relation of myocardial bridges and loops on the coronary arteries to coronary occulsions. Am Heart J 61:44–52PubMedCrossRef

70.

Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG, Hwang HG (2011) Systolic luminal narrowing and morphologic characteristics of myocardial bridging of the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery by dual-source computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 27(Suppl 1):73–83PubMedCrossRef

71.

Hwang JH, Ko SM, Roh HG, Song MG, Shin JK, Chee HK, Kim JS (2010) Myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery: depiction rate and morphologic features by dual-source CT coronary angiography. Korean J Radiol 11(5):514–521PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

72.

Kim PJ, Hur G, Kim SY, Namgung J, Hong SW, Kim YH, Lee WR (2009) Frequency of myocardial bridges and dynamic compression of epicardial coronary arteries: a comparison between computed tomography and invasive coronary angiography. Circulation 119(10):1408–1416PubMedCrossRef

73.

Leschka S, Koepfli P, Husmann L, Plass A, Vachenauer R, Gaemperli O, Schepis T, Genoni M, Marincek B, Eberli FR, Kaufmann PA, Alkadhi H (2008) Myocardial bridging: depiction rate and morphology at CT coronary angiography—comparison with conventional coronary angiography. Radiology 246(3):754–762PubMedCrossRef

74.

Konen E, Goitein O, Sternik L, Eshet Y, Shemesh J, Di Segni E (2007) The prevalence and anatomical patterns of intramuscular coronary arteries: a coronary computed tomography angiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(5):587–593PubMedCrossRef

75.

Alegria JR, Herrmann J, Holmes DR Jr, Lerman A, Rihal CS (2005) Myocardial bridging. Eur Heart J 26(12):1159–1168PubMedCrossRef

76.

Basso C, Thiene G, Mackey-Bojack S, Frigo AC, Corrado D, Maron BJ (2009) Myocardial bridging, a frequent component of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, lacks systematic association with sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 30(13):1627–1634PubMedCrossRef

77.

Lim JJ, Jung JI, Lee BY, Lee HG (2014) Prevalence and types of coronary artery fistulas detected with coronary CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203(3):W237–W243PubMedCrossRef

78.

Zenooz NA, Habibi R, Mammen L, Finn JP, Gilkeson RC (2009) Coronary artery fistulas: CT findings. Radiographics 29(3):781–789PubMedCrossRef

79.

Seon HJ, Kim YH, Choi S, Kim KH (2010) Complex coronary artery fistulas in adults: evaluation with multidetector computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26(Suppl 2):261–271PubMedCrossRef

80.

Kim MS, Jung JI, Chun HJ (2010) Coronary to pulmonary artery fistula: morphologic features at multidetector CT. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 26(Suppl 2):273–280PubMedCrossRef

81.

Cebi N, Schulze-Waltrup N, Fromke J, Scheffold T, Heuer H (2008) Congenital coronary artery fistulas in adults: concomitant pathologies and treatment. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 24(4):349–355PubMedCrossRef

82.

Gowda RM, Vasavada BC, Khan IA (2006) Coronary artery fistulas: clinical and therapeutic considerations. Int J Cardiol 107(1):7–10PubMedCrossRef

83.

Baltaxe HA, Wixson D (1977) The incidence of congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries in the adult population. Radiology 122(1):47–52PubMedCrossRef

84.

Kato H, Sugimura T, Akagi T, Sato N, Hashino K, Maeno Y, Kazue T, Eto G, Yamakawa R (1996) Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease. A 10- to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients. Circulation 94(6):1379–1385PubMedCrossRef

85.

Burns JC, Shike H, Gordon JB, Malhotra A, Schoenwetter M, Kawasaki T (1996) Sequelae of Kawasaki disease in adolescents and young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 28(1):253–257PubMedCrossRef

86.

Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, Gewitz MH, Tani LY, Burns JC, Shulman ST, Bolger AF, Ferrieri P, Baltimore RS, Wilson WR, Baddour LM, Levison ME, Pallasch TJ, Falace DA, Taubert KA, Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Diseases, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association, American Academy of Pediatrics 2004 Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 110(17):pp 2747–2771PubMedCrossRef

87.

Onouchi Z, Hamaoka K, Sakata K, Ozawa S, Shiraishi I, Itoi T, Kiyosawa N (2005) Long-term changes in coronary artery aneurysms in patients with Kawasaki disease: comparison of therapeutic regimens. Circ J 69(3):265–272PubMedCrossRef

88.

Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H, Hamashima Y (1987) Frequency and size of coronary arterial aneurysm at necropsy in Kawasaki disease. Am J Cardiol 59(8):808–811PubMedCrossRef

89.

Tatara K, Kusakawa S (1987) Long-term prognosis of giant coronary aneurysm in Kawasaki disease: an angiographic study. J Pediatr 111(5):705–710PubMedCrossRef

90.

Carbone I, Cannata D, Algeri E, Galea N, Napoli A, De Zorzi A, Bosco G, D’Agostino R, Menezes L, Catalano C, Passariello R, Francone M (2011) Adolescent Kawasaki disease: usefulness of 64-slice CT coronary angiography for follow-up investigation. Pediatr Radiol 41(9):1165–1173PubMedCrossRef

91.

Mavrogeni S, Bratis K, Karanasios E, Georgakopoulos D, Kaklis S, Varlamis G, Kolovou G, Douskou M, Papadopoulos G (2011) CMR evaluation of cardiac involvement during the convalescence of Kawasaki disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 4(10):1140–1141PubMedCrossRef

92.

Dietz SM, Tacke CE, Kuipers IM, Wiegman A, de Winter RJ, Burns JC, Gordon JB, Groenink M, Kuijpers TW (2015) Cardiovascular imaging in children and adults following Kawasaki disease. Insights Imaging 6(6):697–705PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

93.

Kim JW, Goo HW (2013) Coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease: comparison between CT and MR coronary angiography. Acta Radiol 54(2):156–163PubMedCrossRef

94.

Terashima M, Awano K, Honda Y, Yoshino N, Mori T, Fujita H, Ohashi Y, Seguchi O, Kobayashi K, Yamagishi M, Fitzgerald PJ, Yock PG, Maeda K (2002) Images in cardiovascular medicine. “Arteries within the artery” after Kawasaki disease: a lotus root appearance by intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 106(7):887PubMedCrossRef

95.

Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Hur J, Nam JE, Choe KO, Jang Y, Choi BW (2008) Braid-like appearance of the coronary artery in Kawasaki disease: typical computed tomography and angiography findings. Eur Heart J 29(22):2791PubMedCrossRef

96.

Stern S, Bayes de Luna A (2009) Coronary artery spasm: a 2009 update. Circulation 119(18):2531–2534PubMedCrossRef

97.

Nakamura M, Takeshita A, Nose Y (1987) Clinical characteristics associated with myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and sudden death in patients with vasospastic angina. Circulation 75(6):1110–1116PubMedCrossRef

98.

Hong YJ, Jeong MH, Choi YH, Ma EH, Ko JS, Lee MG, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon NS, Youn HJ, Kim KH, Park HW, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC (2010) Plaque components at coronary sites with focal spasm in patients with variant angina: virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound analysis. Int J Cardiol 144(3):367–372PubMedCrossRef

99.

Szlachcic J, Waters DD, Miller D, Theroux P (1984) Ventricular arrhythmias during ergonovine-induced episodes of variant angina. Am Heart J 107(1):20–24PubMedCrossRef

100.

Ito T, Terashima M, Kaneda H, Nasu K, Ehara M, Kinoshita Y, Ito T, Kimura M, Tanaka N, Habara M, Tsuchikane E, Suzuki T (2012) In vivo assessment of ergonovine-induced coronary artery spasm by 64-slice multislice computed tomography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(2):226–232PubMedCrossRef

101.

Kang KM, Choi SI, Chun EJ, Kim JA, Youn TJ, Choi DJ (2012) Coronary vasospastic angina: assessment by multidetector CT coronary angiography. Korean J Radiol 13(1):27–33PubMedCrossRef

102.

Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(25):e212–e260PubMedCrossRef

103.

McKenna W, Deanfield J, Faruqui A, England D, Oakley C, Goodwin J (1981) Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of age and clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features. Am J Cardiol 47(3):532–538PubMedCrossRef

104.

Hardarson T, De la Calzada CS, Curiel R, Goodwin JF (1973) Prognosis and mortality of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. The Lancet 2(7844):1462–1467CrossRef

105.

Maron BJ, Maron MS (2013) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The Lancet 381(9862):242–255CrossRef

106.

Maron BJ (2002) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA 287(10):1308–1320PubMedCrossRef

107.

Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery; American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 124(24):2761–2796PubMedCrossRef

108.

Nagueh SF, Mahmarian JJ (2006) Noninvasive cardiac imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(12):2410–2422PubMedCrossRef

109.

Minami Y, Kajimoto K, Terajima Y, Yashiro B, Okayama D, Haruki S, Nakajima T, Kawashiro N, Kawana M, Hagiwara N (2011) Clinical implications of midventricular obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(23):2346–2355PubMedCrossRef

110.

Briasoulis A, Mallikethi-Reddy S, Palla M, Alesh I, Afonso L (2015) Myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis. Heart 101(17):1406–1411PubMedCrossRef

111.

Rubinshtein R, Glockner JF, Ommen SR, Araoz PA, Ackerman MJ, Sorajja P, Bos JM, Tajik AJ, Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ (2010) Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 3(1):51–58PubMedCrossRef

112.

Maron MS (2012) Clinical utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:13PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

113.

Chan RH, Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Pencina MJ, Assenza GE, Haas T, Lesser JR, Gruner C, Crean AM, Rakowski H, Udelson JE, Rowin E, Lombardi M, Cecchi F, Tomberli B, Spirito P, Formisano F, Biagini E, Rapezzi C, De Cecco CN, Autore C, Cook EF, Hong SN, Gibson CM, Manning WJ, Appelbaum E, Maron MS (2014) Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 130(6):484–495PubMedCrossRef

114.

Srichai MB, Hecht EM, Kim DC, Jacobs JE (2007) Ventricular diverticula on cardiac CT: more common than previously thought. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189(1):204–208PubMedCrossRef

115.

Dec GW, Fuster V (1994) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 331(23):1564–1575PubMedCrossRef

116.

Fatkin D, Members of the CSANZ Cardiac Genetic Diseases Council Writing Group (2011) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart Lung Circ 20(11):691–693PubMedCrossRef

117.

Zipes DP, Wellens HJ (1998) Sudden cardiac death. Circulation 98(21):2334–2351PubMedCrossRef

118.

Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Varini SD, Soifer S, Corrado G, Dubner S, Scapin O, Perrone SV (1996) Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in severe heart failure. Independent marker of increased mortality due to sudden death. GESICA-GEMA Investigators. Circulation 94(12):3198–3203PubMedCrossRef

119.

Blanck Z, Dhala A, Deshpande S, Sra J, Jazayeri M, Akhtar M (1993) Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia: cumulative experience in 48 patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 4(3):253–262PubMedCrossRef

120.

McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, McKenna WJ, Lorenz CH, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ (2003) Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 108(1):54–59PubMedCrossRef

121.

Nanjo S, Yoshikawa K, Harada M, Inoue Y, Namiki A, Nakano H, Yamazaki J (2009) Correlation between left ventricular diastolic function and ejection fraction in dilated cardiomyopathy using magnetic resonance imaging with late gadolinium enhancement. Circ J 73(10):1939–1944PubMedCrossRef

122.

Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, Smith G, Burman ED, Khan M, Sheppard MN, Poole-Wilson PA, Pennell DJ (2006) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1977–1985PubMedCrossRef

123.

Gulati A, Jabbour A, Ismail TF, Guha K, Khwaja J, Raza S, Morarji K, Brown TD, Ismail NA, Dweck MR, Di Pietro E, Roughton M, Wage R, Daryani Y, O’Hanlon R, Sheppard MN, Alpendurada F, Lyon AR, Cook SA, Cowie MR, Assomull RG, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK (2013) Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 309(9):896–908PubMedCrossRef

124.

Masci PG, Schuurman R, Andrea B, Ripoli A, Coceani M, Chiappino S, Todiere G, Srebot V, Passino C, Aquaro GD, Emdin M, Lombardi M (2013) Myocardial fibrosis as a key determinant of left ventricular remodeling in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6(5):790–799PubMedCrossRef

125.

Kim SS, Ko SM, Song MG (2011) Fat streak in the middle layer of the left ventricular myocardium in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy: findings of multidetector CT and MR imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 27(5):745–748PubMedCrossRef

126.

Brunetti L, DeSantis ER (2008) Treatment of viral myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B. Am J Health Syst Pharm 65(2):132–137PubMedCrossRef

127.

Feldman AM, McNamara D (2000) Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 343(19):1388–1398PubMedCrossRef

128.

Okura Y, Dec GW, Hare JM, Kodama M, Berry GJ, Tazelaar HD, Bailey KR, Cooper LT (2003) A clinical and histopathologic comparison of cardiac sarcoidosis and idiopathic giant cell myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(2):322–329PubMedCrossRef

129.

Drory Y, Turetz Y, Hiss Y, Lev B, Fisman EZ, Pines A, Kramer MR (1991) Sudden unexpected death in persons less than 40 years of age. Am J Cardiol 68(13):1388–1392PubMedCrossRef

130.

Hauck AJ, Kearney DL, Edwards WD (1989) Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: implications for role of sampling error. Mayo Clin Proc 64(10):1235–1245PubMedCrossRef

131.

Rottgen R, Christiani R, Freyhardt P, Gutberlet M, Schultheiss HP, Hamm B, Kuhl U (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging findings in acute myocarditis and correlation with immunohistological parameters. Eur Radiol 21(6):1259–1266PubMedCrossRef

132.

Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy JP, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P, International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(17):1475–1487PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

133.

Luetkens JA, Doerner J, Thomas DK, Dabir D, Gieseke J, Sprinkart AM, Fimmers R, Stehning C, Homsi R, Schwab JO, Schild H, Naehle CP (2014) Acute myocarditis: multiparametric cardiac MR imaging. Radiology 273(2):383–392PubMedCrossRef

134.

McLellan AJ, McKenzie SC, Taylor AJ (2012) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging predicts recovery of left ventricular function in acute onset cardiomyopathy. Heart Lung Circ 21(1):30–35PubMedCrossRef

135.

Mendes LA, Dec GW, Picard MH, Palacios IF, Newell J, Davidoff R (1994) Right ventricular dysfunction: an independent predictor of adverse outcome in patients with myocarditis. Am Heart J 128(2):301–307PubMedCrossRef

136.

Falk RH (2005) Diagnosis and management of the cardiac amyloidoses. Circulation 112(13):2047–2060PubMedCrossRef

137.

Gertz MA, Rajkumar SV (2002) Primary systemic amyloidosis. Curr Treat Options Oncol 3(3):261–271PubMedCrossRef

138.

Kristen AV, Perz JB, Schonland SO, Hegenbart U, Schnabel PA, Kristen JH, Goldschmidt H, Katus HA, Dengler TJ (2007) Non-invasive predictors of survival in cardiac amyloidosis. Eur J Heart Fail 9(6–7):617–624PubMedCrossRef

139.

Banypersad SM, Moon JC, Whelan C, Hawkins PN, Wechalekar AD (2012) Updates in cardiac amyloidosis: a review. J Am Heart Assoc 1(2):e000364PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

140.

Ruberg FL, Appelbaum E, Davidoff R, Ozonoff A, Kissinger KV, Harrigan C, Skinner M, Manning WJ (2009) Diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol 103(4):544–549PubMedCrossRef

141.

Syed IS, Glockner JF, Feng D, Araoz PA, Martinez MW, Edwards WD, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Oh JK, Bellavia D, Tajik AJ, Grogan M (2010) Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 3(2):155–164PubMedCrossRef

142.

Sparrow PJ, Merchant N, Provost YL, Doyle DJ, Nguyen ET, Paul NS (2009) CT and MR imaging findings in patients with acquired heart disease at risk for sudden cardiac death. Radiographics 29(3):805–823PubMedCrossRef

143.

White JA, Kim HW, Shah D, Fine N, Kim KY, Wendell DC, Al-Jaroudi W, Parker M, Patel M, Gwadry-Sridhar F, Judd RM, Kim RJ (2014) CMR imaging with rapid visual T1 assessment predicts mortality in patients suspected of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(2):143–156PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

144.

Aquaro GD, Pugliese NR, Perfetto F, Cappelli F, Barison A, Masci PG, Passino C, Emdin M (2014) Myocardial signal intensity decay after gadolinium injection: a fast and effective method for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 30(6):1105–1115PubMedCrossRef

145.

Dungu JN, Valencia O, Pinney JH, Gibbs SD, Rowczenio D, Gilbertson JA, Lachmann HJ, Wechalekar A, Gillmore JD, Whelan CJ, Hawkins PN, Anderson LJ (2014) CMR-based differentiation of AL and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 7(2):133–142PubMedCrossRef

146.

Marwan M, Pflederer T, Ropers D, Schmid M, Wasmeier G, Soder S, Daniel WG, Achenbach S (2008) Cardiac amyloidosis imaged by dual-source computed tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2(6):403–405PubMedCrossRef

147.

Treibel TA, Bandula S, Fontana M, White SK, Gilbertson JA, Herrey AS, Gillmore JD, Punwani S, Hawkins PN, Taylor SA, Moon JC (2015) Extracellular volume quantification by dynamic equilibrium cardiac computed tomography in cardiac amyloidosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 9(6):585–592PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

148.

Weiford BC, Subbarao VD, Mulhern KM (2004) Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Circulation 109(24):2965–2971PubMedCrossRef

149.

Kobza R, Jenni R, Erne P, Oechslin E, Duru F (2008) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with left ventricular noncompaction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31(4):461–467PubMedCrossRef

150.

Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, Robson MD, Francis JM, Anderson RH, Watkins H, Neubauer S (2005) Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(1):101–105PubMedCrossRef

151.

Grothoff M, Pachowsky M, Hoffmann J, Posch M, Klaassen S, Lehmkuhl L, Gutberlet M (2012) Value of cardiovascular MR in diagnosing left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy and in discriminating between other cardiomyopathies. Eur Radiol 22(12):2699–2709PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

152.

Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Blazek G (2002) Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and association with additional cardiac abnormalities and neuromuscular disorders. Am J Cardiol 90(8):899–902PubMedCrossRef

153.

Sidhu MS, Uthamalingam S, Ahmed W, Engel LC, Vorasettakarnkij Y, Lee AM, Hoffmann U, Brady T, Abbara S, Ghoshhajra BB (2014) Defining left ventricular noncompaction using cardiac computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 29(1):60–66PubMedCrossRef

154.

Corrado D, Fontaine G, Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Nava A, Thiene G, Wichter T (2000) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: need for an international registry. Study Group on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy of the Working Groups on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease and Arrhythmias of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the World Heart Federation. Circulation 101(11):E101–E106PubMedCrossRef

155.

Marcus FI, McKenna WJ, Sherrill D, Basso C, Bauce B, Bluemke DA, Calkins H, Corrado D, Cox MG, Daubert JP, Fontaine G, Gear K, Hauer R, Nava A, Picard MH, Protonotarios N, Saffitz JE, Sanborn DM, Steinberg JS, Tandri H, Thiene G, Towbin JA, Tsatsopoulou A, Wichter T, Zareba W (2010) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Circulation 121(13):1533–1541PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

156.

Stojanovska J, Garg A, Patel S, Melville DM, Kazerooni EA, Mueller GC (2013) Congenital and hereditary causes of sudden cardiac death in young adults: diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and risk stratification. Radiographics 33(7):1977–2001PubMedCrossRef

157.

Santangeli P, Pieroni M, Dello Russo A, Casella M, Pelargonio G, Macchione A, Camporeale A, Smaldone C, Bartoletti S, Di Biase L, Bellocci F, Natale A (2010) Noninvasive diagnosis of electroanatomic abnormalities in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3(6):632–638PubMedCrossRef

158.

Marra MP, Leoni L, Bauce B, Corbetti F, Zorzi A, Migliore F, Silvano M, Rigato I, Tona F, Tarantini G, Cacciavillani L, Basso C, Buja G, Thiene G, Iliceto S, Corrado D (2012) Imaging study of ventricular scar in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: comparison of 3D standard electroanatomical voltage mapping and contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5(1):91–100PubMedCrossRef

159.

Sorgato A, Faggiano P, Simoncelli U, Rusconi C (1996) Prevalence of late potentials in adult aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiol 53(1):55–59PubMedCrossRef

160.

Tzemos N, Therrien J, Yip J, Thanassoulis G, Tremblay S, Jamorski MT, Webb GD, Siu SC (2008) Outcomes in adults with bicuspid aortic valves. JAMA 300(11):1317–1325PubMedCrossRef

161.

Ren X, Zhang M, Liu K, Hou Z, Gao Y, Yin W, Wang Z, Li Z, Lu B (2016) The significance of aortic valve calcification in patients with bicuspid aortic valve disease. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 32(3):471–478PubMedCrossRef

162.

Ko SM, Song MG, Hwang HK (2012) Bicuspid aortic valve: spectrum of imaging findings at cardiac MDCT and cardiovascular MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 198(1):89–97PubMedCrossRef

163.

La Canna G, Ficarra E, Tsagalau E, Nardi M, Morandini A, Chieffo A, Maisano F, Alfieri O (2006) Progression rate of ascending aortic dilation in patients with normally functioning bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves. Am J Cardiol 98(2):249–253PubMedCrossRef

164.

Davies RR, Kaple RK, Mandapati D, Gallo A, Botta DM Jr, Elefteriades JA, Coady MA (2007) Natural history of ascending aortic aneurysms in the setting of an unreplaced bicuspid aortic valve. Ann Thorac Surg 83(4):1338–1344PubMedCrossRef

165.

Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW (1985) Death and other time-related events after valve replacement. Circulation 72(4):753–767PubMedCrossRef

166.

Tanaka R, Yoshioka K, Niinuma H, Ohsawa S, Okabayashi H, Ehara S (2010) Diagnostic value of cardiac CT in the evaluation of bicuspid aortic stenosis: comparison with echocardiography and operative findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 195(4):895–899PubMedCrossRef

167.

Milano AD, Faggian G, Dodonov M, Golia G, Tomezzoli A, Bortolotti U, Mazzucco A (2012) Prognostic value of myocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144(4):830–837PubMedCrossRef

168.

Weidemann F, Herrmann S, Stork S, Niemann M, Frantz S, Lange V, Beer M, Gattenlohner S, Voelker W, Ertl G, Strotmann JM (2009) Impact of myocardial fibrosis in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Circulation 120(7):577–584PubMedCrossRef

169.

Lee SP, Lee W, Lee JM, Park EA, Kim HK, Kim YJ, Sohn DW (2015) Assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by using MR imaging in asymptomatic patients with aortic stenosis. Radiology 274(2):359–369PubMedCrossRef

170.

Basso C, Perazzolo Marra M, Rizzo S, De Lazzari M, Giorgi B, Cipriani A, Frigo AC, Rigato I, Migliore F, Pilichou K, Bertaglia E, Cacciavillani L, Bauce B, Corrado D, Thiene G, Iliceto S (2015) Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 132(7):556–566PubMedCrossRef

171.

Sriram CS, Syed FF, Ferguson ME, Johnson JN, Enriquez-Sarano M, Cetta F, Cannon BC, Asirvatham SJ, Ackerman MJ (2013) Malignant bileaflet mitral valve prolapse syndrome in patients with otherwise idiopathic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(3):222–230PubMedCrossRef

172.

Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC, Edmunds LH Jr, Fedderly BJ, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, McKay CR, Nishimura RA, O’Gara PT, O’Rourke RA, Rahimtoola SH, Ritchie JL, Cheitlin MD, Eagle KA, Gardner TJ, Garson A Jr, Gibbons RJ, Russell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC Jr (1998) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease). J Heart Valve Dis 7(6):672–707PubMed

173.

Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Ling LH, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Tajik AJ, Frye RL (1999) Sudden death in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. J Am Coll Cardiol 34(7):2078–2085PubMedCrossRef

174.

Shah RG, Novaro GM, Blandon RJ, Wilkinson L, Asher CR, Kirsch J (2010) Mitral valve prolapse: evaluation with ECG-gated cardiac CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194(3):579–584PubMedCrossRef

175.

Feuchtner GM, Alkadhi H, Karlo C, Sarwar A, Meier A, Dichtl W, Leschka S, Blankstein R, Gruenenfelder J, Stolzmann P, Cury RC (2010) Cardiac CT angiography for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse: comparison with echocardiography. Radiology 254(2):374–383PubMedCrossRef

176.

Koo HJ, Yang DH, Oh SY, Kang JW, Kim DH, Song JK, Lee JW, Chung CH, Lim TH (2014) Demonstration of mitral valve prolapse with CT for planning of mitral valve repair. Radiographics 34(6):1537–1552PubMedCrossRef

177.

Han Y, Peters DC, Salton CJ, Bzymek D, Nezafat R, Goddu B, Kissinger KV, Zimetbaum PJ, Manning WJ, Yeon SB (2008) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of mitral valve prolapse. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 1(3):294–303PubMedCrossRef

178.

Morris MF, Maleszewski JJ, Suri RM, Burkhart HM, Foley TA, Bonnichsen CR, Anavekar NS, Young PM, Williamson EE, Glockner JF, Araoz PA (2010) CT and MR imaging of the mitral valve: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 30(6):1603–1620PubMedCrossRef

179.

Castaner E, Andreu M, Gallardo X, Mata JM, Cabezuelo MA, Pallardo Y (2003) CT in nontraumatic acute thoracic aortic disease: typical and atypical features and complications. Radiographics 23 Spec No:S93-110

180.

Mehta RH, Suzuki T, Hagan PG, Bossone E, Gilon D, Llovet A, Maroto LC, Cooper JV, Smith DE, Armstrong WF, Nienaber CA, Eagle KA, International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection I (2002) Predicting death in patients with acute type a aortic dissection. Circulation 105(2):200–206PubMedCrossRef

181.

Ko SM (2009) MDCT findings of acute aortic dissection with diastolic prolapse of the intimal flap into the left ventricle. Br J Radiol 82(977):e95–e97PubMedCrossRef

182.

Geyik B, Ozeke O, Ozbakir C, Deveci B, Aras D (2005) Aortic dissection with diastolic prolapse of intimal flap into left ventricle. Eur J Echocardiogr 6(4):311–312PubMedCrossRef

183.

Chin AS, Fleischmann D (2012) State-of-the-art computed tomography angiography of acute aortic syndrome. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 33(3):222–234PubMedCrossRef

184.

Fleischmann D, Mitchell RS, Miller DC (2008) Acute aortic syndromes: new insights from electrocardiographically gated computed tomography. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 20(4):340–347PubMedCrossRef

185.

Myers KA, Wong KK, Tipple M, Sanatani S (2010) Benign cardiac tumours, malignant arrhythmias. Can J Cardiol 26(2):e58–e61PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

186.

Turillazzi E, Bello S, Neri M, Riezzo I, Fineschi V (2012) Colloid cyst of the third ventricle, hypothalamus, and heart: a dangerous link for sudden death. Diagn Pathol 7:144PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

187.

Castillo JG, Silvay G (2010) Characterization and management of cardiac tumors. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14(1):6–20PubMedCrossRef

188.

Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, van Rossum AC, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Working Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance of the European Society of Cardiology (2004) Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report. Eur Heart J 25(21):1940–1965PubMedCrossRef

189.

Kim EY, Choe YH, Sung K, Park SW, Kim JH, Ko YH (2009) Multidetector CT and MR imaging of cardiac tumors. Korean J Radiol 10(2):164–175PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

190.

Kassop D, Donovan MS, Cheezum MK, Nguyen BT, Gambill NB, Blankstein R, Villines TC (2014) Cardiac masses on cardiac CT: a review. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 7:9281PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

191.

Burke A, Jeudy J Jr, Virmani R (2008) Cardiac tumours: an update: Cardiac tumours. Heart 94(1):117–123PubMedCrossRef

Springer Medizin

Sudden cardiac death from structural heart diseases in adults: imaging findings with cardiovascular computed tomography and magnetic resonance

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Kardiologie

Sind Betablocker auch für ältere herzschwache Personen nützlich?

Stillende Frauen haben geringeres kardiovaskuläres Risiko

Selbstexpandierende TAVI-Klappen bei kleinem Aortenanulus im Vorteil

Verbesserung der HDL-Funktion als Lipidtherapie floppt in Mega-Studie

Update Kardiologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 1/2016

Relationship of hepatic steatosis severity and coronary artery disease characteristics assessed by coronary CT angiography

The ratio of epicardial to body fat improves the prediction of coronary artery disease beyond calcium and Framingham risk scores

Detecting cardiac involvement with magnetic resonance in patients with active eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with left ventricular mass, biventricular function, and the presence of silent myocardial infarction on cardiac MRI in an asymptomatic population