Sie können Operatoren mit Ihrer Suchanfrage kombinieren, um diese noch präziser einzugrenzen. Klicken Sie auf den Suchoperator, um eine Erklärung seiner Funktionsweise anzuzeigen.
Findet Dokumente, in denen beide Begriffe in beliebiger Reihenfolge innerhalb von maximal n Worten zueinander stehen. Empfehlung: Wählen Sie zwischen 15 und 30 als maximale Wortanzahl (z.B. NEAR(hybrid, antrieb, 20)).
Findet Dokumente, in denen der Begriff in Wortvarianten vorkommt, wobei diese VOR, HINTER oder VOR und HINTER dem Suchbegriff anschließen können (z.B., leichtbau*, *leichtbau, *leichtbau*).
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed noncoding RNAs with important biological and pathological functions. Although several studies have shown that microRNA-31 (miR-31) is obviously up-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC), there is no study on the functional roles of miR-31 in CRC.
Methods
Anti-miR™ miRNA 31 inhibitor (anti-miR-31) is a sequence-specific and chemically modified oligonucleotide to specifically target and knockdown miR-31 molecule. The effect of anti-miR-31 transfection was investigated by real-time PCR. HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/-colon cancer cells were treated by anti-miR-31 with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay; apoptosis was detected by DAPI staining; cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry; colony formation, migration and invasion assays were performed to investigate the effect of suppression of miR-31 on the cell lines.
Results
Real-time PCR results showed that anti-miR-31 was efficiently introduced into the cells and reduced miR-31 levels to 44.1% in HCT-116p53+/+ and 67.8% in HCT-116p53-/-cell line (p = 0.042 and 0.046). MTT results showed that anti-miR-31 alone had no effect on the proliferation of HCT-116p53+/+ or HCT-116p53-/-. However, when combined with 5-FU, anti-miR-31 inhibited the proliferation of the two cell lines as early as 24 h after exposure to 5-FU (p = 0.038 and 0.044). Suppression of miR-31 caused a reduction of the migratory cells by nearly 50% compared with the negative control in both HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/-(p = 0.040 and 0.001). The invasive ability of the cells were increased by 8-fold in HCT-116p53+/+ and 2-fold in HCT-116p53-/- (p = 0.045 and 0.009). Suppression of miR-31 had no effect on cell cycle and colony formation (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Suppression of miR-31 increases sensitivity to 5-FU at an early stage, and affects cell migration and invasion in HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-616) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CJW carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. JS participated in the experiment and collected the data. ZGZ participated in study design. XFS conceived of the study, participated in the design and helped in the drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding, single-stranded RNAs of ~22 nucleotides which function as post-transcriptional gene regulators [1]. More recently, aberrant miRNAs expression profiles have emerged as potential indicators of cancer development and progression, acting as major regulators of genes involved in oncogenesis and tumor suppression [2]. MiRNAs regulate their targets depending on the degree of complementarity between miRNAs and targets, and result in the degradation and/or translation inhibition of target mRNAs [3]. These studies using bioinformatics algorithms have revealed that a single miRNA might bind to as many as 200 gene targets and that targets can be diverse in their function; they include transcription factors, secreted factors, receptors and transporters. So, miRNAs potentially control the expression of about one-third of human mRNAs [4]. Thus, miRNAs add a whole new layer of complexity by which large numbers of genes and their biological processes can be broadly regulated.
MicroRNA-31 (miR-31), located on chromosome 9p21.3, was first identified in HeLa cells [5]. More and more evidence shows that miR-31 has different expression pattern in different cancers: it is up-regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) [6‐10], head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) [11], hepatocellular carcinoma [12], squamous cell carcinoma of tongue [13], and lung cancer [14]; but it is down-regulated in invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder [2], prostate cancer [15], gastric cancer [16], breast cancer [17], and serous ovarian cancer [18]. Although there is growing evidence that miR-31 level varys among cancer types, functional roles for miR-31 have yet to be defined. Recent studies have shown that miR-31 expression is specifically attenuated in metastatic breast cancer cell lines and miR-31 inhibits breast cancer metastasis by targeting multiple genes [17]; miR-31 is underexpressed in serous ovarian carcinomas, and in a number of serous cancer cell lines with a dysfunctional p53 pathway (OVCAR8, OVCA433, and SKOV3), miR-31 overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis; however, in other lines with functional p53 (HEY and OVSAYO), miR-31 has no effect [18]. MiR-31 is up-regulated in HNSCC, ectopic expression of miR-31 increases the oncogenic potential of HNSCC cells under normoxic conditions in cell culture or tumor xenografts. Conversely, blocking miR-31 expression reduces the growth of tumor xenografts [11].
Anzeige
Although several studies have shown that miR-31 is up-regulated in CRC, there is no study on the functional roles of miR-31 in CRC, and little is known about the role of miR-31 in modulating the tumor cell response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The anti-miRNA inhibitor is a sequence-specific and chemically modified oligonucleotide to specifically target and knockdown miRNA molecule, and has been applied to investigate miRNA functions in several studies [19, 20]. In the present study, we applied anti-miR™ miRNA 31 inhibitor (anti-miR-31) to knockdown miR-31 molecule in the HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/-colon cancer cells, and evaluated the role of miR-31 in the response of HCT-116 to 5-FU. The results suggest that suppression of miR-31 increases sensitivity to 5-FU at an early stage, and affects cell migration and invasion in HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
Methods
Cell culture and transient transfection
Human colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 with wild type p53 (HCT-116p53+/+) or mutated p53 (HCT-116p53-/-) used in this study were a kind gift from Dr. Bert Vogelstein (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Two wild type p53 alleles in HCT-116 p53-/- have been targeted by homologous recombination, resulting in a mutated p53 with a 40 amino acid truncation, and the HCT-116p53-/- cells do not express detectable wild type p53 [21]. The two cell lines were cultured in McCoy's 5A medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Stockholm, Sweden) supplemented with 10% FBS (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 1% PEST (Invitrogen) and 1.5 mM L-glutamine (Invitrogen).
Anti-miR™ miRNA 31 inhibitor (anti-miR-31) (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) or Anti-miR™ negative control (Applied Biosystems) were transfected at a final concentration of 100 nM using the siPORT™ NeoFX™ Transfection Agent (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacture's protocol.
RNA extraction and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis
Total RNA, inclusive of the small RNA fraction, was extracted from cells using mirVana™ miRNA Isolation Kit (Ambion Inc., Austin, TX) according to the manufacture's protocol. The RNA concentration was quantified using a ND-100 Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop technologies, Wilmington, DE). TaqMan MicroRNA assays (Applied Biosystems) were used to quantify miR-31 expression, and RNU6B (Applied Biosystems) was used as the endogenous control.
Anzeige
Gene-specific reverse transcription (RT) for miR-31 and RUN6B using about 200 ng of purified total RNA, 0.15 μL of 100 mM dNTPs (with dTTP), 1.5 μL 50 u/μL MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase, 1.5 μL 10 × RT Buffer, 0.188 μL RNase Inhibitor, 3.0 μL 5 × TaqMan microRNA RT Primer and 4.162 μL nuclease free water. Fifteen microliter reaction was incubated for 30 min at 16°C, 30 min at 42°C, and 5 min at 85°C to inactivate reverse transcriptase. Real-time PCR reaction, including 1.33 μL of RT product, 7.67 μL nuclease free water, 10 μL TaqMan 2 × Universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems) and 1 μL TaqMan microRNA Assay containing PCR primers and TaqMan probes, was run in triplicate on the ABI Prism 7500 HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems) at 95°C for 10 min followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 15s and 60°C for 1 min. MiR-31 expression change was normalized to RNU6B, and calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Each test was repeated in triplicate.
MTT assay
Cell proliferation was measured by the 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Sigma-Aldrich) assay. 5-FU (Sigma-Aldrich) stock solution of 80 mM was prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich). For the 5-FU dose-response curve, cells were plated at a density of 4.8 × 103 cells/well, and incubated for 24 h. 5-FU was added to the wells at a final concentration of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 μM, and continued to incubate for another 48 h. The final DMSO concentration was always less than 0.1%. Then, 20 μL of 5 mg/mL solution of MTT in PBS was added to each well. The plates were incubated for another 4 h at 37°C. The precipitate was solubilized in 100% DMSO 150 μL/well, and shaken for 10 min. Absorbance of each well was measured on a microplate reader (Anthos ht III, Anthos Labtec Instruments GmbH, Wals, Austria) at a wave length of 490 nm.
To investigate the effect of miR-31 on the response of HCT-116 cells to 5-FU, cells were transfected with 100 nM of either anti-miR-31 or Anti-miR™ negative control in 96-well plates at a density of 2 × 103 cells/well, and incubated for 24 h. 5-FU was added to the well at a final concentration of 8 μM. At the indicated time points, cell viability was tested by MTT assay. Each test was repeated in triplicate.
DAPI staining
At the given time point, the cells in culture were centrifuged to spin the apoptotic cells to the bottom of the plate and were trypsinized with TrypLE (Invitrogen). The pellet was resuspended in PBS and cells were centrifuged on to a glass slide with a Shandon Cytospin® 2 Cytocentrifuge (Thermo ScientiWc, Waltham, MA). The cells on the slides were fixed with buffered formalin for 10 min, washed in ice cold PBS for 10 min and then stained/mounted with VECTASHIELD® HardSet™ Mounting Medium with diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The cells were morphologically examined by two independent investigators in a fluorescence microscope with UV light and judged as either apoptotic or non-apoptotic (areas of about 200 cells were counted). Each test was repeated in triplicate.
Cell cycle analysis
Cells were transfected with 100 nM of either anti-miR-31 or negative control in 24-well plates at a density of 2.7 × 104 cells/well, and incubated for 48 h. Cells were trypsinized and prepared for cell cycle analysis using the Vindelöv protocol with propidium iodine (PI) for DNA staining [22]. Cell cycle analysis was performed using a FACScan (Becton-Dickinsson, San José, CA). The data were analyzed and calculated by ModFit LT for Mac V 3.1 (Verity Software House, Inc., Topsham, ME). Each test was repeated in triplicate.
Colony formation assay
Log-phase cells were transfected with 100 nM of either anti-miR-31 or negative control, seeded in the 6-well plates with 2 ml medium (500 cells/well), and incubated at 37°C in a humidified incubator. Plates were initially examined microscopically to confirm that only single cells without clumps had been plated. Five days after plating, colonies were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained with 5% Giemsa in 95% ethanol. Colonies were visualized with Leica microscope (Leica Microsysytems wetzlar GmbH, Germany) and pictures were taken with Olympus SC20 camera and soft imaging system (Olympus soft imaging solution GmbH, Germany). The colonies with a diameter of > 0.3 mm were counted under light microscope at 4 × magnification, and the colony forming efficiency (CFE) was determined by the percentage of colonies per well. Each test was repeated in triplicate.
Cell migration and invasion assay
Cells were transfected with 100 nM of either anti-miR-31 or negative control, and incubated for 24 h, then the cells were starved by incubating for 12 h in serum-free medium. For the migration assay, 4 × 104 cells were resuspended in 300 μL serum-free medium and added into the upper chamber of the QCM™ 24 Well Colorimetric Cell Migration Assay (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA); For the invasion assay, 8 × 104 cells in 300 μL serum-free medium were added into the upper chamber of the Cell Invasion Assay Kit (Millipore Corporation). 500 μL of 10% FBS medium was added to the lower chamber. Thereafter the cells were incubated 16 h for migration assay and 48 h for invasion assay. Then the cells/media were carefully removed from the top side of the insert by pipetting out the remaining cell suspension, a cotton-tipped swab was used to gently remove non-migratory or non-invasive cells from the interior of the insert. The insert was stained and the images from 5 representative fields of each membrane were taken. The amount of migratory and invasive cells in the lower chamber was counted. Each test was repeated three or four times.
Statistical analysis
All data were expressed as the mean ± SEM from at least three independent experiments. Student's t-test for two groups or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc multiple comparisons (LSD test) for three or four groups were performed to evaluate the statistical significance using the SPSS 11.5 statistical software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Tests were two-sided, and p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Anzeige
Results
Sensitivity of HCT-116 cells to 5-FU
We initially evaluated 5-FU cytotoxicity in both HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/- cell lines. Plasma concentration of 5-FU was more than 5 μM in patients subjected to continuous drug infusion at a constant rate of 450-966 mg/m2/day [23, 24]. Borralho et al. used 8 μM 5-FU to treat HCT-116, and regarded it as a clinically relevant concentration [25]. Our result showed that the optical density (OD) value decreased in a dose-dependent manner after supplementation with 5-FU for 48 h (Figure 1, p < 0.001). Exposure to 0.1% DMSO solvent alone did not significantly alter the OD value (data not shown). So we used 8 μM 5-FU for the following experiments.
Figure 1
5-FU induced cytotoxicity in HCT-116p53+/+and HCT-116p53-/-cell lines in a dose-dependent manner at 48 h (p< 0.001).
Suppression of miR-31 increased sensitivity to 5-FU in HCT-116 cells
TaqMan real-time PCR revealed that anti-miR-31 transfection significantly reduced miR-31 levels to 44.1% in HCT-116p53+/+ cell line (p = 0.042), and 67.8% in HCT-116p53-/- (p = 0.046) compared with negative control (Figure 2), confirming that anti-miR-31 was efficiently introduced into the cells and knocked down miR-31.
Figure 2
Suppression of miR-31 expression by anti-miR-31 as detected by TaqMan real-time PCR. Compared with negative control, miR-31 was reduced to 44.1% in HCT-116p53+/+ (p = 0.042) and 67.8% in HCT-116p53-/- (p = 0.046) cell line.
MTT results showed that anti-miR-31 alone had no effect on the proliferation of either HCT-116p53+/+ or HCT-116p53-/- cell lines (p > 0.05). However, when combined with 5-FU, anti-miR-31 inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines as early as 24 h after exposure to 5-FU. As shown in Figure 3, at the 24 h timepoint, the OD value of the negative control and 5-FU combined treatment group was lower than either negative control or anti-miR-31 group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.382 and 0.221). When we combined anti-miR-31 with 5-FU, the OD value became the lowest among the four groups, and the difference between the anti-miR-31 plus 5-FU treatment group and the negative control or anti-miR-31 group was significant (p < 0.05). With prolongation of exposure (≥ 48 h), 5-FU exhibited a strong inhibition on the proliferation of both HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/- cell lines (p < 0.01), and the effect of anti-miR-31 on cell proliferation was covered by 5-FU.
Figure 3
MTT assay for cell viability at different time points. Anti-miR-31 alone had no effect on the proliferation of either HCT-116p53+/+ or HCT-116p53-/- cell line (p > 0.05), but when combined with 5-FU, anti-miR-31 inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines as early as 24 h after exposure to 5-FU, i.e., the optical density (OD) value of anti-miR-31 + 5-FU group was the lowest among the four groups, and the difference between anti-miR-31 + 5-FU group and negative control or anti-miR-31 group was significant (p < 0.05).
We used DAPI staining to detect the apoptotic cells after 24 h exposure to 5-FU. ANOVA analysis showed that apoptosis in different treatment groups were significantly different in both cell lines (p = 0.002 and 0.001), and, as shown in Figure 4, the apoptosis rate in the anti-miR-31 plus 5-FU group was the highest among the four different treatment groups of either cell lines (8.8% ± 0.8% in HCT-116p53+/+ and 18.4% ± 1.9% HCT-116p53-/-).
Figure 4
DAPI staining for detecting the apoptotic cells at 24 h after exposure to 5-FU. Apoptosis rate in anti-miR-31 + 5-FU group was the highest among the four different treatment groups of either cell line (8.8% ± 0.8% in HCT-116p53+/+ and 18.4% ± 1.9% HCT-116p53-/-).
Since 5-FU alone strongly inhibited the proliferation of HCT-116 cells in vitro, in the following experiments, we mainly focused on the anti-miR-31 and negative control groups in order to investigate miR-31 function.
Suppression of miR-31 had no effects on cell cycle and colony formation in HCT-116 cells
We examined the effect of anti-miR-31 on HCT-116 cell cycle and colony formation. Suppression of miR-31 did not change cell cycle distribution either in HCT-116p53+/+ or HCT-116p53-/- cells (Figure 5). Although suppression of miR-31 slightly reduced the colony forming efficiency, there was no statistical significance in both cell lines (Figure 6, p > 0.05).
Figure 5
Propidium iodine staining for detecting the cell cycle. Suppression of miR-31 did not change cell cycle distribution either in HCT-116p53+/+ or HCT-116p53-/- cells.
Suppression of miR-31 decreased migration but increased invasion in HCT-116 cells
We performed in vitro migration and invasion assays. Suppression of miR-31 significantly decreased cell migration ability in both HCT-116 cell lines. Although there were slight variations between different cell passages used in independent experiments, suppression of miR-31 persistently decreased migration by nearly 50% in both HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/- cells when the results were normalized to negative control transfected cells (p = 0.040 and 0.001, Figure 7). The invasive cells were increased by 8-fold in HCT-116p53+/+ cell line, and 2-fold in HCT-116p53-/- cell line (p = 0.045 and 0.009, Figure 8). The number of invasive cells were obviously less than migratory cells in both cell lines.
Figure 7
Suppression of miR-31 decreased cell migration. (A) Boyden chamber with 8 μm pore polycarbonate membrane was used for the migration assay. The chamber was stained and analyzed by photography, the stained cells were migratory cells in the lower chamber. (B) The migratroy cells decreased nearly 50% in both HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/- cells when they were normalized to negative control transfected cells (p = 0.040 and 0.001).
Suppression of miR-31 increased cell invasion. (A) Boyden chamber with 8 μm pore polycarbonate membrane coated with Matrigel was used for the invasion assay. The chamber was stained and analyzed by photography, the stained cells were invasive cells in the lower chamber. (B) The invasive cells increased by 8-fold in HCT-116p53+/+ cell line (p = 0.045), and 2-fold in HCT-116p53-/- cell line (p = 0.009).
We were particularly interested in investigating the effect of miR-31 on the cellular response to 5-FU. Our results showed that although the suppression of miR-31 alone had no effect on cell proliferation, it did increase the sensitivity to 5-FU in HCT-116 cells as early as 24 h after exposure. At the same time point, combined treatment by 5-FU plus negative control did not significantly reduce the viability of the cells. With prolongation of exposure to 5-FU, both the combined groups, either 5-FU plus negative control or anti-miR-31, significantly reduced the cells viability. The apoptosis rate in the anti-miR-31 plus 5-FU group was the highest among the four different treated groups of either cell line, indicating that the anti-miR-31 plus 5-FU inhibited the cells proliferation partly through the apoptotic mechanism. However, the increase in the sensitivity of HCT-116 cells to 5-FU is quite modest and further studies are required to validate this phenomenon on more colon cancer cell lines, and even on other kinds of cancer cell lines.
Anzeige
Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs could be key players in regulation of tumor cell invasion and metastasis [26]. Our previous study showed that miR-31 expression was up-regulated in CRC compared to normal mucosa, and tumors which invaded adjacent tissues or organs had more miR-31 expression than those limited to the wall of the colon and rectum [6]. It was reasonable to speculate that miR-31 might affect the migration or invasion in CRC.
In the present study, the suppression of miR-31 caused a reduction of the migratory cells by nearly 50% compared with the negative control in both HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/- cell lines. This was in line with a provious study that blockage of miR-31 expression significantly decreased viability and migration in a HNSCC cell line [11]. Unexpectedly, our results showed that the invasive cells were increased by 8-fold in HCT-116p53+/+ cell line, and 2-fold in HCT-116p53-/- cell line. In HCT-116 cells, suppression of miR-31 decreased migration but increased invasion in vitro, this phenomenon might be partly explained by the fact that the migration assay detected the cell motility through an 8 μm pore polycarbonate membrane; however, the invasion assay not only evaluated cell motility but also the ability of tumor cells to invade through a basement membrane model (a reconstituted basement membrane matrix of proteins, including laminin and type IV collagen, derived from the Eangelbreth Holm-Swarm (EHS) mouse tumor [27]). So those cells that were capable of completing the entire process represented only a small subpopulation of the cells compared with the migration assay.
MiR-31 is down-regulated in serous ovarian cancer and miR-31 overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in a number of serous cancer cell lines with a dysfunctional p53 pathway. However, in other lines with functional p53, miR-31 has no effect [18]. On the other hand, overexpression of miR-31 suppresses metastasis in breast cancer cell lines, and does not affect proliferation in vitro [17]. In CRC, miR-31 was significantly up-regulated [6] and our present data showed that suppression of miR-31 increased the sensitivity of HCT-116 cells to 5-FU at an early stage, affected cell migration and invasion. Taken together, it seems that not only the expression but also the functions of miR-31 are cancer specific.
MiRNAs have been reported to be directly transactivated by p53; equally, p53 and components of its pathway have been shown to be targeted by miRNA thereby affecting p53 activities [28]. We asked whether miR-31 had a relationship with p53 in CRC. The HCT-116p53+/+ and HCT-116p53-/- cell lines are suitable to investigate the relationship between miRNAs and p53. Our results showed that the suppression of miR-31 had almost the same effects on cell cycle and colony formation. However, as for the cell invasion, it had a stronger effect on HCT-116p53+/+ than HCT-116p53-/- cell line, the apoptotic rate in HCT-116p53+/+ was lower than that in HCT-116p53-/- cell line, suggesting miR-31 affected the colon cancer partly in a p53 dependent manner. In serous ovarian carcinomas, miR-31 is underexpressed, and, in a number of serous cancer cell lines with a dysfunctional p53 pathway, miR-31 overexpression inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis; however, in other lines with functional p53, miR-31 has no effect [18]. Taken together, it suggests that miR-31 may regulate different processes in different cancers, dependent on the cell of origin of the cancer.
Anzeige
The lack of knowledge about the targets for miR-31 in CRC hampers a full understanding on the biological functions of miR-31. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that miR-31 can control the expression of more than one hundred genes (miRBASE, http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk). It may be expected that the targets of miR-31 belong to the class of tumor suppressor genes or genes encoding proteins with potential tumor suppressor functions. BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene that functions in the BRCA1 growth pathway [29]; HIF1AN, inhibits HIF1A transcriptional activity [30]; MAPK transduction protein such as MAP4K5; RAS homologues RAB14, RAB6B, and RASA1 were found as potential targets of miR-31. MiR-31 is also up-regulated in HNSCC and lung cancer. More recently, factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) was experimentally verified as the target of miR-31 in HNSCC cell and the tumor-suppressive genes, large tumor suppressor 2 (LATS2) and PP2A regulatory subunit B alpha isoform (PPP2R2A) were the targets of miR-31 in lung cancer [11, 14]. Whether these experimentally verified targets in other cancers are validated in CRC or there are other special targets in CRC need to be answered by further studies.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that suppression of miR-31 increases sensitivity to 5-FU at an early stage, and affects cell migration and invasion in HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Bert Vogelstein (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD) for kindly providing the HCT-116p53+/+and HCT-116p53-/- cell lines, Birgit Olsson, Jasmine Lööf, Yan-Juan Tang and Yang-Mei Shen for their kind help and valuable discussions, and David Hinselwood for linguistic revision of the manuscript. This study was supported by grants from Swedish Cancer Foundation, Swedish Research Council and the Health Research Council in the South-East of Sweden.
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
CJW carried out the experiments and drafted the manuscript. JS participated in the experiment and collected the data. ZGZ participated in study design. XFS conceived of the study, participated in the design and helped in the drafting of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Filipowicz W, Bhattacharyya SN, Sonenberg N: Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight?. Nat Rev Genet. 2008, 9: 102-114. 10.1038/nrg2290.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Aurora EK, Frank JS: Oncomirs-microRNAs with a role in cancer. Nature Reviews. 2006, 6: 259-267.
5.
Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, TuschI T: Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science. 2001, 294: 853-858. 10.1126/science.1064921.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Wang CJ, Zhou ZG, Wang L, Yang L, Zhou B, Gu J, Chen HY, Sun XF: Clinicopathological significance of microRNA-31, -143 and -145 expression in colorectal cancer. Dis Markers. 2009, 26: 27-34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Motoyama K, Inoue H, Takatsuno Y, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Uetake H, Sugihara K, Mori M: Over- and under-expressed microRNAs in human colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol. 2009, 34: 1069-1075.PubMed
8.
Slaby O, Svoboda M, Fabian P, Smerdova T, Knoflickova D, Bednarikova M, Nenutil R, Vyzula R: Altered expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 is related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2007, 72: 397-402. 10.1159/000113489.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Bandrés E, Cubedo E, Agirre X, Malumbres R, Zárate R, Ramirez N, Abajo A, Navarro A, Moreno I, Monzó M, García-Foncillas J: Identification by Real-time PCR of 13 mature microRNAs differentially expressed in colorectal cancer and non-tumoral tissues. Mol Cancer. 2006, 5: 29-10.1186/1476-4598-5-29.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Sarver AL, French AJ, Borralho PM, Thayanithy V, Oberg AL, Silverstein KA, Morlan BW, Riska SM, Boardman LA, Cunningham JM, Subramanian S, Wang L, Smyrk TC, Rodrigues CM, Thibodeau SN, Steer CJ: Human colon cancer profiles show differential microRNA expression depending on mismatch repair status and are characteristic of undifferentiated proliferative states. BMC Cancer. 2009, 9: 401-10.1186/1471-2407-9-401.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Liu CJ, Tsai MM, Hung PS, Kao SY, Liu TY, Wu KJ, Chiou SH, Lin SC, Chang KW: miR-31 ablates expression of the HIF regulatory factor FIH to activate the HIF pathway in head and neck carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2010, 70: 1635-1644. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2291.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Wong QW, Lung RW, Law PT, Lai PB, Chan KY, To KF, Wong N: MicroRNA-223 is commonly repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and potentiates expression of Stathmin1. Gastroenterology. 2008, 135: 257-269. 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.04.003.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Wong TS, Liu XB, Wong BY, Ng RW, Yuen AP, Wei WI: Mature miR-184 as Potential Oncogenic microRNA of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 2588-2592. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0666.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Liu X, Sempere LF, Ouyang H, Memoli VA, Andrew AS, Luo Y, Demidenko E, Korc M, Shi W, Preis M, Dragnev KH, Li H, Direnzo J, Bak M, Freemantle SJ, Kauppinen S, Dmitrovsky E: MicroRNA-31 functions as an oncogenic microRNA in mouse and human lung cancer cells by repressing specific tumor suppressors. J Clin Invest. 2010, 120: 1298-1309. 10.1172/JCI39566.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Schaefer A, Jung M, Mollenkopf HJ, Wagner I, Stephan C, Jentzmik F, Miller K, Lein M, Kristiansen G, Jung K: Diagnostic and prognostic implications of microRNA profiling in prostate carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2010, 26: 1166-1176.
16.
Zhang Y, Guo J, Li D, Xiao B, Miao Y, Jiang Z, Zhuo H: Down-regulation of miR-31 expression in gastric cancer tissues and its clinical significance. Med Oncol. 2010, 27: 685-689. 10.1007/s12032-009-9269-x.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Valastyan S, Reinhardt F, Benaich N, Calogrias D, Szász AM, Wang ZC, Brock JE, Richardson AL, Weinberg RA: A pleiotropically acting microRNA, miR-31, inhibits breast cancer metastasis. Cell. 2009, 137: 1032-1046. 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Creighton CJ, Fountain MD, Yu Z, Nagaraja AK, Zhu H, Khan M, Olokpa E, Zariff A, Gunaratne PH, Matzuk MM, Anderson ML: Molecular Profiling Uncovers a p53-Associated Role for MicroRNA-31 in Inhibiting the Proliferation of Serous Ovarian Carcinomas and Other Cancers. Cancer Res. 2010, 70: 1906-1915. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3875.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Si ML, Zhu S, Wu H, Lu Z, Wu F, Mo YY: miR-21-mediated tumor growth. Oncogene. 2007, 26: 2799-2803. 10.1038/sj.onc.1210083.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Gao C, Zhang Z, Liu W, Xiao S, Gu W, Lu H: Reduced microRNA-218 expression is associated with high nuclear factor kappa B activation in gastric cancer. Cancer. 2010, 116: 41-49. 10.1002/cncr.24991.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Bunz F, Dutriaux A, Lengauer C, Waldman T, Zhou S, Brown JP, Sedivy JM, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage. Science. 1998, 282: 1497-1501. 10.1126/science.282.5393.1497.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Vindeløv LL, Christensen IJ, Nissen NI: Standardization of high-resolution flow cytometric DNA analysis by the simultaneous use of chicken and trout red blood cells as internal reference standard. Cytometry. 1983, 3: 328-331. 10.1002/cyto.990030504.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Petit E, Milano G, Lévi F, Thyss A, Bailleul F, Schneider M: Circadian rhythm-varying plasma concentration of 5-fluorouracil during a five-day continuous venous infusion at a constant rate in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1988, 48: 1676-1679.PubMed
24.
Rossi L, Bonmassar E, Faraoni I: Modification of miR gene expression pattern in human colon cancer cells following exposure to 5-fluorouracil in vitro. Pharmacol Res. 2007, 56: 248-253. 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.07.001.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Borralho PM, Kren BT, Castro RE, da Silva IB, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM: MicroRNA-143 reduces viability and increases sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. FEBS J. 2009, 276: 6689-700. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07383.x.CrossRefPubMed
Terranova VP, Hujanen ES, Loeb DM, Martin GR, Thornburg L, Glushko V: Use of a reconstituted basement membrane to measure cell invasiveness and select for highly invasive tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986, 83: 465-469. 10.1073/pnas.83.2.465.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Takwi A, Li Y: The p53 Pathway Encounters the MicroRNA World. Curr Genomics. 2009, 10: 194-197. 10.2174/138920209788185270.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Machida YJ, Machida Y, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Dutta A: The deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 regulates cell growth via interaction with HCF-1. J Biol Chem. 2009, 284: 34179-34188. 10.1074/jbc.M109.046755.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Mahon PC, Hirota K, Semenza GL: FIH-1: a novel protein that interacts with HIF-1alpha and VHL to mediate repression of HIF-1 transcriptional activity. Genes Dev. 2001, 15: 2675-2686. 10.1101/gad.924501.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Eine Hormonersatztherapie (HRT) nach einer risikoreduzierenden bilateralen Salpingo-Oophorektomie geht bei pathogenen BRCA-Varianten nicht mit einem erhöhten Brustkrebsrisiko einher. Allerdings sind die statistischen Unsicherheiten der Studie sehr groß.
Verfahren der artifiziellen Intelligenz für die Mustererkennung wecken auch in der Dermatologie hohe Erwartungen. Dass sich die künstlichen im Vergleich zu menschlichen Dermatologen in der Melanomdiagnostik achtbar schlagen, hat eine Metaanalyse gezeigt.
Bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit Melanom und gleichzeitigem Typ-2-Diabetes zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede im Krankheitsverlauf zwischen den Geschlechtern. Eine dänische Registeranalyse untersuchte erstmals geschlechts- und stadiumsspezifische Risiken für Rezidiv und Mortalität.
Eine dänische Registerstudie analysierte über einen Zeitraum von 14 Jahren das Risiko für Rezidive und Progressionen bei nicht muskelinvasiven Harnblasenkarzinomen (NMIBC) sowie das Langzeitrisiko nach einer fünfjährigen rezidivfreien Phase. Die Ergebnisse liefern wichtige Anhaltspunkte für die Optimierung von Nachsorgestrategien.
