Introduction
Sciatica due to lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the most common indication for spinal surgery [20]. Lumbar microdiscectomy is the most common procedure for LDH and also one of the most frequently performed neurosurgical procedures [1, 3]. Most of LDH are of the paramedian type, but approximately 7–12% of herniations of lumbar discs have been reported to be extraforaminal [2, 18, 22]. The symptoms of extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations (ELDH) are similar to paramedian LDHs (PLDH), namely, radicular pain in the legs [19]. However, leg pain caused by ELDH is believed to give worse pain experience [21]. The current practice for patients suffering from LDH, both paramedian and extraforaminal, is to undergo surgical treatment when pain is intolerable, persists after a period of conservative treatment or when there are disabling neurological deficits [4]. Surgery on ELDH is experienced by surgeons to be more challenging than PLDH operations [1, 9]. However, there are limited data on clinical outcomes following surgery for ELDH. Therefore, research is warranted in order to advice patients and to make evidence-based decisions about the treatment for ELDH.
The aim of this study was to assess clinical outcomes of patients 1 year after surgery for ELDH, compared with those operated for PLDH using data from the Norwegian Registry for Spine Surgery (NORspine).
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Materials and methods
Study population
Data were collected through NORspine, a comprehensive registry for quality control and research [13]. According to the Norwegian Directorate of Health, approximately 63% of all patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery in Norway during the study period were included in NORspine. Participation in the registration by providers or patients was not mandatory, nor was participation required as a necessary condition for a patient to gain access to health care or for a provider to be eligible for payment. Follow-up time from the date of the operation (baseline) was 1 year. This research was conducted as a single center study, allowing radiological validation of the diagnoses. All patients were operated in the time period between 2013 and 2016 by experienced senior neurosurgeons using the same technique, at one regional university hospital (St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway).
Both ELDH and PLDH were operated with a 3–4 cm midline incision and the use of the operating microscope. All patients received preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and intraoperative fluoroscopy was routinely performed. Surgery for ELDH was performed with a midline incision and ipsilateral paravertebral muscle retraction using Caspar retractors to expose the lateral pars and facet. If necessary, the lateral pars and upper part of the facet joint were resected by using surgical punches or a long, angled drill. The compressed nerve root was then typically retracted superiorly to remove the disc herniation. Surgery for PLDH was performed using a midline incision, ipsilateral paravertebral muscle retraction using Caspar retractors with arcotomy and medial facetectomy if necessary, flavectomy and removal of the disc herniation.
We considered all patients as eligible if they had a definitive diagnosis of symptomatic LDH, planned surgery for either a paramedian or extraforaminal LDH, and inclusion in the NORspine registry. Patients were excluded if they had undergone previous spinal surgery, if they had coexisting spinal deformations such as spondylolisthesis and/or scoliosis, or if they had undergone fusion surgery.
Primary outcome measure
Changes in disease-specific health-related quality of life were measured using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) version 2.0 translated into Norwegian and validated for psychometric properties [5, 6, 23]. ODI contains 10 questions on limitations of activities of daily living. Each variable is rated in a 0- to 5-point scale, summarized, and converted into a percentage score. Scores range from 0 to 100, with a lower score indicating less severe pain and disability. Since patients are declared as minimally disabled when the ODI score is less than 20 points [25], we also looked at the amount of patients achieving this score after 12 months.
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Secondary outcome measure
Changes in generic health-related quality of life were measured with the generic EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) instrument between baseline and 1-year follow-up. The EQ-5D questionnaire evaluates the generic quality of life along five dimensions, including mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. For each dimension, three levels of problems can be indicated (no, moderate, or severe). Intensity of pain was graded in two separate 0–10 numerical rating scales (NRS) for back pain and leg pain where 0 equals no pain and 10 represents the worst imaginable or ever experienced pain by the patient [8]. The NRS pain scales and ODI have shown good validity and are frequently used in research on back pain [6]. We also compared duration of surgical procedures, length of hospital stays, repeated surgery at the index level within 3 months of surgery, and surgical complication rates.
Data collection and registration by the NORspine registry protocol
On admission for surgery, the patients completed the baseline questionnaire, which included questions about demographics and lifestyle issues in addition to the patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). During the hospital stay, using a standard registration form, the surgeon recorded data concerning diagnosis, previous lumbar spine surgery, comorbidity, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, image findings, and surgical approach and procedure. The surgeons provided data on the following possible complications and adverse events to the NORspine registry: intraoperative hemorrhage requiring blood replacement, postoperative hematoma requiring repeated surgery, unintentional durotomy, nerve injury, cardiovascular complications, respiratory complications, anaphylactic reactions, and wrong level surgery. Patients reported the following complications if they occurred within 3 months of surgery: wound infection, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and deep venous thrombosis. A questionnaire with pre-stamped return envelopes was distributed to patients by regular mail at 3 months and 1 year after surgery, completed at home by the patients, and returned to the central registry unit. The patients who did not respond received one reminder with a new copy of the questionnaire. The patients completed preoperative and follow-up questionnaires without any assistance from the surgeon or other staff from the treating hospital. In order to identify the exact number of patients operated for extraforaminal disc herniation, we retrospectively reviewed all patient journals and radiological imaging for selected cases.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed with the use of SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corporation, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Statistical significance level was defined as P < 0.05 on the basis of a two-sided hypothesis test with no adjustments made for multiple comparisons. Central tendencies are presented as means when normally distributed and as medians when skewed. We used Chi-square tests for categorical variables. Baseline and 1-year scores were compared with the paired-samples t test. Mean change scores between the groups were analyzed with independent-samples t-test and mixed linear models on all available data. A multiple linear regression model was applied to assess the relationship between the change in ODI score at 1 year (dependent variable) and ELDH, controlling for potential confounders [7, 10‐12]. In this regression model, patients were categorized according to their body mass index (BMI) as normal (≤ 30 kg/m2, reference), or obesity (> 30 kg/m2) (i.e., as “dummy variables”). Due to a strong nonlinear relationship between preoperative ODI and the dependent variable, patients were categorized according to the preoperative ODI score: ODI 0–20 (minimal disability, reference), ODI 21–40 (moderate disability), ODI 41–60 (severe disability), ODI 61–80 (crippled), or ODI 81–100 (bed-bound) (i.e., as “dummy variables”).
Results
Study population
The 1750 participants enrolled in this study included 72 patients with ELDH (4.1%) and 1678 patients with PLDH (95.9%). In total, 1184 patients (67.5%) completed the 12 months ODI follow-up, including 55 ELDH patients (76.4%) and 1124 in the PLDH group (67.0%) (P = 0.096). Baseline characteristics, surgical treatment, and comorbidities are summarized in Table 1. A significantly higher number of patients with ELDH reported a preoperative duration of sciatica less than 3 months compared with patients operated for PLDH (29.7% [PLDH] vs. 50% [ELDH], P = 0.001). The duration of 3–12 months of preoperative sciatica was seen more frequently in the PLDH group (44.2% vs. 28.8%, P = 0.016). Duration of sciatica over 12 months was similar in both groups (26% vs. 21.2%, P = 0.473).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics, coexisting illnesses, and measures of health status for both groups of Patients
Variable | Paramedian LDH | Extraforaminal LDH | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 1678 (95.9) | 72 (4.1) | |
Age (years), median (range) | 45.0 (16–87) | 56.5 (25–85) | < 0.001 |
Female sex, n (%) | 710 (42.3) | 21 (29.2) | 0.027 |
Married or partner, n (%) | 1230 (74.4) | 54 (75.0) | 0.911 |
Attended college, n (%) | 610 (36.6) | 23 (32.9) | 0.525 |
Mean body mass index | 26.91 | 26.86 | 0.940 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 481 (28.9) | 24 (34.3) | 0.332 |
Coexisting spinal stenosis in the operated level | 154 (9.2) | 6 (8.3) | 0.697 |
Comorbidity, n (%) | 524 (31.2) | 24 (33.3) | 0.706 |
Cardiovascular disease | 94 (5.6) | 5 (6.9) | 0.629 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 17 (1.0) | 2 (2.8) | 0.157 |
Vascular claudication | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.769 |
Diabetes mellitus | 62 (3.7) | 1 (1.4) | 0.304 |
Osteoporosis | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.720 |
Knee and/or hip osteoarthritis | 39 (2.3) | 3 (4.2) | 0.317 |
Chronic neurologic disease | 18 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.377 |
Chronic musculoskeletal pain | 43 (2.6) | 2 (2.8) | 0.910 |
Cancer | 19 (1.1) | 3 (4.2) | 0.024 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 8 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.557 |
Ankylosing spondylitis | 8 (0.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0.289 |
Other rheumatic diseases | 24 (1.4) | 1 (1.4) | 0.997 |
Depression and/or anxiety | 41 (2.4) | 1 (1.4) | 0.567 |
ASA grade > 2 | 179 (10.7) | 7 (9.7) | 0.798 |
Mean preoperative ODI | 48.63 | 53.75 | 0.030 |
Mean preoperative EQ-5D | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.095 |
Preoperative diagnostic imaging, n (%) | |||
Preoperative MRI | 1627 (97) | 67 (93.1) | 0.077 |
Preoperative CT | 90 (5.5) | 3 (4.2) | 1.000 |
Level of surgery, n (%) | |||
L2-L3 | 36 (2.1) | 5 (6.9) | 0.008 |
L3-L4 | 144 (8.6) | 19 (26.4) | < 0.001 |
L4-L5 | 777 (46.3) | 25 (34.7) | 0.053 |
L5-S1 | 708 (42.2) | 22 (30.6) | 0.050 |
For the total study population, there was a significant improvement in the ODI score after surgery (− 32.22 points [95% CI, − 30.83 to − 33.61], P < 0.001). PLDH and ELDH patients experienced similar changes in ODI (− 30.92 vs. − 34.00, P = 0.325).
Patients operated for PLDH showed a lower median age than the ELDH patient population (45.0 years vs. 56.5 years, P < 0.001). The control group contained more female participants than the ELDH study population (42.3% vs. 29.2%, P = 0.027).
Preoperative ODI scores were significantly lower among the PLDH patients than in the ELDH group (48.63 points vs. 53.75 points, P = 0.030). ELDH patients were as likely to achieve less than 20 points on the ODI scale at 1 year compared with PLDH (61.5% vs. 52.74%, P = 0.204).
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There were no clinically relevant differences between the two groups in outcomes at 1 year regarding all other PROMs (EQ-5D, NRS back pain, and NRS leg pain), presented in Table 2. Similar results were found in the mixed linear model analyses for missing data. Furthermore, there were no differences found in duration of surgery and hospital stay or in complication rates, as outlined in Table 3.
Table 2
Complete case analysis for ODI
Variable | Paramedian LDH (n = 1124) | Extraforaminal LDH (n = 55) | Difference in mean change between groups (95% CI) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 1 year | Mean Change | Baseline | 1 year | Mean change | |||
ODI | 49.22 | 17.21 | − 32.01 | 56.43 | 20.00 | − 36.43 | 4.42 (− 2.18 to 11.0) | 0.189 |
EQ-5D | 0.22 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.00 (− 0.1 to 0.1) | 0.943 |
Back pain NRS | 6.59 | 2.96 | − 3.62 | 7.33 | 3.35 | − 3.98 | 0.36 (− 0.5 to 1.3) | 0.426 |
Leg pain NRS | 7.12 | 2.40 | − 4.68 | 7.53 | 3.09 | − 4.43 | − 0.24 (− 1.2 to 0.7) | 0.610 |
Mixed linear model analyses | ||||||||
ODI | 48.39 | 17.48 | − 30.92 | 53.97 | 19.97 | − 34.00 | 3.08 (− 3.06 to 9.22) | 0.325 |
EQ-5D | 0.22 | 0.72 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 0.65 | 0.51 | 0.01 (− 0.12 to 0.10) | 0.859 |
Back pain NRS | 6.66 | 2.97 | − 3.69 | 7.08 | 3.26 | − 3.83 | 0.14 (− 0.70 to 0.99) | 0.745 |
Leg pain NRS | 7.11 | 2.41 | − 4.69 | 7.45 | 3.00 | − 4.46 | − 0.23 (− 1.13 to 0.66) | 0.607 |
Table 3
Other postoperative outcomes at 1 year
Variable | Paramedian LDH | Extraforaminal LDH | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Operation time (minutes), mean | 65.78 | 71.89 | 0.154 |
Days in hospital, number, mean | 1.37 | 1.57 | 0.120 |
Total complications, number (%) | 30 (1.8) | 1 (1.4) | 0.948 |
Perioperative complications, number (%) | 34 (2.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0.705 |
Unintentional durotomy | 20 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.351 |
Nerve injury | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.769 |
Blood replacement or postoperative hematoma | 5 (0.3) | 1 (1.4) | 0.121 |
Cardiovascular complications | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.769 |
Respiratory complications | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.836 |
Anaphylactic reaction | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.836 |
Wrong level surgery | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.836 |
Patient-reported complications within 3 months, number (%) | 89 (7.9) | 6 (10.9) | 0.424 |
Wound infection | 25 (2.2) | 3 (5.5) | 0.124 |
Urinary tract infection | 35 (3.1) | 1 (1.8) | 0.587 |
Pneumonia | 7 (0.6) | 1 (1.8) | 0.291 |
Pulmonary embolism | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.702 |
Deep vein thrombosis | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.702 |
Micturition problems | 32 (2.8) | 1 (1.8) | 0.653 |
Reoperation within 90 days | 106 (6.3) | 5 (6.9) | 0.803 |
Multiple regression analysis
A multiple regression analysis was performed with change in ODI score at 1 year as the dependent variable. A negative value in the outcome corresponds with less pain-related disability. The effect estimates are presented in Table 4.
Table 4
Multiple regression analysis with change in ODI at 1 year as the dependent variable
Parameter estimate | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
ELDH | − 0.55 | − 5.8–4.7 | 0.839 |
Smoker | 4.9 | 2.3–7.6 | < 0.001 |
ODI score 21–40 preoperative | − 10.4 | − 15.3 to − 5.5 | < 0.001 |
ODI score 41–60 preoperative | − 29.4 | − 34.4 to − 24.4 | < 0.001 |
ODI score 61–80 preoperative | − 48.2 | − 53.5 to − 43.0 | < 0.001 |
ODI score ≥ 81 preoperative | − 67.1 | − 73.2 to − 61.1 | < 0.001 |
Age > 65 | 4.1 | 1.0–7.2 | 0.009 |
Depression and/or anxiety | 6.6 | − 1.3–14.6 | 0.103 |
ASA grade > 2 | 1.9 | − 1.8–5.6 | 0.324 |
Female sex | 2.5 | 0.3–4.8 | 0.029 |
Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) | 3.5 | 0.7–6.3 | 0.014 |
There was no significant correlation between the type of LDH diagnosis and the ODI score after 1 year. Preoperative ODI score was the strongest predictor of outcome, as increasing values correlated with improvement at 1 year. Smoking, age ≥ 65 years, female sex, and obesity were identified as independent predictors for less improvement of ODI at 1 year.
Discussion
This single center observational registry-based study shows that patients operated for extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation experienced similar improvement after 1 year as those who underwent surgery for the more common paramedian lumbar disc herniation. Furthermore, both groups were as likely to achieve a minimal disability, defined as less than 20 points on the ODI scale. In clinical practice, our study suggests that the threshold for surgery for ELDH should be similar to PLDH.
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Other studies have shown that a high preoperative ODI score is associated with greater improvement [10, 12]. In this study, patients with ELDH had a significantly higher, but clinically similar ODI score before surgery compared with the PLDH, and the improvement in ODI was similar. This may emphasize the safety of the surgical technique, despite the complexity of the anatomical challenges when operating on ELDH [1, 9].
Although surgery for ELDH is considered more challenging than surgery for PLDH, no differences in postoperative outcomes and complications were observed. This is possibly explained by the experience of the surgeons operating and the similarity of the entry route for ELDH and PLDH [1, 3, 20].
Patients operated for ELDH reported a shorter duration of symptoms before receiving treatment. This could be the result of the higher preoperative pain, which was experienced by the patients with ELDH. In general, surgeons are more prone to operate on patients that experience much pain. Considering the higher amount of pain experienced by ELDH patients, they will probably receive surgery at an earlier time despite the complexity of their disease.
As our study did not include conservatively treated patients, nothing can be said about the results of surgery compared with conservative care. However, previous studies have shown that early surgical care provides more rapid pain relief and is more cost-effective than prolonged conservative treatment in LDH patients, although no significant differences in outcome after 1-year of follow-up [14‐17, 27]. Nonetheless, no evidence is provided on surgical versus conservative care in the specific ELDH patient group, requiring future randomized controlled trials.
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Study strengths and limitations
We used specific inclusion and exclusion criteria based on prospective data collection and a relatively large sample size. These factors combined, all strengthens our results. The main limitation in our study is the high number of patients lost to follow-up. However, a previous study on a similar patient population showed no difference between responders and nonresponders [24]. Also, the percentage of patients lost to follow-up in the ELDH group was substantially lower compared with the PLDH group. Another limitation is our rather low number of patients operated for ELDH. Recent updates in the NORspine registration will make it easier to identify patients with ELDH, allowing a multicenter observational study in the future. Complication rates were partly surgeon reported and underestimation therefore cannot be excluded.
Conclusion
This single center observational study shows that, at 1 year, patients operated for extraforaminal lumbar disc herniation and paramedian lumbar disc herniation reported equivalent improvement. Furthermore, both groups were as likely to achieve what is considered a minimal disability.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Norwegian Registry for Spine Surgery (NORspine). The NORspine registry has been made financially possible by the University of Northern Norway and Norwegian health authorities. Furthermore, we are grateful to all patients and surgeons participating in the NORspine registration.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or nonfinancial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Ethical approval
The Regional Committee for Medical Research and Health Research Ethics in Central Norway evaluated and approved this study (2016/840).
Informed consent
A written informed consent was provided by all participants and the registry protocol was approved by the Data Inspectorate of Norway.
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