Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Surgery 3/2017

22.12.2016 | review

Surgery of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Subtotal colectomy: when and how to do it?

verfasst von: Rosario Fornaro, MD, PhD, Elisa Caratto, Michela Caratto, Camilla Sticchi, Alexander Salerno, Rita Bianchi, Stefano Scabini, Marco Casaccia

Erschienen in: European Surgery | Ausgabe 3/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Summary

Purpose

The aim of this review is to focus attention on the role of surgery in the management of acute ulcerative colitis (UC). UC is a chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the large intestine.

Methods

We have examined the data from the literature of the past 20 years and we have analyzed the role of emergency surgery. A medical literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, Ovid Journals, and Science Direct.

Results

Acute severe colitis (ASC) occurs in 12–25% of patients affected by UC. Patients with ASC should be managed by a multidisciplinary team. Aggressive medical or surgical treatment is undertaken with the final aim of reducing mortality. Intravenous corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy. Medical rescue therapy based on cyclosporine or infliximab should be considered if there is no response to corticosteroids after 3 days. In the event that there has been no response to medical rescue therapy after 4–7 days, the patient must undergo urgent colectomy surgery. Prolonged observation is counterproductive as over time it increases the risk of toxic megacolon and of perforation burdened with a very high mortality rate.

Conclusions

The best possible treatment is represented by subtotal colectomy with ileostomy and preservation of a long rectal stump. Emergency colectomy is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality rates.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR, et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19(A):5A.CrossRefPubMed Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, Arnott ID, Bernstein CN, Brant SR, et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19(A):5A.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennis M, Tiret E. Surgical management of ulcerative colitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012;397(1):11–7.CrossRefPubMed Bennis M, Tiret E. Surgical management of ulcerative colitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2012;397(1):11–7.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:103–10.CrossRefPubMed Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:103–10.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornbluth A, Sachar DB, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1371–85.CrossRefPubMed Kornbluth A, Sachar DB, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1371–85.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Travis SPL, Stange EF, Lemman M, Oresland T, Bemelman WA, Chowers Y, et al. European evidence based consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2008;2:24e62. Travis SPL, Stange EF, Lemman M, Oresland T, Bemelman WA, Chowers Y, et al. European evidence based consensus on the management of ulcerative colitis: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2008;2:24e62.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornbluth A, Sachar DB, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(3):501–23.CrossRefPubMed Kornbluth A, Sachar DB, Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(3):501–23.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, Windsor A, Colombel JF, Allez M, et al. Second european evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(10):991–1030.CrossRefPubMed Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, Windsor A, Colombel JF, Allez M, et al. Second european evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(10):991–1030.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyman NH, Cataldo P, Osler T. Urgent subtotal colectomy for severe inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:70–3.CrossRefPubMed Hyman NH, Cataldo P, Osler T. Urgent subtotal colectomy for severe inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:70–3.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Heppell J, Farkouh E, Dubé S, Péloquin A, Morgan S, Bernard D. Toxic megacolon. An analysis of 70 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29(12):789–92.CrossRefPubMed Heppell J, Farkouh E, Dubé S, Péloquin A, Morgan S, Bernard D. Toxic megacolon. An analysis of 70 cases. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29(12):789–92.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Miniello S, Marzaioli R, Balzanelli MG, Dantona C, Lippolis AS, Barnabà D, et al. Toxic megacolon in ulcerative rectocolitis. Current trends in clinical evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Ital Chir. 2014;85(1):45–9.PubMed Miniello S, Marzaioli R, Balzanelli MG, Dantona C, Lippolis AS, Barnabà D, et al. Toxic megacolon in ulcerative rectocolitis. Current trends in clinical evaluation, diagnosis and treatment. Ann Ital Chir. 2014;85(1):45–9.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Gan SI, Beck PL. A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2363–71.CrossRefPubMed Gan SI, Beck PL. A new look at toxic megacolon: an update and review of incidence, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2363–71.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenstein AJ, Barth JA, Sachar DB, Aufses AH Jr.. Free colonic perforation without dilatation in ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg. 1986;152(3):272–5.CrossRefPubMed Greenstein AJ, Barth JA, Sachar DB, Aufses AH Jr.. Free colonic perforation without dilatation in ulcerative colitis. Am J Surg. 1986;152(3):272–5.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Dignass A, Eliakim R, Magro F, Maaser C, Chowers Y, Geboes K, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:965–90.CrossRefPubMed Dignass A, Eliakim R, Magro F, Maaser C, Chowers Y, Geboes K, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:965–90.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Fornaro R, Caratto M, Barbruni G, Fornaro F, Salerno A, Giovinazzo D, et al. Surgical and medical treatment in patients with acute severe ulcerative. Colitis J Dig Dis. 2015; doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12278.PubMed Fornaro R, Caratto M, Barbruni G, Fornaro F, Salerno A, Giovinazzo D, et al. Surgical and medical treatment in patients with acute severe ulcerative. Colitis J Dig Dis. 2015; doi:10.​1111/​1751-2980.​12278.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO), Øresland T, Bemelman WA, Sampietro GM, Spinelli A, Windsor A, Ferrante M, et al. European evidence based consensus on surgery for ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(1):4–25. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO), Øresland T, Bemelman WA, Sampietro GM, Spinelli A, Windsor A, Ferrante M, et al. European evidence based consensus on surgery for ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9(1):4–25.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Criscuoli V, Casà A, Orlando A, Pecoraro G, Oliva L, Traina M, et al. Severe acute colitis associated with CMV: a prevalence study. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36:818–20.CrossRefPubMed Criscuoli V, Casà A, Orlando A, Pecoraro G, Oliva L, Traina M, et al. Severe acute colitis associated with CMV: a prevalence study. Dig Liver Dis. 2004;36:818–20.CrossRefPubMed
20.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Severe Ulcerative Colitis Consensus Group, Bitton A, Buie D, Enns R, Feagan BG, Jones JL, Marshall JK, et al. Treatment of hospitalized adult patients with severe ulcerative colitis: Toronto consensus statements. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(2):179–94, author reply 195 doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.386.CrossRef Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Severe Ulcerative Colitis Consensus Group, Bitton A, Buie D, Enns R, Feagan BG, Jones JL, Marshall JK, et al. Treatment of hospitalized adult patients with severe ulcerative colitis: Toronto consensus statements. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(2):179–94, author reply 195 doi:10.​1038/​ajg.​2011.​386.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell S, Travis S, Jewell D. Ciclosporin use in acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term experience. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:79–84.CrossRefPubMed Campbell S, Travis S, Jewell D. Ciclosporin use in acute ulcerative colitis: a long-term experience. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:79–84.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Moskovitz DN, Van Assche G, Maenhout B, Arts J, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:760–5.CrossRefPubMed Moskovitz DN, Van Assche G, Maenhout B, Arts J, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, et al. Incidence of colectomy during long-term follow-up after cyclosporine-induced remission of severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:760–5.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hultén L. Proctocolectomy and ileostomy to pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. World J Surg. 1998;22:335–41.CrossRefPubMed Hultén L. Proctocolectomy and ileostomy to pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. World J Surg. 1998;22:335–41.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hata K, Kazama S, Nozawa H, Kawai K, Kiyomatsu T, Tanaka J, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for ulcerative colitis: a review of the literature. Surg Today. 2015;45(8):933–8.CrossRefPubMed Hata K, Kazama S, Nozawa H, Kawai K, Kiyomatsu T, Tanaka J, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for ulcerative colitis: a review of the literature. Surg Today. 2015;45(8):933–8.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Telem DA, Vine AJ, Swain G, Divino CM, Salky B, Greenstein AJ, et al. Laparoscopic subtotal colectomy for medically refractory ulcerative colitis: the time has come. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(7):1616–20.CrossRefPubMed Telem DA, Vine AJ, Swain G, Divino CM, Salky B, Greenstein AJ, et al. Laparoscopic subtotal colectomy for medically refractory ulcerative colitis: the time has come. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(7):1616–20.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Balachandran R, Tøttrup A. Safety of proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis under elective and non-elective circumstances: preoperative corticosteroid treatment worsens outcome. Dig Surg. 2015;32(4):251–7.CrossRefPubMed Balachandran R, Tøttrup A. Safety of proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis under elective and non-elective circumstances: preoperative corticosteroid treatment worsens outcome. Dig Surg. 2015;32(4):251–7.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi FH, Kiran RP. Total abdominal colectomy for severe ulcerative colitis: does the laparoscopic approach really have benefit? Surg Endosc. 2014;28(2):617–25.CrossRefPubMed Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi FH, Kiran RP. Total abdominal colectomy for severe ulcerative colitis: does the laparoscopic approach really have benefit? Surg Endosc. 2014;28(2):617–25.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Bartels SA, Gardenbroek TJ, Ubbink DT, Buskens CJ, Tanis PJ, Bemelman WA. Systematic review and metaanalysis of laparoscopic versus open colectomy with end ileostomy for non-toxic colitis. Br J Surg. 2013;100(6):726–33.CrossRefPubMed Bartels SA, Gardenbroek TJ, Ubbink DT, Buskens CJ, Tanis PJ, Bemelman WA. Systematic review and metaanalysis of laparoscopic versus open colectomy with end ileostomy for non-toxic colitis. Br J Surg. 2013;100(6):726–33.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chung TP, Fleshman JW, Birnbaum EH, Hunt SR, Dietz DW, Read TE, et al. Laparoscopic vs. open total abdominal colectomy for severe colitis: impact on recovery and subsequent completion restorative proctectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(1):4–10.CrossRefPubMed Chung TP, Fleshman JW, Birnbaum EH, Hunt SR, Dietz DW, Read TE, et al. Laparoscopic vs. open total abdominal colectomy for severe colitis: impact on recovery and subsequent completion restorative proctectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(1):4–10.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen JL, Strong SA, Hyman NH, Buie WD, Dunn GD, Ko CY, Fleshner PR, et al. Practice parameters for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(11):1997–2009.CrossRefPubMed Cohen JL, Strong SA, Hyman NH, Buie WD, Dunn GD, Ko CY, Fleshner PR, et al. Practice parameters for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(11):1997–2009.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Ross H, Steele SR, Varma M, Dykes S, Cima R, Buie WD, et al. Practice parameters for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Standards Practice Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(1):5–22.CrossRefPubMed Ross H, Steele SR, Varma M, Dykes S, Cima R, Buie WD, et al. Practice parameters for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Standards Practice Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(1):5–22.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Geltzeiler CB, Lu KC, Diggs BS, Deveney KE, Keyashian K, Herzig DO, et al. Initial surgical management of ulcerative colitis in the biologic era. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(12):1358–63.CrossRefPubMed Geltzeiler CB, Lu KC, Diggs BS, Deveney KE, Keyashian K, Herzig DO, et al. Initial surgical management of ulcerative colitis in the biologic era. Dis Colon Rectum. 2014;57(12):1358–63.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunker MS, Bemelman WA, Slors JF, van Hogezand RA, Ringers J, Gouma DJ. Laparoscopic-assisted vs open colectomy for severe acute colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a retrospective study in 42 patients. Surg Endosc. 2000;14(10):911–4.CrossRefPubMed Dunker MS, Bemelman WA, Slors JF, van Hogezand RA, Ringers J, Gouma DJ. Laparoscopic-assisted vs open colectomy for severe acute colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a retrospective study in 42 patients. Surg Endosc. 2000;14(10):911–4.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F, Kiran RP. Factors associated with postoperative morbidity, reoperation and readmission rates after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15(9):1123–9.PubMed Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F, Kiran RP. Factors associated with postoperative morbidity, reoperation and readmission rates after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis. 2013;15(9):1123–9.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat McKee RF, Keenan RA, Munro A. Colectomy for acute colitis: is it safe to close the rectal stump? Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10(4):222–4.CrossRefPubMed McKee RF, Keenan RA, Munro A. Colectomy for acute colitis: is it safe to close the rectal stump? Int J Colorectal Dis. 1995;10(4):222–4.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F, Kiran RP. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous: does location of the (colo)rectal stump influence outcomes after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis? Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(5):615–21.CrossRefPubMed Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F, Kiran RP. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous: does location of the (colo)rectal stump influence outcomes after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis? Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56(5):615–21.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Alves A, Panis Y, Bouhnik Y, Maylin V, Lavergne Slove A, Valleur P. Subtotal colectomy for severe acute colitis: a 20-year experience of a tertiary care center with an aggressive and early surgical policy. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197(3):379–85.CrossRefPubMed Alves A, Panis Y, Bouhnik Y, Maylin V, Lavergne Slove A, Valleur P. Subtotal colectomy for severe acute colitis: a 20-year experience of a tertiary care center with an aggressive and early surgical policy. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197(3):379–85.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyman NH, Cataldo P, Osler T. Urgent subtotal colectomy for severe inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(1):70–3.CrossRefPubMed Hyman NH, Cataldo P, Osler T. Urgent subtotal colectomy for severe inflammatory bowel disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(1):70–3.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Colorectal cancer risk and mortality in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1444–51.CrossRefPubMed Langholz E, Munkholm P, Davidsen M, Binder V. Colorectal cancer risk and mortality in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1444–51.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Surgery of acute severe ulcerative colitis. Subtotal colectomy: when and how to do it?
verfasst von
Rosario Fornaro, MD, PhD
Elisa Caratto
Michela Caratto
Camilla Sticchi
Alexander Salerno
Rita Bianchi
Stefano Scabini
Marco Casaccia
Publikationsdatum
22.12.2016
Verlag
Springer Vienna
Erschienen in
European Surgery / Ausgabe 3/2017
Print ISSN: 1682-8631
Elektronische ISSN: 1682-4016
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-016-0458-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2017

European Surgery 3/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

CME: 2 Punkte

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

CME: 2 Punkte

Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht, PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske Das Webinar S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“ beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

CME: 2 Punkte

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.