Background
Prevalence (% of all malignant pancreatic tumors) | Mean Age (SD) in years | Sex predominance | Direction of differentiation Ductal/acinar/endocrine | Gross: Solid/solid and cystic/cystic | Microscopic | Immunohistochemical | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | 90 % | 66 (11) | Male (3:2) | Ductal | Solid | • Glandular and ductal structures • Abundant desmoplastic stroma • Eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and enlarged pleomorphic nuclei • Perineural, lymphatic and blood vessel invasion | Aberrant TP53 expression, SMAD4 loss, expression of MUC1, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, CA19-9 |
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor/carcinoma | 5 % | 58 (15) | Male (3:2) | Endocrine | Solid, sometimes cystic degeneration | • Nested or trabecular growth pattern • Granular amphophilic to eosinophilic cytoplasm • “Salt and pepper” chromatin | Expression of synaptophysin and chromogranin, peptide hormones (e.g. insulin and glucagon), aberrant nuclear TP53 expression in PanNECs |
Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm | 1–2 % | 29 (14) | Female (9:1) | Uncertain | Solid and cystic | • Poorly cohesive uniform cells • Extensive degenerative changes. • Eosinophilic or clear vacuolated cytoplasm Round to oval nuclei, often grooved or indented. • Eosinophilic globules and foamy macrophages | Abnormal nuclear labeling for β-catenin, expression of CD10, paranuclear dot-like CD99 labeling or lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1). Loss of membranous E-cadherin |
Acinar cell Carcinoma | 1–2 % | 56 (15) 6 % between 8 and 15 | Male (2:1) | Acinar | Solid, sometimes cystic degeneration | • Enlarged uniform nuclei with prominent nucleoli • Finely granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. • Small acinar units or sheets | BCL10, expression of pancreatic exocrine enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase |
Pancreatoblastoma | <1 % | 5 (2), second peak around 40 | Slightly male | Acinar | Solid, cystic in BWS a
| • Similar to ACC • Squamoid nests required for diagnosis • Neuroendocrine or ductal component. | Expression of pancreatic exocrine enzymes, BCL10, SMAD4 loss, Abnormal nuclear labeling for β-catenin |
Average number of somatic mutations | Major genes involved | Methylation | MiRNA tumor expression compared to normal pancreatic tissue | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | 20–80 |
KRAS, CDNK2A, SMAD4, TP53, MLL3, TGFBR2, ATM, ARID1A, ROBO2, KDM6A
| Loss of function through promotor hypermethylation: CDNK2A, hMLH1, | Upregulation: miR-21, 23a, 31, 100, 143, 155, and 221 |
Downregulation: miR-148a, 217 and 375 | ||||
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine tumor/carcinoma | 16 |
MEN1, ATRX, DAXX, TSC2, PTEN
#, Rb, TP53*
| Hypomethylation of LINE1 and hypermethylation of RASSF1A promoting the accumulation of β-catenin | Upregulation: miR-193b, 103 and 107 |
Downregulation: miR-155 | ||||
Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm | 3 |
CTNNB1
|
u
| MiRNAs possibly upregulating the Wnt, Hedgehog, and Androgen receptor pathway |
Acinar cell carcinoma | 131 |
SMAD4, JAK1, BRAF, RB1, TP53, APC, ARID1A, GNAS, MLL3, PTEN
| Hypermethylation of RASSF1, MLH1 and APC
| Upregulation: miR-17, 20, 21, 92–1, 103, 107 |
Downregulation: miR-155 | ||||
Pancreatoblastoma | 18 | Loss of chromosome 11p, CTNNB1
| Hypermethylation of RASSF1A
| u |
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Gross and microscopic findings
Genetic signature: familial PDAC
Gene (syndrome) | RR (Cumulative lifetime risk (%) by age 70) |
---|---|
STK11/LKB1 (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome) | 132 (36) |
PRSS1/SPINK1 (hereditary pancreatitis) | 50–80 (40) |
CDKN2A (FAMMM) | 13–47 (17) |
BRCA1/BRCA2 (HBOC) | 3.5–10 (3–8) |
MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2 (Lynch syndrome) | 8.6 (<5) |
CFTR (cystic fibrosis) | 5 (<5) |
FDR with PC | 2–3 (2) |
FDRs with PC | 6 (8–12) |
Possible role in FPC:
ATM, TET2, DNMT3A, POLN, POLQ, ASXL1, PALB2, FANCG, BUB1B, ESCO2, FANCC, FANCM, MSH4, RAD54L
| Unknown |
Genetic signature: sporadic PDAC
Epigenetic alterations
MicroRNA
Changes in gene expression
Stroma and the tumor microenvironment
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Gross and microscopic findings
Genetic signature: familial PanNET
Genetic signature: sporadic PanNET
Neoplasm | Mutations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MEN1
|
ATRX/DAXX
| mTOR pathway |
KRAS
|
TP53
|
RB1
| |
MEN1 syndrome microadenomas | Up to 100 % | 0 % | u | u | u | u |
MEN-1 syndrome tumors | Up to 100 % | 6 % | u | u | u | u |
G1/G2 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors | 45 % | 45 % | 15 % | 0 % | 0 % | 0 % |
G3 Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas | u | 0 % | u | 30 % | 60 % | 70 % |