Background
Neoplasms of the pancreas are the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death globally [1]. These tumors are often difficult to detect due to their location; most patients present with non-specific symptoms or clinicians discover them on incidental radiographs for different conditions [2, 3]. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas, also referred to as Frantz’s tumor, is rare, comprising 1–2% of all pancreatic tumors [4‐6]. SPNs of the pancreas are usually diagnosed in females who are in their third to fourth decade of life and this tumor carries a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of up to 97% [6‐9]. SPN is considered to be a tumor with low malignant potential; however, up to 10–15% of cases have been reported to be aggressive and can metastasize to the liver and/or peritoneum [10]. Despite its malignant potential, resections with no microscopically detected cancer cell at the resection margin (R0) and en bloc resections have been reported to improve overall survival and disease-free survival [11, 12].
The distal pancreas is the most common site of occurrence, but with advancements in imaging techniques and practices, SPNs located at the uncinate, head, and neck of the pancreas, referred collectively henceforth as the proximal pancreas, are now being increasingly reported [9, 13]. A previous study compared the outcomes of minimally invasive (MI) and open distal pancreatectomies in patients with SPN where the outcome favored minimally invasive surgical approaches (laparoscopic and robot-assisted) [14]. As such, the need to investigate surgical approaches for SPNs of the proximal pancreas is needed in order to provide the surgeon with viable options in the management of all SPNs of the pancreas.
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Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the perioperative short-term and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) and open surgical approaches of the proximal pancreas in patients with pathologically confirmed SPNs.
Methods
Data collection
Patients’ medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify those who underwent either open or MI pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD), classic Whipple procedure (PD), or central pancreatectomy (CP) for pathologically confirmed SPNs between 2006 and 2017 at the Severance Hospital of the Yonsei University Health System in Seoul, South Korea. Data representing the clinicopathological characteristics, such as age, gender, tumor size, and location, were retrospectively collected. Patients who underwent extensive surgeries or combined resections were excluded from this study in order to avoid selection bias in the comparative analysis between MI and open surgical approaches.
For the assessment of long-term nutrition, the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) scoring system was used. The CONUT score utilizes serum albumin, cholesterol, and total lymphocyte count as parameters to measure the nutritional status of patients and has been shown to be predictive of survival in colorectal neoplasms [15, 16] and hepatocellular neoplasms [17]. We stratified the study population into three groups according to the year when the surgery was performed (e.g., 2006–2009, 2010–2013, 2014–2017) to determine the chronological trends of clinical characteristics in patients with SPNs. This study protocol was approved by the local institutional review board, with the IRB number 4-2018-0001.
Statistical analysis
IBM SPSS Statistics, version 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analyses. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables were represented as percentage or frequency. Student’s t test was performed to compare the continuous variables, and Fisher’s exact test or the chi-squared test was used to compare categorical data between approaches.
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Results
Chronological changes of clinical characteristics according to period
From 2006 to 2017, 98 patients underwent surgery for SPN at the Severance Hospital of the Yonsei University Health Systems. Of the 98 patients, 25 were diagnosed with SPN at the proximal pancreas and were included in this study. There were no statistical differences in the age, gender, BMI, and symptoms across the three periods (Table 1). There was an increasing trend of patients undergoing minimally invasive procedures from the first time period up to the third time period; however, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.269). Moreover, the neoplasm stage at presentation was not statistically significant; however, it was noted that the size of tumors was smaller during the period from 2014 to 2017 compared to the period from 2010 to 2013.
Table 1
Summary of data per time period
2006–2009 | 2010–2013 | 2014–2017 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | 7 | 11 | 7 | |
Age (years) | 39.43 ± 12.78 | 35.91 ± 15.42 | 40.71 ± 15.55 | 0.775 |
Gender (F:M) | 7:0 | 9:2 | 6:1 | 0.500 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.71 ± 2.87 | 22.82 ± 2.36 | 22.43 ± 2.88 | 0.694 |
Symptomatic (yes/no) | 2/5 | 5/6 | 2/5 | 0.997 |
Operation type (MI/open) | 2/5 | 5/6 | 5/2 | 0.269 |
Operation (PPPD/CP) | 3/4 | 8/3 | 5/2 | 0.389 |
Tumor size (cm) | 3.63 ± 1.91 | 4.12 ± 1.82 | 2.44 ± 0.78* | 0.126 |
Stage | 0.833 | |||
Ia | 2 (28%) | 2 | 2 (28%) | |
Ib | 5 (72%) | 9 | 5 (72%) |
General patient characteristics
Of the 25 patients included in this study, 22 were female and three were male (female to male ratio was 7.3:1). On average, the patients were 38.2 ± 14.3 years old and had a BMI of 22.4 ± 2.58 kg/m2. Additionally, the mean tumor size was 3.51 ± 1.72 cm with a mean pancreatic duct size of 1.29 ± 1.00 mm. Nine of the patients presented with symptoms associated with the tumor, while the tumor was an incidental finding in the remaining 16 patients. Six (24%) patients presented as stage Ia and 19 (76%) as stage Ib. Twelve patients underwent an open surgical procedure and 13 underwent a minimally invasive surgical procedure, two of which underwent robotic surgery. Nine patients underwent CP and 16 underwent PPPD. There were no reported cases of patients who underwent PD. The patients were followed up for an average of 48.0 ± 31.9 months.
Comparative analysis between MI and open surgical approaches for SPN of the proximal pancreas
There were no statistically significant differences between patients who underwent open versus patients who underwent MI surgeries in terms of age, gender, symptomatic presentation, BMI, preoperative stage, type of operation, operation time, pancreatic duct size, and post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF) grade (p > 0.05 for all; Table 2). All patients underwent an R0 resection and all remnant pancreata were described to be soft on palpation. In contrast, tumor size, blood loss, need for transfusion, hospital length of stay, and complication incidence were significantly greater in open surgery compared to MI surgery (p ≤ 0.027 for all).
Table 2
Perioperative comparison between minimally invasive and open surgeries
Minimally invasive (n = 13) | Open (n = 12) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.0 ± 13.5 | 35.3 ± 15.4 | 0.326 |
Gender (F:M) | 11:2 | 11:1 | 0.588 |
Symptomatic (yes/no) | 3/10 | 6/6 | 0.161 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 2.6 | 21.9 ± 2.5 | 0.380 |
Tumor size (cm) | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | 0.004* |
Preoperative stage | 0.645 | ||
Ia | 4 (30.8%) | 2 (16.7%) | |
Ib | 9 (69.2%) | 10 (83.3%) | |
Operation | 0.411 | ||
PPPD | 7 (53.8%) | 9 (75%) | |
CP | 6 (46.2%) | 3 (25%) | |
OR time (min) | 417.2 ± 115.6 | 413.9 ± 132.4 | 0.949 |
Blood loss (mL) | 277.7 ± 250.8 | 664.2 ± 512.4 | 0.024* |
Need for transfusion (yes/no) | 0/13 | 4/8 | 0.023* |
Pancreas description (soft/hard) | 13/0 | 12/0 | |
Pancreatic duct size (mm) | 1.15 ± 0.83 | 1.43 ± 1.2 | 0.496 |
Resection type | All R0 | All R0 | |
Hospital length of stay (days) | 11.5 ± 5.3 | 27.4 ± 15.3 | 0.002* |
Complication incidence | 4 (30.8%) | 9 (75%) | 0.027* |
POPF (grade A/grade B) | 2 (15.4%)/2 (15.4%) | 3 (25%)/1 (8.33%) | 0.465 |
Histopathologic outcomes
We compared the histopathologic outcomes of the patients based on their surgical approach. The collected data is presented in Table 3. During the follow-up period (median, 57 months; range, 4–120 months), none of the patients in this study experienced tumor recurrence or death as a result of the disease. All pathologic resection margins were negative for disease. Further, a review of the microscopic pathologic parameters (capsular invasion, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion), as well as the post-operative stage, revealed that there were no significant differences between the surgical approaches.
Table 3
Histopathologic outcomes of minimally invasive and open surgeries
Minimally invasive (n = 13) | Open (n = 12) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Death associated with disease | None | None | |
Recurrence | None | None | |
Resection margin | All negative | All negative | |
Capsular invasion | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (16.7%) | 0.698 |
Lymphovascular invasion | 1 (7.69%) | 0 | 0.327 |
Perineural invasion | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (16.7%) | 0.689 |
Stage | 0.409 | ||
Ia | 4 (30.8%) | 1 (8.33%) | |
Ib | 6 (46.2%) | 9 (75%) | |
IIa | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (16.7%) |
Long-term nutritional assessment
The CONUT scoring system was used to determine the nutritional status of patients prior to surgery and 6 and 12 months after surgery. Nearly all of the patients had improvements, and none experienced worsening, in nutritional status (Table 4). No significant changes in nutritional status were detected between the surgical approaches at 6 and 12 months after surgery (p > 0.05 for all, Table 4).
Table 4
Changes in CONUT score of patients undergoing surgery of the proximal pancreas
CONUT score for severity of malnutrition | Pre-operative n (%) | 6 months post-operative n (%) | 12 months post-operative n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimally invasive (n = 13) | Open (n = 12) | Minimally invasive (n = 13) | Open (n = 12) | Minimally invasive (n = 13) | Open (n = 12) | |
Normal (without deficit) | 0 | 0 | 9 (69%) | 9 (75%) | 11 (85%) | 10 (83%) |
Mild | 7 (54%) | 4 (33%) | 4 (31%) | 3 (25%) | 2 (15%) | 2 (17%) |
Moderate | 5 (38%) | 6 (50%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Severe | 1 (8%) | 2 (17%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Discussion
In a previous study, we have reported the surgical outcomes of minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy for SPN of the pancreas [14]. There are also several literatures reported [18‐22] showing favorable perioperative outcomes in managing SPN of the distal pancreas; however, minimally invasive surgical procedures (PPPD or CP) for SPN in the proximal pancreas seems rare.
Patients who underwent open or MI surgeries for SPN at the proximal pancreas showed no statistically significant differences in terms of gender, age, BMI, pancreas characteristics, operation time, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer stage. However, it was demonstrated that patients with MI surgery had a smaller tumor size at presentation (mean, 2.6 vs. 4.5 cm, respectively), which may have been a factor in deciding which surgical approach to perform in managing SPN of the proximal pancreas.
The study results showed statistically significant differences in length of hospital stay, complication incidence, blood loss, and transfusion requirement, all of which favored the MI surgical approach. These parameters are often used when comparing surgical procedures and their possible adverse effects on patients. Needless to say, shorter hospital stay, decreased blood loss, and lower need for transfusion are all positive aspects that advocate for the recommendation of MI surgery in selected patients with SPN of the proximal pancreas. These findings coincide with those of Torres et al. who reported a successful laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy in a 19/F with SPN who was discharged after 6 days without complication [23]. Similarly, Senthilnathan et al. reported five successful laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy operations in their 8-year experience [24].
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It should also be noted that there was no residual tumor after the operation and that all pathological reports indicated margin-free tumors in all cases. This entails that both open and MI surgical approaches can deliver comparable long-term results that are within the oncologic parameters.
The role of nutrition in improving perioperative outcomes is being recognized increasingly. Several researches describe decreased complications, as well as improved surgical outcomes, as a direct effect of improving the perioperative nutritional status of the patient [25‐28]. Our study noted that there was an improvement in the CONUT score of nearly all of the patients at 6 and 12 months after surgery. However, there was no statistical difference in the change of nutritional status between the surgical approaches (p < 0.05). This implies that both open and MI surgical approaches can achieve quality of life goals in managing patients with SPN.
Conclusion
The current first-line treatment for SPN of the pancreas remains to be complete excision. Studies have shown that complete excision can increase overall survival and disease-free survival. However, as with all surgical encounters, we must balance these maximal oncologic practices with minimizing complications and potential adverse outcomes. This study suggests that in appropriately selected patients with SPNs located at the uncinate, head, or neck of the pancreas, a MI surgical approach offers at least comparable oncologic outcomes as an open approach, while demonstrating decreased complications and decreased hospital length of stay. We recommend that a larger comparison be conducted in order to strengthen this conclusion.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors, pursuant to the guidelines of the local institutional review board, with the IRB approval number 4-2018-0001.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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