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Erschienen in: European Spine Journal 4/2018

Open Access 10.11.2017 | Original Article

Surgical management of spinal solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma: a case series of 20 patients

verfasst von: Qi Jia, Zhenhua Zhou, Dan Zhang, Jian Yang, Chao Liu, Ting Wang, Zhipeng Wu, Cheng Yang, Haifeng Wei, Jian Zhao, Tielong Liu, Wang Zhou, Xinghai Yang, Jianru Xiao

Erschienen in: European Spine Journal | Ausgabe 4/2018

Abstract

Purpose

Spinal solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma (SFT/HPC), a rare mesenchymal tumor that arises from pericytes of Zimmerman, comprises only 0.08% of all primary bone tumors and 0.1% of primary malignant bone tumor and rarely occurs in the spine. We attempt to correlate the clinical factors and different treatment options with the recurrence rate and overall survival of SFT/HPC over time.

Methods

A retrospective study of 20 patients with spinal osseous SFT/HPCs who were surgically treated in our center between 2003 and 2015 was performed. Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests were used to compare the survival probability or recurrence-free probability between groups, and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Three surgical management strategies, including subtotal resection, piecemeal total resection, and total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) were applied. Postoperative radiotherapy was carried out in 14 cases. The mean follow-up period was 38.3 (median 35, range 7–93) months, and 6 patients passed away with the mean follow-up time of 47.7 (median 41, range 24–77) months. Relapse was detected in 9 patients (45%) with the mean time from surgery to recurrence being 36.6 (median 28, range 12–73) months. Our results indicate that grade III is an adverse prognostic factor for both recurrence and over survival (OS) for spinal osseous SFT/HPC, while total resection, especially TES, is a positive prognostic factor.

Conclusions

Spinal osseous SFT/HPC is a challenging clinical entity given its high local recurrence rate. Surgical management plays a crucial role in the whole treatment of spinal SFT/HPCs and total excision, especially TES, should be strived for whenever possible. Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended to lower the recurrent rate. This study also confirms that pathology grade III is an adverse prognostic factor for spinal osseous SFT/HPCs.
Hinweise
Qi Jia, Zhenhua Zhou and Dan Zhang have contributed equally to this work, and all should be considered first author.

Introduction

In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the combined term solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma (SFT/HPC) as SFT and HPS share common inversions at 12q13 leading to STAT6 nuclear expression [1]. SFT/HPC, a rare aggressive neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, comprises only 0.08% of all primary bone tumors and 0.1% of primary malignant bone tumors [2], and rarely affects the spine [35]. To date, only about 90 cases have been reported and most of them are intradural-extramedullary tumors [6, 7]. Spinal osseous SFT/HPC is particularly rare, and there are only case reports [415] without case series.
Because of its rarity, there is limited information about the natural history and the management of the disease. Total en bloc resection was recommended for the treatment of extremities SFT/HPC [2]. However, spinal complex anatomy hinders total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) treatment which may lead to higher recurrence and lower overall survival. In this retrospective study, we tried to identify the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of the spinal osseous SFT/HPC by analyzing the clinical data of 20 patients treated in our center between 2003 and 2015.

Patients and methods

20 patients who were surgically treated and documented in our center were included with 4 patients admitted for local recurrence. Relevant clinical, surgical and radiological data were collected by retrospective medical records review. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital, and informed consent was obtained from the surviving patients or family members of those who had passed away.
The pre- and postoperative neurologic status was classified according to the Frankel score [16]. All patients received at least one surgery in our center through individualized approaches according to the Weinstein–Boriani–Biagini (WBB) system [17]. The screw-rod system was used to reconstruct stability of the spine for all patients. Two experienced neuro-pathologists confirmed the pathological diagnosis of SFT/HPC independently and the diagnoses were classified as grade III (anaplastic) or grade II in accordance with the criteria described by 2016 CNS WHO [1].
We aimed to identify prognostic factors for patients with spinal SFT/HPCs after surgery by focusing on recurrence and over survival (OS) after the initial surgery in our center. Relapse was defined as local tumor growth on the basis of the clinical manifestations and imaging findings (such as enhanced MRI or CT scans). Regular assessments were performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, every 6 months for the next 2 years, and then annually for life. Follow-up data were obtained from office visits and telephone interviews. The follow-up period was defined as the interval from the date of surgery to death, or until March 2016 for living patients.

Statistical method

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The univariate analyses of various clinical factors were performed to identify possible variables which could predict recurrence and OS. We avoided multivariate analyses as there were only 20 cases in this series. The patient factors were age, gender, and preoperative Frankel score. The tumor factors were location, number of involved segments and the WHO grade. The treatment factors were preoperative selective artery embolism (PAE), resection mode, intraoperative blood loss and adjuvant radiotherapy. The survival probability and recurrence-free probability were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier methods. Log-rank tests were used to compare the survival probability or recurrence-free probability between groups. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient features

The essential information of 20 cases is summarized in Table 1. Our series comprised 9 men and 11 women, with a mean age of 39.3 (median 47, range 10–57) years. Of these patients, 14 (70.0%) were in the fourth or fifth decades. Lesions were detected in the cervical (n = 6), thoracic (n = 8), lumbar spine (n = 5) and sacrum (n = 1). 9 out of 11 (81.8%) grade II SFT/HPCs involved the cervical–thoracic segments, while the thoracic–lumbar segments were more frequently infringed by grade III (7 out of 9, 77.8%). In addition, lesion involving one segment occurred in 10 patients, while the other 10 patients had 2 or 3 segments involvements. Localized pain in the spine was the most common complaint with a mean duration of 4.8 (mean 3.5, range 0.5–15) months. Additional symptoms included varying degrees of cord compression at diagnosis in 13 (65%) patients with the Frankel score ranging from C to D and one patient showed the palpable mass near the lesion (case 9).
Table 1
Patients’ demographic details of spinal SFT/HPC
No.
Age (y)/gender
DS (months)
Symptoms
Treatment history
LC
WBB staging
Biopsy
Embolization
Bleeding
Surgical approach
Resection mode
RT
1
55/M
8
Back pain and right limb numbness
No
C7–T1
C–D, 1–5 section
IFP
No
600
P
En bloc
Yes
2
36/F
3
Back pain and lower extremities numbness
No
T5–6
B–D, 8–11 section
Yes
Yes
2400
P
En bloc
No
3
45/M
4
Back pain and lower extremities numbness
No
T7
B–D, 8–11 section
IFP
Yes
1200
P
Piecemeal
No
4
56/M
1
Thoracic back pain
Yes (subtotal resection 12 months before)
T2
A–C, 4–12 section
IFP
No
1600
P + A
Piecemeal
Yes
5
36/F
12
Recurrent low back pain
No
L3
A–C, 7–12 section
Yes
Yes
3400
P
En bloc
No
6
49/F
15
Low back pain and lower extremities numbness and pain
No
L1
A–D, 5–10 section
Yes
Yes
2000
P
Piecemeal
Yes
7
57/M
2
Back pain and zonesthesia, sphincter disturbance and paraplegia
No
T7–9
C–D, 1–5 section
IFP
No
1100
P
Subtotal
Yes
8
57/F
1
Thoracic back pain
No
T8
A–C, 1–5 section
Yes
Yes
900
P
En bloc
Yes
9
42/M
2
Neck pain and palpable mass
No
C5–6
A–B, 1–4 section
IFP
No
700
P
Piecemeal
Yes
10
46/F
6
Neck pain and left shoulder pain
No
C4–5
A–D, 3–7 section
IFP
No
500
P + A
Piecemeal
Yes
11
52/M
6
Neck pain
Yes (subtotal resection 13 months before)
C5–7
B–D, 3–9 section
IFP
No
4000
P + A
Piecemeal
Yes
12
33/M
4.5
Neck pain and left limb numbness and pain
No
C5–6
A–D, 4–9 section
Yes
No
1400
A
Subtotal
Yes
13
23/F
4
Neck pain and motion restriction
No
C2
A–C, 4–9 section
IFP
No
1000
P + A
Subtotal
Yes
14
42/F
2
Thoracic back pain
No
T9
A–D, 1–6 section
Yes
Yes
1000
P
Piecemeal
Yes
15
49/F
6
Thoracic back pain and lower extremities weakness
No
T1
A–D, 5–11 section
IFP
No
1200
P
Subtotal
Yes
16
48/F
0.5
Lower extremities numbness and weakness, sphincter disturbance
Yes (Total resection 14 Years before)
S1–3
A–D, 1–12 section
No
Yes
2800/1200
P + A (2 steps)
Piecemeal
Yes
17
10/F
2
Back pain and lower extremities weakness
Yes(subtotal resection 2 months before)
L1–2
B–D, 4–11 section
No
Yes
1000
P
Piecemeal
No
18
55/M
12
Right back pain and right limb numbness and pain, sphincter disturbance 2 weeks
No
L5–S2
A–D, 8–12 section
IFP
Yes
4500
P
Piecemeal
Yes
19
57/M
2
Back pain and lower extremities numbness
No
T4
A–D, 3–9 section
No
Yes
1200
P
Subtotal
No
20
35/F
3
Back pain and lower extremities numbness
No
L2
B–D, 2–7 section
Yes
No
1600
P
En bloc
No
X
39.3
4.8
      
1765
   
WHO classification
F-S pre/post (3 months)
Complications
Radiological FU (months)
Clinical FU (months)
LR (months)
Metastasis
Last status (months)
Reason of death
II
D/E
93
93
No
NED
II
D/D
72
75
Yes (73)
AWD
II
D/E
72
77
Yes (70)
DEAD
Spinal cord compression
III
E/E
Dysphonia
42
45
Yes (28)
Yes (both lungs)
DEAD
Metastasis
III
E/E
30
33
No
NED
III
D/E
23
37
Yes (23)
DEAD
Spinal cord compression
II
C/C
54
73
Yes (53)
Yes (lung and ribs)
DEAD
Metastasis
II
E/E
Pleural effusion
40
41
No
NED
III
E/E
46
46
Yes (37)
AWD
II
D/E
12
13
No
AWD
II
D/E
Left cervical 7 nerve sacrificed
10
11
No
NED
II
D/E
6
7
No
AWD
III
E/E
18
30
Yes (16)
DEAD
Cerebral hemorrhage
III
E/D
24
24
No
NED
III
C/D
18
24
Yes (17)
Yes (lung and brain)
DEAD
Lung infection
II
C/E
36
36
No
NED
II
D/E
24
28
No
No
NED
III
C/D
18
20
No
No
NED
III
C/E
18
18
Yes (12)
No
AWD
II
E/E
30
34
No
No
NED
   
34.3
38.3
    
HPC hemangiopericytoma, X mean, y year, M male, F female, DS duration of preoperative symptom, LC location, C cervical, T thoracic, L lumbar, F-S Frankel score, pre preoperation, IFP intraoperative fast pathology examination, P posterior, A anterior subtotal subtotal resection, total total piecemeal resection, En bloc en bloc spondylectomy, RT radiotherapy, FU follow-up, LR local recurrence, NED no evidence of disease, AWD alive with disease
The mean radiological follow-up time was 34.3 (median 27, range 6–93) months. While the mean clinical follow-up period was 38.3 (median 35, range 7–93) months, and 6 patients passed away with the mean follow-up time of 47.7 (median 41, range 24–77) months. Relapse was detected in 9 patients (45%) after the initial surgery in our center with the mean time from surgery to recurrence being 36.6 (median 28, range 12–73) months.

Treatment history

Four patients received prior treatment at other institutions. One of them (case 16) received total resection followed by conventional radiation therapy 14 years ago. Three cases (cases 4, 11 and 17) had already been subjected to incomplete tumor resections at other institutions and were admitted to our center because of recurrence.

Radiologic study

Lesion extension was described according to the WBB system, based on CT and MR images. The plain radiographic features were nonspecific and compression fracture was uncommon (25.0%, 5 out of 20) in our cases. On CT scan, 7 out of 11 (63.6%) grade II SFT/HPC lesions appeared as a well-defined, heterogeneous or homogeneous iso-dense mass with sclerotic bone responses, and showed moderate to marked enhancement following contrast administration (Fig. 1). By contrast, 6 out of 9 (66.7%) grade III SFT/HPCs lesions showed ill-circumscribed margins with paravertebral mass (Fig. 2). A heterogeneous enhancement after the administration of a contrast medium was observed in MRI images in all cases.

Pathology

Pathological diagnosis of HPC was made by identifying typical features such as the branching ‘‘staghorn’’ vasculature, the widespread staining for reticulin and the absence of staining for epithelial membrane antigen. According to the 2016 WHO guidelines [1], tumors with anaplastic features were grade III, which is characterized by high mitotic activity (more than five mitoses per 10 high-power field) and grade II lesions usually indicate “SFT” or low-grade HPC. In our study, 9 (45%) patients were assessed as grade III, while 11 patients (55%) were classified as grade II. Immunohistochemistry showed the following: the positive rates of vimentin, CD34, CD31, CD99, bcl-2, CK, S100, NSE and EMA were 19/20 (95%), 17/18 (94.4%), 10/12 (83.3%), 7/12 (58.3%), 13/13 (100%), 1/9 (11.1%), 2/18 (11.1%), 1/7 (14.3%), 5/16 (31.3%), respectively (Fig. 3). For Ki-67 labeling index, although there was no statistical difference between two groups for relapse rate (P = 0.327) and OS (P = 0.576), it was relatively higher in anaplastic group. Mean Ki-67 labeling index was 18.1% with a range of 8–40% for grade III SFT/HPCs, while for grade II, the index was 5.5% with a range of 2–10%.

Prognosis and survival analysis

The survival analysis of clinical factors is shown in Table 2. Postoperative recurrence is not uncommon for osseous SFT/HPC [2, 3, 18, 19]. In our study, the overall relapse rate was 45%.
Table 2
Patient characteristics and log-rank analysis of prognostic factors affecting recurrence of spinal SFT/HPC
Factors
n
Free of relapse
Survival
Median (months)
Percentage
P values
Median time (months)
Percentage
P values
Age, < 40/> 40
6/14
30.5 vs. 26
66.7 vs. 50
0.568
31.5 vs. 36.5
64.3 vs. 83.3
0.824
Gender, M/F
9/11
28 vs. 28
44.4 vs. 63.6
0.774
45 vs. 33
66.7 vs. 72.7
0.344
Preoperative Frankel score, D–E/A–C
15/5
28 vs. 20
60 vs. 40
0.183
34 vs. 24
73.3 vs. 60
0.203
Location cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacrum
6/8/5/1
14.5 vs. 37.5 vs. 23 vs. 28
66.7 vs. 37.5 vs. 60 vs. 100
0.811
21.5 vs. 43 vs. 28 vs. 36
83.3 vs. 50 vs. 80 vs. 100
0.77
Treatment history, no/yes
16/4
28.5 vs. 28
50 vs. 75
0.949
33.5 vs. 32
68.8 vs. 75
0.644
No. of involved segment, mono/multisegment
10/10
26 vs. 32
40 vs. 70
0.075
33.5 vs. 32
50 vs. 90
0.058
Preoperative selective arterial embolism, no/yes
10/10
22.5 vs. 30.5
50 vs. 60
0.48
32 vs. 34.5
60 vs. 80
0.475
Resection mode, subtotal/total piecemeal/total en bloc
5/10/5
16 vs. 26 vs. 41
20 vs. 60 vs. 80
0.003*
24 vs. 32 vs. 41
40 vs. 70 vs. 100
0.023*
En bloc/non-en bloc
5/15
41 vs. 23
80 vs. 46.7
0.045*
37.5 vs. 28
100 vs. 60
0.09
Total/subtotal
15/5
33 vs. 16
66.7 vs. 20
0.001*
36 vs. 24
80 vs. 40
0.006*
Intraoperative blood loss, > 2000/< 2000
6/14
28 vs. 28
66.7 vs. 50
0.579
34.5 vs. 32
83.3 vs. 64.3
0.782
Ki67 index, < 10/≥ 10%
10/10
31 vs. 26
70 vs. 40
0.327
32 vs. 35
80 vs. 60
0.576
WHO grade, II/III
11/9
36 vs. 23
72.7 vs. 33.3
0.001*
36 vs. 30
81.8 vs. 55.6
0.013*
Adjuvant radiotherapy, no/yes
6/14
33.5 vs. 23.5
50 vs. 57.1
0.571
33.5 vs. 33
83.3 vs. 64.3
0.283
Recurrence, no/yes
11/9
   
28 vs. 45
100 vs. 33.3
0.067
*Statistical significance (P < 0.05)
Surgery was performed in all cases; 5 patients underwent subtotal resection and 15 had total resection including 5 TES (Table 3). The results demonstrated significantly (P = 0.003) lower relapse in cases of total resection, especially TES, in comparison with those of subtotal resection. Mean recurrence-free survival in patients undergoing total resection surgery was 37.6 (range 11–93) months. Conversely, patients with a subtotal resection had a mean recurrence-free survival time of 21 (range 7–53) months. Also, the mortality trends for total and subtotal resections (Table 3) were statistically (P = 0.013) different and subtotal resection was observed to be related to higher incidences (60%) of mortality. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 1765 (median 1200, range 500–4500) ml. There was no significant difference in recurrence rate in patients with intraoperative blood loss [2000 ml and those B 2000 ml (P = 0.579)]. PAE was used in ten patients to reduce intraoperative blood loss, but no significant difference in recurrence rate or OS was observed (P = 0.48, 0.475) (Fig. 4a, b).
Table 3
Treatment protocols and recurrence in two types of SFT/HPC in the mobile spine
 
WHO III
WHO II
N
Relapse
%
N
Relapse
%
Treatment
 Subtotal
3
3
100
2
1
50
 Total
5
3
60
5
2
40
 En bloc
1
0
0
4
1
25.5
Postoperative relapse occurred in 66.7% (6/9) of grade III patients in this study. In comparison, only 27.3% (3/11) of grade II patients developed local recurrence. The median relapse-free survival was 36 months for grade II HPC and 23 months for grade III. In log-rank analysis, grade III tumors were associated with a higher recurrence rate (P = 0.001) and a decreased OS (P = 0.013) (Fig. 4c, d).
Postoperative radiotherapy was performed in 14 patients with the median dose of 45 Gy (range 40–55). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in relapse-free survival or OS (P = 0.571, 0.283). No significant differences were shown in other factors such as age, gender, preoperative Frankel score, location, treatment history, numbers of involved segment and intraoperative blood loss.

Complications

Pleural damage occurred in one patient (case 8) and pleurocentesis and drainage were conducted to alleviate the postoperative pleural effusion. For case 11, the left cervical nerve (C7) was invaded by the lesions and had to be sacrificed. Postoperative dysphonia occurred in one patient (case 4) and vanished gradually within 1 year without special intervention.

Discussion

SFT/HPC is a rare and potentially aggressive lesion and SFT/HPC of bone is even rarer, accounting for 0.1% of malignant primary bone tumors and 11% of malignant vascular bone tumors [11]. Because of the low incidence of spinal osseous SFT/HPC, the biological behavior and prognosis factors were poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the clinical data of 20 patients with primary epidural SFT/HPCs and performed univariate statistical analysis to investigate the prognostic factors affecting postoperative recurrence and OS. The results indicated that WHO grade III and total resection, especially TES, were independent prognostic factors for both recurrence and OS.
In our series, the similar gender distribution was seen, which was against the idea that osseous SFT/HPC occurred with a slight predominance among males [1, 15, 19, 20]. In previous reports [6, 7], intraspinal HPCs commonly occurred in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spine and rarely in the lumbar and sacral segments. Our results are in accord with these reports that 14 out of 20 (70%) cases located at the cervical and thoracic spine, while thoracic–lumbar segments were more frequently infringed by grade III SFT/HPCs (7 out of 9, 77.8%). Solitary segment involvement was found in half of the cases and 65% of the cases endured neurologic disorders. Only one patient showed the palpable mass near the lesion (case 9), which was not same with other reports [2, 4] which stated that osseous spinal SFT/HPC was more likely to have paravertebral extension and less likely to involve the vertebral canal. Localized pain in the spine was the most common complaint, with 80% of cases enduring less than 6 months before admission.
The radiographic changes were nonspecific [2]. CT scan is superior to X-ray in evaluating bone destruction, and MRI is more accurate in detecting extraosseous extent of the tumor [11, 21]. MRI, especially with gadolinium enhancement, remains as an important choice for better definition of lesions and for evaluating relations with the thecal sac, spinal nerves and major vessels. In our series, the radiological differential diagnoses included giant cell tumors, malignant schwannoma, benign hemangioma (case 3), and other metastatic tumors. Osteolytic changes were common for spinal SFT/HPCs and soft tissue extension was more apparent for grade III lesions (66.7%).
Since the WHO classification of SFT/HPC in 2016 [1], there was no study examining the difference in outcomes between spinal osseous grade II and III SFT/HPC. McMaster et al. [22] studied soft tissue SFT/HPC and concluded that malignant variants (WHO grade III) had a higher risk of recurrence and metastases. Omprakash et al. [23] reported that for primary intracranial SFT/HPC, grade II tumours were associated with better survival than grade III using multivariate analysis (P = 0.044). Our study is the first to show that for the spinal osseous cases, grade III were associated with a higher recurrence rate (P = 0.001) and a decreased OS (P = 0.013) than grade II lesions, which may be due to the higher filtration feature of WHO III lesion [8, 10].
Surgery with the aim of preserving functionality, relieving pain, controlling local recurrence and promising a prolonged survival is the foundational treatment strategy for osseous SFT/HPCs in the spine [4, 5, 7]. Because SFT/HPCs, especially grade III, have the character of local infiltration, the local recurrence rate will be high if surgery is inadequate [4, 8, 10]. The surgical procedures applicable to the spinal column include the simplest subtotal resection, piecemeal total spondylectomy, and the most complex TES [17, 2426]. In our retrospective review of these cases, it appeared that subtotal resection led to a high rate of tumor recurrence. For example, for three patients who were treated at other hospitals for a single vertebral lesion, MRI detected recurrence of the lesion in the original segment and even in the adjacent vertebrae and surrounding soft tissue several months later. In those cases, surgical resection and reconstruction of the spine were more difficult and TES was unfeasible. The univariant analysis in our study suggested that total resection could significantly decrease recurrence rate (P = 0.003) and prolong the OS (P = 0.023) of spinal SFT/HPCs.
Some researchers reported that piecemeal total resection with postoperative radiotherapy was sufficient for spinal grade II SFT/HPCs because of its slow and non-aggressive course [18, 27], but the majority of experts held the view that TES was the best treatment when it was possible [2, 5, 18, 25]. In our study, piecemeal total resection showed better prognosis than subtotal resection (P < 0.001), but the relapse rate was as high as 60% for grade III and 40% for grade II. The reason may be that piecemeal total spondylectomy is associated with a possibility of tumor cell contamination in the surgical field [17, 2326]. As a result, due to the lower filtration feature and relatively clear lesion margin, it is of great significance to conduct the TES for the grade II SFT/HPCs when possible. In our cases, only 1 of 5 who had TES showed relapse 73 months after the initial surgery.
Concern about the high risk of recurrence was the most common reason for adjuvant radiation treatment [27, 28]. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy had been used as adjuvant therapies for spinal SFT/HPCs, especially for the recurred lesions 19. Guthrie et al. [29] also noted a relapse-free time improvement from 34 to 75 months for meningeal SFT/HPC. Meanwhile, radiotherapy alone may be helpful in the treatment of inoperable or small SFT/HPC lesions [30]. In our study, patients who underwent radiotherapy did not show statistical difference compared to others in relapse-free survival or OS (P = 0.571, 0.283). However, we still assume that radiotherapy should be regarded as a beneficial supplement after removal of the gross mass for spinal SFT/HPCs. Chemotherapy was ineffective in the treatment of spinal SFT/HPCs [19, 30]. In a study where 12 patients underwent chemotherapy as salvage treatment, only one patient responded to treatment by the shrinkage of the pulmonary metastases [19]. As a result, no patient in our study received postoperative chemotherapy.
Osseous SFT/HPC in the spine is a topic rarely reported and as far as we know, our series is the largest series to date. However, there are some limitations in this study. First, this is a retrospective study, being performed over 12 years, with all the limitations thereof. Surgical techniques, treatment of spinal cord injury and postoperative adjuvant therapies have been considerably more developed during the follow-up period. These developments may aid in safely accomplishing tumor removal and avoiding postoperative complications, therefore, exerting an effect on the surgical and clinical outcome of the surgery. Second, as there were only 20 cases in our series, we utilized log-rank tests and Kaplan–Meier analyses and avoided multivariate analyses. Third, the functions of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for spinal SFT/HPC were still unclear and may need future investigations.

Conclusion

Spinal osseous SFT/HPC is a challenging clinical entity given its high local recurrence rate. Surgical management plays a crucial role in the whole treatment of spinal SFT/HPCs and as subtotal excision easily leads to relapse, total excision, especially TES, should be strived for whenever possible. Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended to lower the recurrent rate. This study also confirms that pathology grade III is an adverse prognostic factor for spinal osseous SFT/HPCs.

Compliance with ethical standards

Source of funding

This work was supported in part by the China Scholarship Council (Grant no. 201603170230).

Conflict of interest

No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript. No conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript for all authors, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Metadaten
Titel
Surgical management of spinal solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma: a case series of 20 patients
verfasst von
Qi Jia
Zhenhua Zhou
Dan Zhang
Jian Yang
Chao Liu
Ting Wang
Zhipeng Wu
Cheng Yang
Haifeng Wei
Jian Zhao
Tielong Liu
Wang Zhou
Xinghai Yang
Jianru Xiao
Publikationsdatum
10.11.2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
European Spine Journal / Ausgabe 4/2018
Print ISSN: 0940-6719
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0932
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-5376-0

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