Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Intensive Care Medicine
Erschienen in: Intensive Care Medicine 3/2017

18.01.2017 | Conference Reports and Expert Panel

Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016

verfasst von: Andrew Rhodes, Laura E. Evans, Waleed Alhazzani, Mitchell M. Levy, Massimo Antonelli, Ricard Ferrer, Anand Kumar, Jonathan E. Sevransky, Charles L. Sprung, Mark E. Nunnally, Bram Rochwerg, Gordon D. Rubenfeld, Derek C. Angus, Djillali Annane, Richard J. Beale, Geoffrey J. Bellinghan, Gordon R. Bernard, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Craig Coopersmith, Daniel P. De Backer, Craig J. French, Seitaro Fujishima, Herwig Gerlach, Jorge Luis Hidalgo, Steven M. Hollenberg, Alan E. Jones, Dilip R. Karnad, Ruth M. Kleinpell, Younsuk Koh, Thiago Costa Lisboa, Flavia R. Machado, John J. Marini, John C. Marshall, John E. Mazuski, Lauralyn A. McIntyre, Anthony S. McLean, Sangeeta Mehta, Rui P. Moreno, John Myburgh, Paolo Navalesi, Osamu Nishida, Tiffany M. Osborn, Anders Perner, Colleen M. Plunkett, Marco Ranieri, Christa A. Schorr, Maureen A. Seckel, Christopher W. Seymour, Lisa Shieh, Khalid A. Shukri, Steven Q. Simpson, Mervyn Singer, B. Taylor Thompson, Sean R. Townsend, Thomas Van der Poll, Jean-Louis Vincent, W. Joost Wiersinga, Janice L. Zimmerman, R. Phillip Dellinger

Erschienen in: Intensive Care Medicine | Ausgabe 3/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Objective

To provide an update to “Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2012”.

Design

A consensus committee of 55 international experts representing 25 international organizations was convened. Nominal groups were assembled at key international meetings (for those committee members attending the conference). A formal conflict-of-interest (COI) policy was developed at the onset of the process and enforced throughout. A stand-alone meeting was held for all panel members in December 2015. Teleconferences and electronic-based discussion among subgroups and among the entire committee served as an integral part of the development.

Methods

The panel consisted of five sections: hemodynamics, infection, adjunctive therapies, metabolic, and ventilation. Population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) questions were reviewed and updated as needed, and evidence profiles were generated. Each subgroup generated a list of questions, searched for best available evidence, and then followed the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to assess the quality of evidence from high to very low, and to formulate recommendations as strong or weak, or best practice statement when applicable.

Results

The Surviving Sepsis Guideline panel provided 93 statements on early management and resuscitation of patients with sepsis or septic shock. Overall, 32 were strong recommendations, 39 were weak recommendations, and 18 were best-practice statements. No recommendation was provided for four questions.

Conclusions

Substantial agreement exists among a large cohort of international experts regarding many strong recommendations for the best care of patients with sepsis. Although a significant number of aspects of care have relatively weak support, evidence-based recommendations regarding the acute management of sepsis and septic shock are the foundation of improved outcomes for these critically ill patients with high mortality.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW et al (2016) The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315(8):801–810PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Shankar-Hari M, Phillips GS, Levy ML et al (2016) Developing a new definition and assessing new clinical criteria for septic shock: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315(8):775–787PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ et al (2016) Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 315(8):762–774PubMedCrossRef
4.
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR (2001) Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 29(7):1303–1310PubMedCrossRef
5.
6.
Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M (2003) The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 348(16):1546–1554PubMedCrossRef
7.
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC et al (2003) 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 31(4):1250–1256PubMedCrossRef
8.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39(2):165–228PubMedCrossRef
9.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 41(2):580–637PubMedCrossRef
10.
Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H et al (2004) Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 32(3):858–873PubMedCrossRef
11.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 36(1):296–327PubMedCrossRef
12.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM et al (2008) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 36(1):296–327PubMedCrossRef
13.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R et al (2011) GRADE guidelines: 2. Framing the question and deciding on important outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol 64(4):395–400PubMedCrossRef
14.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE et al (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336(7650):924–926PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Guyatt GH, Schunemann HJ, Djulbegovic B, Akl EA (2015) Guideline panels should not GRADE good practice statements. J Clin Epidemiol 68(5):597–600PubMedCrossRef
16.
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345(19):1368–1377PubMedCrossRef
17.
Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496–1506PubMedCrossRef
18.
Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683–1693PubMedCrossRef
19.
Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS et al (2015) Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 372(14):1301–1311PubMedCrossRef
20.
Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR et al (2010) The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 38(2):367–374PubMedCrossRef
21.
Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS et al (2015) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Crit Care Med 43(1):3–12PubMedCrossRef
22.
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M et al (2014) Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 40(12):1795–1815PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Eskesen TG, Wetterslev M, Perner A (2016) Systematic review including re-analyses of 1148 individual data sets of central venous pressure as a predictor of fluid responsiveness. Intensive Care Med 42(3):324–332PubMedCrossRef
24.
Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL (2016) Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42(12):1935–1947PubMedCrossRef
25.
Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL et al (2015) Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study: a global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med 41(9):1529–1537PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
LeDoux D, Astiz ME, Carpati CM, Rackow EC (2000) Effects of perfusion pressure on tissue perfusion in septic shock. Crit Care Med 28(8):2729–2732PubMedCrossRef
27.
Bourgoin A, Leone M, Delmas A, Garnier F, Albanese J, Martin C (2005) Increasing mean arterial pressure in patients with septic shock: effects on oxygen variables and renal function. Crit Care Med 33(4):780–786PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel JF et al (2014) High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(17):1583–1593PubMedCrossRef
30.
Lamontagne F, Meade MO, Hebert PC et al (2016) Higher versus lower blood pressure targets for vasopressor therapy in shock: a multicentre pilot randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 42(4):542–550PubMedCrossRef
31.
Levy B (2006) Lactate and shock state: the metabolic view. Curr Opin Crit Care. 12(4):315–321PubMedCrossRef
32.
Casserly B, Phillips GS, Schorr C et al (2015) Lactate measurements in sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion: results from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign database. Crit Care Med 43(3):567–573PubMedCrossRef
33.
Jansen TC, van Bommel J, Schoonderbeek FJ et al (2010) Early lactate-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182(6):752–761PubMedCrossRef
34.
Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S et al (2010) Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 303(8):739–746PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
Lyu X, Xu Q, Cai G, Yan J, Yan M (2015) Efficacies of fluid resuscitation as guided by lactate clearance rate and central venous oxygen saturation in patients with septic shock. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 95(7):496–500PubMed
36.
Tian HH, Han SS, Lv CJ et al (2012) The effect of early goal lactate clearance rate on the outcome of septic shock patients with severe pneumonia. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 24(1):42–45PubMed
37.
Yu B, Tian HY, Hu ZJ et al (2013) Comparison of the effect of fluid resuscitation as guided either by lactate clearance rate or by central venous oxygen saturation in patients with sepsis. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 25(10):578–583PubMed
38.
Gu WJ, Zhang Z, Bakker J (2015) Early lactate clearance-guided therapy in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 41(10):1862–1863PubMedCrossRef
39.
Simpson SQ, Gaines M, Hussein Y, Badgett RG (2016) Early goal-directed therapy for severe sepsis and septic shock: a living systematic review. J Crit Care 36:43–48PubMedCrossRef
40.
Dellinger RP (2015) Foreword. The future of sepsis performance improvement. Crit Care Med 43(9):1787–1789PubMedCrossRef
41.
Murphy DJ, Ogbu OC, Coopersmith CM (2015) ICU director data: using data to assess value, inform local change, and relate to the external world. Chest 147(4):1168–1178PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Black MD, Schorr C, Levy MM (2012) Knowledge translation and the multifaceted intervention in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 40(4):1324–1328PubMedCrossRef
43.
Gatewood MO, Wemple M, Greco S, Kritek PA, Durvasula R (2015) A quality improvement project to improve early sepsis care in the emergency department. BMJ Qual Saf 24(12):787–795PubMedCrossRef
44.
Hayden GE, Tuuri RE, Scott R et al (2016) Triage sepsis alert and sepsis protocol lower times to fluids and antibiotics in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 34(1):1–9
45.
Jones SL, Ashton CM, Kiehne L et al (2015) Reductions in sepsis mortality and costs after design and implementation of a nurse-based early recognition and response program. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 41(11):483–491PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Levy MM, Pronovost PJ, Dellinger RP et al (2004) Sepsis change bundles: converting guidelines into meaningful change in behavior and clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 32(11 Suppl):S595–S597PubMedCrossRef
47.
Damiani E, Donati A, Serafini G et al (2015) Effect of performance improvement programs on compliance with sepsis bundles and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 10(5):e0125827PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Rhodes A, Phillips G, Beale R et al (2015) The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundles and outcome: results from the International Multicentre Prevalence Study on Sepsis (the IMPreSS study). Intensive Care Med 41(9):1620–1628PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zadroga R, Williams DN, Gottschall R et al (2013) Comparison of 2 blood culture media shows significant differences in bacterial recovery for patients on antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 56(6):790–797PubMedCrossRef
50.
Kanegaye JT, Soliemanzadeh P, Bradley JS (2001) Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment. Pediatrics 108(5):1169–1174PubMed
51.
Pollack LA, van Santen KL, Weiner LM, Dudeck MA, Edwards JR, Srinivasan A (2016) Antibiotic stewardship programs in U.S. acute care hospitals: findings from the 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Hospital Survey. Clin Infect Dis. 63(4):443–449
52.
Cardoso T, Carneiro A, Ribeiro O, Teixeira-Pinto A, Costa-Pereira A (2010) Reducing mortality in severe sepsis with the implementation of a core 6-hour bundle: results from the Portuguese community-acquired sepsis study (SACiUCI study). Crit Care 14(3):R83PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
De Sousa AG, Fernandes Junior CJ, Santos GPD et al (2008) The impact of each action in the Surviving Sepsis Campaign measures on hospital mortality of patients with severe sepsis/septic shock. Einstein. 6(3):323–327
54.
Garnacho-Montero J, Gutiérrez-Pizarraya A, Escoresca-Ortega A et al (2013) De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 40(1):32-40. doi:10.​1007/​s00134-013-3077-7
55.
Weiss CH, Persell SD, Wunderink RG, Baker DW (2012) Empiric antibiotic, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter duration as potential factors mediating the effect of a checklist prompting intervention on mortality: an exploratory analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 12(1):1CrossRef
56.
Ferrer R, Artigas A, Suarez D et al (2009) Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180(9):861–866PubMedCrossRef
57.
Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE et al (2006) Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34(6):1589–1596PubMedCrossRef
58.
59.
Weinstein MP, Reller LB, Murphy JR, Lichtenstein KA (1983) The clinical significance of positive blood cultures: a comprehensive analysis of 500 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. I. Laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Rev Infect Dis 5(1):35–53PubMedCrossRef
60.
Li J, Plorde JJ, Carlson LG (1994) Effects of volume and periodicity on blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 32(11):2829–2831PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP et al (2013) A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis 57(4):e22–e121PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
O’Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA et al (2011) Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 52(9):e162–e193PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitenberg G et al (1998) Earlier positivity of central venous versus peripheral blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 36(1):105–109PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Hellmich M, Kern WV, Seifert H (2014) Differential time to positivity is not predictive for central line-related Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in routine clinical care. J Infect 68(1):58–61PubMedCrossRef
65.
Malgrange VB, Escande MC, Theobald S (2001) Validity of earlier positivity of central venous blood cultures in comparison with peripheral blood cultures for diagnosing catheter-related bacteremia in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 39(1):274–278PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
O’Grady NP, Barie PS, Bartlett JG et al (2008) Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med 36(4):1330–1349PubMedCrossRef
67.
Mermel LA, Allon M, Bouza E et al (2009) Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 49(1):1–45PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Boyce JM, Nadeau J, Dumigan D et al (2013) Obtaining blood cultures by venipuncture versus from central lines: impact on blood culture contamination rates and potential effect on central line-associated bloodstream infection reporting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 34(10):1042–1047PubMedCrossRef
69.
Beekmann SE, Diekema DJ, Huskins WC et al (2012) Diagnosing and reporting of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 33(9):875–882PubMedCrossRef
70.
Garcia RA, Spitzer ED, Beaudry J et al (2015) Multidisciplinary team review of best practices for collection and handling of blood cultures to determine effective interventions for increasing the yield of true-positive bacteremias, reducing contamination, and eliminating false-positive central line-associated bloodstream infections. Am J Infect Control 43(11):1222–1237PubMedCrossRef
71.
Vincent JL, Brealey D, Libert N et al (2015) Rapid diagnosis of infection in the critically ill, a multicenter study of molecular detection in bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and sterile site infections. Crit Care Med 43(11):2283–2291PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Makristathis A, Riss S, Hirschl AM (2014) A novel fluorescence in situ hybridization test for rapid pathogen identification in positive blood cultures. Clin Microbiol Infect 20(10):O760–O763PubMedCrossRef
73.
Tissari P, Zumla A, Tarkka E et al (2010) Accurate and rapid identification of bacterial species from positive blood cultures with a DNA-based microarray platform: an observational study. Lancet 375(9710):224–230PubMedCrossRef
74.
Ferrer R, Martin-Loeches I, Phillips G et al (2014) Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Crit Care Med 42(8):1749–1755PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zhang D, Micek ST, Kollef MH (2015) Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy is an independent determinant of postinfection ICU and hospital lengths of stay in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 43(10):2133–2140PubMedCrossRef
76.
Bagshaw SM, Lapinsky S, Dial S et al (2009) Acute kidney injury in septic shock: clinical outcomes and impact of duration of hypotension prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy. Intensive Care Med 35(5):871–881PubMedCrossRef
77.
Iscimen R, Cartin-Ceba R, Yilmaz M et al (2008) Risk factors for the development of acute lung injury in patients with septic shock: an observational cohort study. Crit Care Med 36(5):1518–1522PubMedCrossRef
78.
Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabo-Pallas T, Garnacho-Montero C et al (2006) Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of outcome than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 10(4):R111PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Barie PS, Hydo LJ, Shou J, Larone DH, Eachempati SR (2005) Influence of antibiotic therapy on mortality of critical surgical illness caused or complicated by infection. Surg Infect. 6(1):41–54CrossRef
80.
81.
Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA et al (2010) Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med 38(4):1045–1053PubMedCrossRef
82.
Kumar A (2016) Systematic bias in meta-analyses of time to antimicrobial in sepsis studies. Crit Care Med 44(4):e234–e235PubMed
83.
Shirakura Y, Kuriyama A (2016) Timing of antibiotic administration in sepsis and septic shock: the impact that a meta-analysis does not depict. Crit Care Med 44(10):e1004PubMedCrossRef
84.
Kaasch AJ, Rieg S, Kuetscher J et al (2013) Delay in the administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: a prospective multicenter hospital-based cohort study. Infection 41(5):979–985PubMedCrossRef
85.
Corona A, Bertolini G, Lipman J, Wilson AP, Singer M (2010) Antibiotic use and impact on outcome from bacteraemic critical illness: the BActeraemia Study in Intensive Care (BASIC). J Antimicrob Chemother 65(6):1276–1285PubMedCrossRef
86.
Giner AM, Kuster SP, Zbinden R, Ruef C, Ledergerber B, Weber R (2011) Initial management of and outcome in patients with pneumococcal bacteremia: a retrospective study at a Swiss university hospital, 2003-2009. Infection 39(6):519–526PubMedCrossRef
87.
Lin MY, Weinstein RA, Hota B (2008) Delay of active antimicrobial therapy and mortality among patients with bacteremia: impact of severe neutropenia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52(9):3188–3194PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Amaral AC, Fowler RA, Pinto R et al (2016) Patient and organizational factors associated with delays in antimicrobial therapy for septic shock. Crit Care Med 44(12):2145–2153PubMedCrossRef
89.
Funk DJ, Kumar A (2011) Antimicrobial therapy for life-threatening infections: speed is life. Crit Care Clin 27(1):53–76PubMedCrossRef
90.
Petitpas F, Guenezan J, Vendeuvre T, Scepi M, Oriot D, Mimoz O (2016) Use of intra-osseous access in adults: a systematic review. Crit Care 20(1):102PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Buck ML, Wiggins BS, Sesler JM (2007) Intraosseous drug administration in children and adults during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Pharmacother 41(10):1679–1686PubMedCrossRef
92.
Romanelli G, Cravarezza P, Group IIMS (1995) Intramuscular meropenem in the treatment of bacterial infections of the urinary and lower respiratory tracts. J Antimicrob Chemother 36(suppl A):109–119PubMedCrossRef
93.
Cormio L, Berardi B, Callea A et al (2002) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for transrectal prostatic biopsy: a prospective study of ciprofloxacin vs piperacillin/tazobactam. BJU Int 90(7):700–702PubMedCrossRef
94.
Barbhaiya RH, Knupp CA, Tenney J, Martin RR, Weidler DJ, Pittman KA (1990) Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered intramuscularly to healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 30(10):900–910PubMedCrossRef
95.
Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y et al (2009) Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a five-fold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136(5):1237–1248PubMedCrossRef
96.
Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2000) The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 118(1):146–155PubMedCrossRef
97.
Paul M, Shani V, Muchtar E, Kariv G, Robenshtok E, Leibovici L (2010) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for sepsis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(11):4851–4863PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
Kreger BE, Craven DE, McCabe WR (1980) Gram-negative bacteremia. IV. Re-evaluation of clinical features and treatment in 612 patients. Am J Med 68(3):344–355PubMedCrossRef
99.
Mermel LA, Maki DG (1993) Detection of bacteremia in adults: consequences of culturing an inadequate volume of blood. Ann Intern Med 119(4):270–272PubMedCrossRef
100.
Bow EJ, Evans G, Fuller J et al (2010) Canadian clinical practice guidelines for invasive candidiasis in adults. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 21(4):e122–e150PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
Connolly S (2011) Clinical Practice Guidelines: Burn Patient Management. ACI Statewide Burn Injury Service. Chatswood, NSW, Australia: NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation
102.
Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T et al (2012) ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(Suppl 7):19–37PubMedCrossRef
103.
Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M et al (2016) Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 63(5):e61–e111PubMedCrossRef
104.
Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE et al (2011) Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis 52(3):e18–e55PubMedCrossRef
105.
Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR et al (2016) Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 62(4):e1–e50PubMedCrossRef
106.
Penack O, Becker C, Buchheidt D et al (2014) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: 2014 updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (AGIHO). Ann Hematol 93(7):1083–1095PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Penack O, Buchheidt D, Christopeit M et al (2011) Management of sepsis in neutropenic patients: guidelines from the infectious diseases working party of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology. Ann Oncol 22(5):1019–1029PubMedCrossRef
108.
Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS et al (2010) Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Surg Infect. 11(1):79–109CrossRef
109.
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al (2014) Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 59(2):147–159PubMedCrossRef
110.
Micek ST, Welch EC, Khan J et al (2010) Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome in gram-negative sepsis: a retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 54(5):1742–1748CrossRef
111.
Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM et al (1994) Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 220(6):751–758PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM et al (2001) Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 33(2):177–186PubMedCrossRef
113.
Green DL (2005) Selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen for hospital-acquired pneumonia using a unit and culture-type specific antibiogram. J Intensive Care Med. 20(5):296–301PubMedCrossRef
114.
Kaufman D, Haas CE, Edinger R, Hollick G (1998) Antibiotic susceptibility in the surgical intensive care unit compared with the hospital-wide antibiogram. Arch Surg 133(10):1041–1045PubMedCrossRef
115.
Kerremans JJ, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC (2012) Frequency of microbiologically correct antibiotic therapy increased by infectious disease consultations and microbiological results. J Clin Microbiol 50(6):2066–2068PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
116.
Raineri E, Pan A, Mondello P, Acquarolo A, Candiani A, Crema L (2008) Role of the infectious diseases specialist consultant on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy prescription in an intensive care unit. Am J Infect Control 36(4):283–290PubMedCrossRef
117.
Bai AD, Showler A, Burry L et al (2015) Impact of infectious disease consultation on quality of care, mortality, and length of stay in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: results from a large multicenter cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 60(10):1451–1461PubMed
118.
Guo Y, Gao W, Yang H, Ma C, Sui S (2016) De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis. Heart Lung 45(5):454–459PubMedCrossRef
119.
Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre P et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 344(10):699–709PubMedCrossRef
120.
Klein Klouwenberg PM, Cremer OL, van Vught LA et al (2015) Likelihood of infection in patients with presumed sepsis at the time of intensive care unit admission: a cohort study. Crit Care 19:319PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
Working Gropu IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines (2013) IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 13(4):e1–e15CrossRef
122.
Wittau M, Mayer B, Scheele J, Henne-Bruns D, Dellinger EP, Isenmann R (2011) Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 46(3):261–270PubMedCrossRef
123.
Avni T, Levcovich A, Ad-El DD, Leibovici L, Paul M (2010) Prophylactic antibiotics for burns patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340:c241PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Barajas‐Nava LA, López‐Alcalde J, Roqué i Figuls M, Solà I, Bonfill Cosp X (2013) Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing burn wound infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6:CD008738
125.
Chelluri L, Jastremski MS (1987) Inadequacy of standard aminoglycoside loading doses in acutely ill patients. Crit Care Med 15(12):1143–1145PubMedCrossRef
126.
Pletz M, Bloos F, Burkhardt O et al (2010) Pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Intensive Care Med 36(6):979–983PubMedCrossRef
127.
Van Zanten AR, Polderman KH, van Geijlswijk IM, van der Meer GY, Schouten MA, Girbes AR (2008) Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a prospective cohort study. J Crit Care 23(3):422–430PubMedCrossRef
128.
Blot S, Koulenti D, Akova M et al (2014) Does contemporary vancomycin dosing achieve therapeutic targets in a heterogeneous clinical cohort of critically ill patients? Data from the multinational DALI study. Crit Care 18(3):1–12CrossRef
129.
Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS (1984) Association of aminoglycoside plasma levels with therapeutic outcome in gram-negative pneumonia. Am J Med 77(4):657–662PubMedCrossRef
130.
Men P, Li HB, Zhai SD, Zhao RS (2016) Association between the AUC0-24/MIC ratio of vancomycin and its clinical effectiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 11(1):e0146224PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
131.
Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ (2004) Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 43(13):925–942PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zelenitsky S, Rubinstein E, Ariano R et al (2013) Vancomycin pharmacodynamics and survival in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated septic shock. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41(3):255–260PubMedCrossRef
133.
Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH, Goss TF, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ (1993) Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 37(5):1073–1081CrossRef
134.
Preston SL, Drusano GL, Berman AL et al (1998) Pharmacodynamics of levofloxacin: a new paradigm for early clinical trials. JAMA 279(2):125–129PubMedCrossRef
135.
Drusano GL, Preston SL, Fowler C, Corrado M, Weisinger B, Kahn J (2004) Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. J Infect Dis 189(9):1590–1597PubMedCrossRef
136.
Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS Jr (1999) Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 43(3):623–629
137.
Schentag JJ, Smith IL, Swanson DJ et al (1984) Role for dual individualization with cefmenoxime. Am J Med 77(6A):43–50PubMedCrossRef
138.
Crandon JL, Bulik CC, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP (2010) Clinical pharmacodynamics of cefepime in patients infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 54(3):1111–1116CrossRef
139.
McKinnon PS, Paladino JA, Schentag JJ (2008) Evaluation of area under the inhibitory curve (AUIC) and time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T > MIC) as predictors of outcome for cefepime and ceftazidime in serious bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31(4):345–351PubMedCrossRef
140.
Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Davis JS et al (2016) Continuous versus intermittent beta-lactam infusion in severe sepsis. a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194(6):681–691PubMedCrossRef
141.
142.
Hatala R, Dinh T, Cook DJ (1996) Once-daily aminoglycoside dosing in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 124(8):717–725PubMedCrossRef
143.
Zelenitsky SA, Ariano RE (2010) Support for higher ciprofloxacin AUC 24/MIC targets in treating Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 65(8):1725–1732PubMedCrossRef
144.
Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP et al (2003) High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 37(6):752–760PubMedCrossRef
145.
Rybak M, Lomaestro B, Rotschafer J et al (2009) Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Clin Infect Dis 49(3):325–327PubMedCrossRef
146.
Matsumoto K, Takesue Y, Ohmagari N et al (2013) Practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: a consensus review of the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. J Infect Chemother. 19(3):365–380PubMedCrossRef
147.
Steinmetz T, Eliakim-Raz N, Goldberg E, Leibovici L, Yahav D (2015) Association of vancomycin serum concentrations with efficacy in patients with MRSA infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(7):665–673PubMedCrossRef
148.
Mohamed AF, Karaiskos I, Plachouras D et al (2012) Application of a loading dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(8):4241–4249PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
149.
Pea F, Brollo L, Viale P, Pavan F, Furlanut M (2003) Teicoplanin therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill patients: a retrospective study emphasizing the importance of a loading dose. J Antimicrob Chemother 51(4):971–975PubMedCrossRef
150.
Pea F, Viale P (2009) Bench-to-bedside review: appropriate antibiotic therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock—does the dose matter? Crit Care 13(3):214PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
151.
Wang JT, Fang CT, Chen YC, Chang SC (2001) Necessity of a loading dose when using vancomycin in critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 47(2):246PubMedCrossRef
152.
Kumar A (2014) An alternate pathophysiologic paradigm of sepsis and septic shock: implications for optimizing antimicrobial therapy. Virulence 5(1):80–97PubMedCrossRef
153.
Rhodes NJ, MacVane SH, Kuti JL, Scheetz MH (2014) Impact of loading doses on the time to adequate predicted beta-lactam concentrations in prolonged and continuous infusion dosing schemes. Clin Infect Dis 59(6):905–907PubMedCrossRef
154.
Lodise TP, Lomaestro BM, Drusano GL (2007) Piperacillin-tazobactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: clinical implications of an extended-infusion dosing strategy. Clin Infect Dis 44:357–363PubMedCrossRef
155.
Yost RJ, Cappelletty DM, Bennett JH et al (2011) The retrospective cohort of extended-infusion piperacillin-tazobactam (RECEIPT) study: a multicenter study. Pharmacotherapy. 31(8):767–775PubMedCrossRef
156.
Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K, Vardakas KZ (2013) Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 56(2):272–282PubMedCrossRef
157.
Yusuf E, Spapen H, Piérard D (2014) Prolonged vs intermittent infusion of piperacillin/tazobactam in critically ill patients: a narrative and systematic review. J Crit Care 29(6):1089–1095PubMedCrossRef
158.
Mah GT, Mabasa VH, Chow I, Ensom MH (2012) Evaluating outcomes associated with alternative dosing strategies for piperacillin/tazobactam: a qualitative systematic review. Ann Pharmacother 46(2):265–275PubMedCrossRef
159.
Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Lipman J et al (2014) Individualised antibiotic dosing for patients who are critically ill: challenges and potential solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 14(6):498–509PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
160.
Baptista JP, Sousa E, Martins PJ, Pimentel JM (2012) Augmented renal clearance in septic patients and implications for vancomycin optimisation. Int J Antimicrob Agents 39(5):420–423PubMedCrossRef
161.
Hobbs AL, Shea KM, Roberts KM, Daley MJ (2015) Implications of augmented renal clearance on drug dosing in critically ill patients: a focus on antibiotics. Pharmacotherapy. 35(11):1063–1075PubMedCrossRef
162.
Udy AA, Varghese JM, Altukroni M et al (2012) Subtherapeutic initial beta-lactam concentrations in select critically ill patients: association between augmented renal clearance and low trough drug concentrations. Chest 142(1):30–39PubMedCrossRef
163.
Blot S, Koulenti D, Akova M et al (2014) Does contemporary vancomycin dosing achieve therapeutic targets in a heterogeneous clinical cohort of critically ill patients? Data from the multinational DALI study. Crit Care 18(3):R99PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M et al (2014) DALI: defining antibiotic levels in intensive care unit patients: are current beta-lactam antibiotic doses sufficient for critically ill patients? Clin Infect Dis 58(8):1072–1083PubMedCrossRef
165.
Taccone FS, Laterre PF, Spapen H et al (2010) Revisiting the loading dose of amikacin for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care 14(2):R53PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
166.
Rea RS, Capitano B, Bies R, Bigos KL, Smith R, Lee H (2008) Suboptimal aminoglycoside dosing in critically ill patients. Ther Drug Monit 30(6):674–681PubMedCrossRef
167.
Kumar A, Safdar N, Kethireddy S, Chateau D (2010) A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: a meta-analytic/meta-regression study. Crit Care Med 38(8):1651–1665PubMedCrossRef
168.
Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Light B et al (2010) Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: a propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med 38(9):1773–1785PubMedCrossRef
169.
Al-Hasan MN, Wilson JW, Lahr BD et al (2009) Beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone combination antibiotic therapy for bacteremia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 53(4):1386–1394CrossRef
170.
Delannoy PY, Boussekey N, Alfandari S et al (2012) Impact of combination therapy with aminoglycosides on the outcome of ICU-acquired bacteraemias. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31(9):2293–2299PubMedCrossRef
171.
Diaz-Martin A, Martinez-Gonzalez ML, Ferrer R et al (2012) Antibiotic prescription patterns in the empiric therapy of severe sepsis: combination of antimicrobials with different mechanisms of action reduces mortality. Crit Care 16(6):R223PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
172.
Martin-Loeches I, Lisboa T, Rodriguez A et al (2010) Combination antibiotic therapy with macrolides improves survival in intubated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 36(4):612–620PubMedCrossRef
173.
Brunkhorst FM, Oppert M, Marx G et al (2012) Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: a randomized trial. JAMA 307(22):2390–2399PubMedCrossRef
174.
Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki DG (2004) Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteraemia? A meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 4(8):519–527PubMedCrossRef
175.
Paul M, Silbiger I, Grozinsky S, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2006) Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD003344
176.
Rodriguez A, Mendia A, Sirvent JM et al (2007) Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and shock. Crit Care Med 35(6):1493–1498PubMedCrossRef
177.
Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP et al (2004) Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:440–444PubMedCrossRef
178.
Hilf M, Yu VL, Sharp J, Zuravleff JJ, Korvick JA, Muder RR (1989) Antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia: outcome correlations in a prospective study of 200 patients. Am J Med 87(5):540–546PubMedCrossRef
179.
Tumbarello M, Viale P, Viscoli C et al (2012) Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: importance of combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis 55(7):943PubMedCrossRef
180.
Bass SN, Bauer SR, Neuner EA, Lam SW (2015) Impact of combination antimicrobial therapy on mortality risk for critically ill patients with carbapenem-resistant bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 59(7):3748–3753CrossRef
181.
Poulikakos P, Tansarli G, Falagas M (2014) Combination antibiotic treatment versus monotherapy for multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33(10):1675–1685PubMedCrossRef
182.
Falagas ME, Lourida P, Poulikakos P, Rafailidis PI, Tansarli GS (2014) Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 58(2):654–663CrossRef
183.
Hu Y, Li L, Li W et al (2013) Combination antibiotic therapy versus monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a meta-analysis of retrospective and prospective studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 42(6):492–496PubMedCrossRef
184.
Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Bliziotis IA, Falagas ME (2013) β-lactam plus aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone combination versus β-lactam monotherapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 41(4):301–310PubMedCrossRef
185.
Stevens DL, Tanner MH, Winship J et al (1989) Severe group A streptococcal infections associated with a toxic shock-like syndrome and scarlet fever toxin A. N Engl J Med 321(1):1–7PubMedCrossRef
186.
Zimbelman J, Palmer A, Todd J (1999) Improved outcome of clindamycin compared with beta-lactam antibiotic treatment for invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 18(12):1096–1100PubMedCrossRef
187.
Paul M, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L (2003) ß-lactam monotherapy versus ß-lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for fever with neutropenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J 326(7399):1111–1118CrossRef
188.
Freifeld AG, Bow EJ, Sepkowitz KA et al (2011) Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 52(4):e56–e93PubMedCrossRef
189.
Gomes Silva BN, Andriolo RB, Atallah AN, Salomão R (2010) De-escalation of antimicrobial treatment for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD007934
190.
Morel J, Casoetto J, Jospé R et al (2010) De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management. A retrospective study in a medico-surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care 14(6):R225PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
191.
Joung MK, Lee JA, Moon SY et al (2011) Impact of de-escalation therapy on clinical outcomes for intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care 15(2):R79PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
192.
Leone M, Bechis C, Baumstarck K et al (2014) De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe sepsis: a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial. Intensive Care Med 40(10):1399–1408PubMedCrossRef
193.
Riccio LM, Popovsky KA, Hranjec T et al (2014) Association of excessive duration of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infection with subsequent extra-abdominal infection and death: a study of 2,552 consecutive infections. Surg Infect. 15(4):417–424CrossRef
194.
Aarts MA, Brun-Buisson C, Cook DJ et al (2007) Antibiotic management of suspected nosocomial ICU-acquired infection: does prolonged empiric therapy improve outcome? Intensive Care Med 33(8):1369–1378PubMedCrossRef
195.
Stevens V, Dumyati G, Fine LS, Fisher SG, Van Wijngaarden E (2011) Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 53(1):42–48PubMedCrossRef
196.
Goossens H (2009) Antibiotic consumption and link to resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(Suppl 3):12–15PubMedCrossRef
197.
Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY et al (2003) Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 290(19):2588–2598PubMedCrossRef
198.
Choudhury G, Mandal P, Singanayagam A, Akram AR, Chalmers JD, Hill AT (2011) Seven-day antibiotic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia-a propensity-adjusted analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 17(12):1852–1858PubMedCrossRef
199.
Pugh R, Grant C, Cooke RP, Dempsey G (2015) Short‐course versus prolonged‐course antibiotic therapy for hospital‐acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD007577
200.
Sawyer RG, Claridge JA, Nathens AB et al (2015) Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med 372(21):1996–2005PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
201.
Eliakim-Raz N, Yahav D, Paul M, Leibovici L (2013) Duration of antibiotic treatment for acute pyelonephritis and septic urinary tract infection—7 days or less versus longer treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 68(10):2183–2191PubMed
202.
Rattan R, Allen CJ, Sawyer RG et al (2016) Patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection presenting with sepsis do not require longer duration of antimicrobial therapy. J Am Coll Surg 222(4):440–446PubMedCrossRef
203.
Hepburn MJ, Dooley DP, Skidmore PJ, Ellis MW, Starnes WF, Hasewinkle WC (2004) Comparison of short-course (5 days) and standard (10 days) treatment for uncomplicated cellulitis. Arch Intern Med 164(15):1669–1674PubMedCrossRef
204.
Chaudhry ZI, Nisar S, Ahmed U, Ali M (2000) Short course of antibiotic treatment in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a randomized controlled study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 10(8):284–288
205.
Jack L, Bal AM, Harte S, Collier A (2016) International guidelines: the need to standardize the management of candidaemia. Infect Dis (Lond). 48(11–12):779–781PubMedCrossRef
206.
Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS et al (2015) Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132(15):1435–1486PubMedCrossRef
207.
Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ et al (2015) 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 36(44):3075–3128PubMedCrossRef
208.
Weiss CH, Moazed F, McEvoy CA et al (2011) Prompting physicians to address a daily checklist and process of care and clinical outcomes: a single-site study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184(6):680PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
209.
Aguado JM, Vázquez L, Fernández-Ruiz M et al (2015) Serum galactomannan versus a combination of galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction-based Aspergillus DNA detection for early therapy of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk hematological patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 60(3):405–414PubMedCrossRef
210.
Hou TY, Wang SH, Liang SX, Jiang WX, Luo DD, Huang DH (2015) The screening performance of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan in patients with invasive fungal diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 10(7):e0131602PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
211.
Schuetz P, Briel M, Christ-Crain M et al (2012) Procalcitonin to guide initiation and duration of antibiotic treatment in acute respiratory infections: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 55(5):651–662PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
212.
Matthaiou DK, Ntani G, Kontogiorgi M, Poulakou G, Armaganidis A, Dimopoulos G (2012) An ESICM systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy algorithms in adult critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 38(6):940–949PubMedCrossRef
213.
Prkno A, Wacker C, Brunkhorst FM, Schlattmann P (2013) Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and septic shock—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 17(6):R291PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
214.
Westwood M, Ramaekers B, Whiting P et al (2015) Procalcitonin testing to guide antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in intensive care settings and for suspected bacterial infection in emergency department settings: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technol Assess 19(96):v–xxv, 1–236
215.
Wacker C, Prkno A, Brunkhorst FM, Schlattmann P (2013) Procalcitonin as a diagnostic marker for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 13(5):426–435PubMedCrossRef
216.
Soni NJ, Samson DJ, Galaydick JL et al (2013) Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med. 8(9):530–540PubMedCrossRef
217.
De Jong E, van Oers JA, Beishuizen A et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 16(7):819–827PubMedCrossRef
218.
Lesprit P, Landelle C, Girou E, Brun-Buisson C (2010) Reassessment of intravenous antibiotic therapy using a reminder or direct counselling. J Antimicrob Chemother 65(4):789–795PubMedCrossRef
219.
Paul M, Dickstein Y, Raz-Pasteur A (2016) Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 22(12):960–967PubMedCrossRef
220.
Schuetz P, Kutz A, Grolimund E et al (2014) Excluding infection through procalcitonin testing improves outcomes of congestive heart failure patients presenting with acute respiratory symptoms: results from the randomized ProHOSP trial. Int J Cardiol 175(3):464–472PubMedCrossRef
221.
Hoeboer SH, van der Geest PJ, Nieboer D, Groeneveld AB (2015) The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin for bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(5):474–481PubMedCrossRef
222.
Jimenez MF, Marshall JC (2001) Source control in the management of sepsis. Intensive Care Med 27:S49–S62PubMedCrossRef
223.
Azuhata T, Kinoshita K, Kawano D et al (2014) Time from admission to initiation of surgery for source control is a critical determinant of survival in patients with gastrointestinal perforation with associated septic shock. Crit Care 18(3):R87PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
224.
Bloos F, Thomas-Rüddel D, Rüddel H et al (2014) Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on outcome in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational multi-center study. Crit Care 18(2):1CrossRef
225.
Moss RL, Musemeche CA, Kosloske AM (1996) Necrotizing fasciitis in children: prompt recognition and aggressive therapy improve survival. J Pediatr Surg 31(8):1142–1146PubMedCrossRef
226.
Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S, Khin LW, Tan JL, Low CO (2003) Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85(8):1454–1460PubMedCrossRef
227.
Chao WN, Tsai CF, Chang HR et al (2013) Impact of timing of surgery on outcome of Vibrio vulnificus-related necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg 206(1):32–39PubMedCrossRef
228.
Buck DL, Vester-Andersen M, Møller MH, Danish Clinical Register of Emergency Surgery (2013) Surgical delay is a critical determinant of survival in perforated peptic ulcer. Br J Surg 100(8):1045–1049PubMedCrossRef
229.
Karvellas CJ, Abraldes JG, Zepeda-Gomez S et al (2016) The impact of delayed biliary decompression and antimicrobial therapy in 260 patients with cholangitis-associated septic shock. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 44(7):755–766PubMedCrossRef
230.
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO et al (2011) Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 364(26):2483–2495PubMedCrossRef
231.
232.
Brotfain E, Koyfman L, Toledano R et al (2016) Positive fluid balance as a major predictor of clinical outcome of patients with sepsis/septic shock after ICU discharge. Am J Emerg Med 34(11):2122–2126PubMedCrossRef
233.
Mitchell KH, Carlbom D, Caldwell E, Leary PJ, Himmelfarb J, Hough CL (2015) Volume overload: prevalence, risk factors, and functional outcome in survivors of septic shock. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 12(12):1837–1844PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
234.
De Oliveira FS, Freitas FG, Ferreira EM et al (2015) Positive fluid balance as a prognostic factor for mortality and acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock. J Crit Care 30(1):97–101PubMedCrossRef
235.
Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I et al (2014) Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 46(5):361–380PubMedCrossRef
236.
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308(15):1566–1572PubMedCrossRef
237.
Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A et al (2014) Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 161(5):347–355PubMedCrossRef
238.
Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R et al (2015) Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314(16):1701–1710PubMedCrossRef
239.
Finfer S, Norton R, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J (2004) The SAFE study: saline vs. albumin for fluid resuscitation in the critically ill. Vox Sang 87(Suppl 2):123–131PubMedCrossRef
240.
Delaney AP, Dan A, McCaffrey J, Finfer S (2011) The role of albumin as a resuscitation fluid for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 39(2):386–391PubMedCrossRef
241.
Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Gibson A et al (2015) Fluid type and the use of renal replacement therapy in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 41(9):1561–1571PubMedCrossRef
242.
Xu JY, Chen QH, Xie JF et al (2014) Comparison of the effects of albumin and crystalloid on mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Crit Care 18(6):702PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
243.
Uhlig C, Silva PL, Deckert S, Schmitt J, de Abreu MG (2014) Albumin versus crystalloid solutions in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 18(1):R10PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
244.
Patel A, Laffan MA, Waheed U, Brett SJ (2014) Randomised trials of human albumin for adults with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of all-cause mortality. BMJ 349:g4561PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
245.
Jiang L, Jiang S, Zhang M, Zheng Z, Ma Y (2014) Albumin versus other fluids for fluid resuscitation in patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 9(12):e114666PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
246.
Boldt J, Heesen M, Muller M, Pabsdorf M, Hempelmann G (1996) The effects of albumin versus hydroxyethyl starch solution on cardiorespiratory and circulatory variables in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 83(2):254–261PubMedCrossRef
247.
Boldt J, Heesen M, Welters I, Padberg W, Martin K, Hempelmann G (1995) Does the type of volume therapy influence endothelial-related coagulation in the critically ill? Br J Anaesth 75(6):740–746PubMedCrossRef
248.
Boldt J, Muller M, Heesen M, Heyn O, Hempelmann G (1996) Influence of different volume therapies on platelet function in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 22(10):1075–1081PubMedCrossRef
249.
Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S et al (2014) Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(15):1412–1421PubMedCrossRef
250.
Haase N, Perner A, Hennings LI et al (2013) Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38-0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 346:f839PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
251.
Moeller C, Fleischmann C, Thomas-Rueddel D et al (2016) How safe is gelatin? A systematic review and meta-analysis of gelatin-containing plasma expanders vs crystalloids and albumin. J Crit Care 35:75–83PubMedCrossRef
252.
Day NP, Phu NH, Bethell DP et al (1996) The effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions on acid-base balance and systemic haemodynamics in severe infection. Lancet 348(9022):219–223PubMedCrossRef
253.
De Backer D, Creteur J, Silva E, Vincent JL (2003) Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine on the splanchnic circulation in septic shock: which is best? Crit Care Med 31(6):1659–1667PubMedCrossRef
254.
Martin C, Papazian L, Perrin G, Saux P, Gouin F (1993) Norepinephrine or dopamine for the treatment of hyperdynamic septic shock. Chest 103(6):1826–1831PubMedCrossRef
255.
Martin C, Viviand X, Leone M, Thirion X (2000) Effect of norepinephrine on the outcome of septic shock. Crit Care Med 28(8):2758–2765PubMedCrossRef
256.
Bollaert PE, Bauer P, Audibert G, Lambert H, Larcan A (1990) Effects of epinephrine on hemodynamics and oxygen-metabolism in dopamine-resistant septic shock. Chest 98(4):949–953PubMedCrossRef
257.
Levy B, Bollaert PE, Charpentier C et al (1997) Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Intensive Care Med 23(3):282–287PubMedCrossRef
258.
Zhou SX, Qiu HB, Huang YZ, Yang Y, Zheng RQ (2002) Effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine-dobutamine on systemic and gastric mucosal oxygenation in septic shock. Acta Pharmacol Sin 23(7):654–658PubMed
259.
Mackenzie SJ, Kapadia F, Nimmo GR, Armstrong IR, Grant IS (1991) Adrenaline in treatment of septic shock: effects on hemodynamics and oxygen-transport. Intensive Care Med 17(1):36–39PubMedCrossRef
260.
Moran JL, O’Fathartaigh MS, Peisach AR, Chapman MJ, Leppard P (1993) Epinephrine as an inotropic agent in septic shock: a dose-profile analysis. Crit Care Med 21(1):70–77PubMedCrossRef
261.
Yamazaki T, Shimada Y, Taenaka N, Oshumi H, Takezawa J, Yoshiya I (1982) Circulatory responses to afterloading with phenylephrine in hyperdynamic sepsis. Crit Care Med 10(7):432–435PubMedCrossRef
262.
Regnier B, Rapin M, Gory G, Lemaire F, Teisseire B, Harari A (1977) Haemodynamic effects of dopamine in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 3(2):47–53PubMedCrossRef
263.
Beck GCh, Brinkkoetter P, Hanusch C et al (2004) Clinical review: immunomodulatory effects of dopamine in general inflammation. Crit Care 8(6):485–491PubMedCrossRef
264.
Avni T, Lador A, Lev S, Leibovici L, Paul M, Grossman A (2015) Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10(8):e0129305PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
265.
Myburgh JA, Higgins A, Jovanovska A et al (2008) A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 34(12):2226–2234PubMedCrossRef
266.
Landry DW, Levin HR, Gallant EM et al (1997) Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilation of septic shock. Circulation 95(5):1122–1125PubMedCrossRef
267.
Patel BM, Chittock DR, Russell JA, Walley KR (2002) Beneficial effects of short-term vasopressin infusion during severe septic shock. Anesthesiology 96(3):576–582PubMedCrossRef
268.
Dunser MW, Mayr AJ, Ulmer H et al (2003) Arginine vasopressin in advanced vasodilatory shock: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation 107(18):2313–2319PubMedCrossRef
269.
Lauzier F, Levy B, Lamarre P, Lesur O (2006) Vasopressin or norepinephrine in early hyperdynamic septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 32(11):1782–1789PubMedCrossRef
270.
Holmes CL, Walley KR, Chittock DR, Lehman T, Russell JA (2001) The effects of vasopressin on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock: a case series. Intensive Care Med 27(8):1416–1421PubMedCrossRef
271.
Malay MB, Ashton RC, Landry DW, Townsend RN (1999) Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma 47(4):699–703PubMedCrossRef
272.
O’Brien A, Clapp L, Singer M (2002) Terlipressin for norepinephrine-resistant septic shock. Lancet 359(9313):1209–1210PubMedCrossRef
273.
Sharshar T, Blanchard A, Paillard M, Raphael JC, Gajdos P, Annane D (2003) Circulating vasopressin levels in septic shock. Crit Care Med 31(6):1752–1758PubMedCrossRef
274.
Russell JA, Walley KR, Singer J et al (2008) Vasopressin versus norepinephrine infusion in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358(9):877–887PubMedCrossRef
275.
Dunser MW, Mayr AJ, Tur A et al (2003) Ischemic skin lesions as a complication of continuous vasopressin infusion in catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock: incidence and risk factors. Crit Care Med 31(5):1394–1398PubMedCrossRef
276.
Gordon AC, Mason AJ, Thirunavukkarasu N et al (2016) Effect of early vasopressin vs norepinephrine on kidney failure in patients with septic shock: the VANISH randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316(5):509–518PubMedCrossRef
277.
Albanese J, Leone M, Delmas A, Martin C (2005) Terlipressin or norepinephrine in hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 33(9):1897–1902PubMedCrossRef
278.
Morelli A, Ertmer C, Lange M et al (2008) Effects of short-term simultaneous infusion of dobutamine and terlipressin in patients with septic shock: the DOBUPRESS study. Br J Anaesth 100(4):494–503PubMedCrossRef
279.
Morelli A, Ertmer C, Rehberg S et al (2009) Continuous terlipressin versus vasopressin infusion in septic shock (TERLIVAP): a randomized, controlled pilot study. Crit Care 13(4):R130PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
280.
Zhou F, Mao Z, Zeng X et al (2015) Vasopressors in septic shock: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 11:1047–1059PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
281.
De Backer D, Aldecoa C, Njimi H, Vincent JL (2012) Dopamine versus norepinephrine in the treatment of septic shock: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 40(3):725–730PubMedCrossRef
282.
De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J et al (2010) Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 362(9):779–789PubMedCrossRef
283.
Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Bacharach SL et al (1984) Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 100:483–490PubMedCrossRef
284.
Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P et al (1995) A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 333(16):1025–1032PubMedCrossRef
285.
Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, Palazzo M, Hinds CJ, Watson D (1994) Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 330(24):1717–1722PubMedCrossRef
286.
Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D et al (2004) Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med 32(9):1928–1948PubMedCrossRef
287.
Annane D, Vignon P, Renault A et al (2007) Norepinephrine plus dobutamine versus epinephrine alone for management of septic shock: a randomised trial. Lancet 370(9588):676–684PubMedCrossRef
288.
ProCess Investigators, Yealy DM, Kellum JA et al (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370(18):1683–1693
289.
ARISE Investigators, Anzics Clinical Trials Group, Peake SL et al (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(16):1496–1506
290.
Barton P, Garcia J, Kouatli A et al (1996) Hemodynamic effects of IV milrinone lactate in pediatric patients with septic shock. A prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, interventional study. Chest 109(5):1302–1312PubMedCrossRef
291.
Morelli A, Teboul JL, Maggiore SM et al (2006) Effects of levosimendan on right ventricular afterload in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study. Crit Care Med 34(9):2287–2293PubMedCrossRef
292.
Morelli A, De Castro S, Teboul JL et al (2005) Effects of levosimendan on systemic and regional hemodynamics in septic myocardial depression. Intensive Care Med 31(5):638–644PubMedCrossRef
293.
294.
Cohn JN (1967) Blood pressure measurement in shock. Mechanism of inaccuracy in ausculatory and palpatory methods. JAMA 199(13):118–122PubMedCrossRef
295.
Hollenberg SM, Parrillo JE (1997) Shock. In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD et al (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 14th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 214–222
296.
Scheer B, Perel A, Pfeiffer UJ (2002) Clinical review: complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Crit Care 6(3):199–204PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
297.
Gu WJ, Wu XD, Wang F, Ma ZL, Gu XP (2016) Ultrasound guidance facilitates radial artery catheterization: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 149(1):166–179PubMedCrossRef
298.
O’Horo JC, Maki DG, Krupp AE, Safdar N (2014) Arterial catheters as a source of bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 42(6):1334–1339PubMedCrossRef
299.
Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE et al (2009) Corticosteroids in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 301(22):2362–2375PubMedCrossRef
300.
Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, Debouverie M, Audibert G, Larcan A (1998) Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 26(4):645–650PubMedCrossRef
301.
Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M et al (1999) Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 27(4):723–732PubMedCrossRef
302.
Sprung CL, Annane D, Keh D et al (2008) Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358(2):111–124PubMedCrossRef
303.
Sligl WI, Milner DA Jr, Sundar S, Mphatswe W, Majumdar SR (2009) Safety and efficacy of corticosteroids for the treatment of septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 49(1):93–101PubMedCrossRef
304.
Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, Briegel J, Keh D, Kupfer Y (2015) Corticosteroids for treating sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD002243
305.
Volbeda M, Wetterslev J, Gluud C, Zijlstra JG, van der Horst IC, Keus F (2015) Glucocorticosteroids for sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 41(7):1220–1234PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
306.
Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C et al (2002) Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 288(7):862–871PubMedCrossRef
307.
Briegel J, Sprung CL, Annane D et al (2009) Multicenter comparison of cortisol as measured by different methods in samples of patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 35(12):2151–2156PubMedCrossRef
308.
Allolio B, Dorr H, Stuttmann R, Knorr D, Engelhardt D, Winkelmann W (1985) Effect of a single bolus of etomidate upon 8 major corticosteroid hormones and plasma ACTH. Clin Endocrinol 22(3):281–286CrossRef
309.
Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F et al (2009) Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374(9686):293–300PubMedCrossRef
310.
Oppert M, Schindler R, Husung C et al (2005) Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduces cytokine levels in early hyperdynamic septic shock. Crit Care Med 33(11):2457–2464PubMedCrossRef
311.
Yildiz O, Doganay M, Aygen B, Güven M, Kelestimur F, Tutuû A (2002) Physiological-dose steroid therapy in sepsis [ISRCTN36253388]. Crit Care 6(3):251–259PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
312.
Keh D, Boehnke T, Weber-Cartens S et al (2003) Immunologic and hemodynamic effects of “low-dose” hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167(4):512–520PubMedCrossRef
313.
Huh JW, Choi H-S, Lim C-M et al (2011) Low-dose hydrocortisone treatment for patients with septic shock: a pilot study comparing 3 days with 7 days. Respirology 16(7):1088–1095PubMedCrossRef
314.
Keh D, Trips E, Marx G et al (2016) Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis: the HYPRESS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316(17):1775–1785PubMedCrossRef
315.
Weber-Carstens S, Deja M, Bercker S et al (2007) Impact of bolus application of low-dose hydrocortisone on glycemic control in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 33(4):730–733PubMedCrossRef
316.
Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J et al (2014) Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med 371(15):1381–1391PubMedCrossRef
317.
Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Pearl RG et al (2002) Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(22):2827–2835PubMedCrossRef
318.
Corwin HL, Gettinger A, Rodriguez RM et al (1999) Efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin in the critically ill patient: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med 27(11):2346–2350PubMedCrossRef
319.
Liumbruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A et al (2009) Recommendations for the transfusion of plasma and platelets. Blood Transfus. 7(2):132–137PubMedPubMedCentral
320.
British Committee for Standards in Haematology (2003) Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. Br J Haematol 122(1):10–23CrossRef
321.
Diedrich B, Remberger M, Shanwell A, Svahn BM, Ringdén O (2005) A prospective randomized trial of a prophylactic platelet transfusion trigger of 10 × 10(9) per L versus 30 × 10(9) per L in allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant recipients. Transfusion. 45(7):1064–1072PubMedCrossRef
322.
Kaufman RM, Djulbegovic B, Gernsheimer T et al (2015) Platelet transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB. Ann Intern Med 162(3):205–213PubMedCrossRef
323.
Schiffer CA, Anderson KC, Bennett CL et al (2001) Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 19(5):1519–1538PubMed
324.
Stanworth SJ, Estcourt LJ, Llewelyn CA, Murphy MF, Wood EM, TOPPS Study Investigators (2014) Impact of prophylactic platelet transfusions on bleeding events in patients with hematologic malignancies: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Transfusion. 54(10):2385–2393PubMedCrossRef
325.
Stanworth SJ, Estcourt LJ, Powter G et al (2013) A no-prophylaxis platelet-transfusion strategy for hematologic cancers. N Engl J Med 368(19):1771–1780PubMedCrossRef
326.
Wandt H, Schaefer-Eckart K, Wendelin K et al (2012) Therapeutic platelet transfusion versus routine prophylactic transfusion in patients with haematological malignancies: an open-label, multicentre, randomised study. Lancet 380(9850):1309–1316PubMedCrossRef
327.
Zumberg MS, del Rosario ML, Nejame CF et al (2002) A prospective randomized trial of prophylactic platelet transfusion and bleeding incidence in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: 10,000/L versus 20,000/microL trigger. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 8(10):569–576PubMedCrossRef
328.
Werdan K, Pilz G, Bujdoso O, Fraunberger P et al (2007) Score-based immunoglobulin G therapy of patients with sepsis: the SBITS study. Crit Care Med 35(12):2693–2701PubMedCrossRef
329.
Alejandria MM, Lansang MA, Dans LF, Mantaring JB 3rd (2013) Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD001090
330.
Soares MO, Welton NJ, Harrison DA et al (2012) An evaluation of the feasibility, cost and value of information of a multicentre randomised controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for sepsis (severe sepsis and septic shock): incorporating a systematic review, meta-analysis and value of information analysis. Health Technol Assess 16(7):1–186PubMedCentralCrossRef
331.
Laupland KB, Kirkpatrick AW, Delaney A (2007) Polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 35(12):2686–2692PubMedCrossRef
332.
Pildal J, Gotzsche PC (2004) Polyclonal immunoglobulin for treatment of bacterial sepsis: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis 39(1):38–46PubMedCrossRef
333.
Kreyrnann KG, de Heer G, Nierhaus A, Kluge S (2007) Use of polyclonal immunoglobulins as adjunctive therapy for sepsis or septic shock. Crit Care Med 35(12):2677–2685CrossRef
334.
Shankar-Hari M, Culshaw N, Post B et al (2015) Endogenous IgG hypogammaglobulinaemia in critically ill adults with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 41(8):1393–1401PubMedCrossRef
335.
Turgeon AF, Hutton B, Fergusson DA et al (2007) Meta-analysis: intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adult patients with sepsis. Ann Intern Med 146(3):193–203PubMedCrossRef
336.
Zhou F, Peng Z, Murugan R, Kellum JA (2013) Blood purification and mortality in sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41(9):2209–2220PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
337.
Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y et al (2015) Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peritonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med 41(6):975–984PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
338.
Klein DJ, Foster D, Schorr CA, Kazempour K, Walker PM, Dellinger RP (2014) The EUPHRATES trial (evaluating the use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in a randomized controlled trial of adults treated for endotoxemia and septic shock): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 15:218PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
339.
Livigni S, Bertolini G, Rossi C et al (2014) Efficacy of coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ Open. 4(1):e003536PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
340.
Allingstrup M, Wetterslev J, Ravn FB, Moller AM, Afshari A (2016) Antithrombin III for critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD005370
341.
Warren BL, Eid A, Singer P et al (2001) High-dose antithrombin III in severe sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 286(15):1869–1878PubMedCrossRef
342.
Vincent JL, Ramesh MK, Ernest D et al (2013) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, ART-123, in patients with sepsis and suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med 41(9):2069–2079PubMedCrossRef
343.
Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Fujimi S et al (2013) Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: a multicenter propensity score analysis. Intensive Care Med 39(4):644–652PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
344.
Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Kanji S et al (2015) The efficacy and safety of heparin in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 43(3):511–518PubMedCrossRef
345.
Ranieri VM, Thompson BT, Barie PS et al (2012) Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in adults with septic shock. N Engl J Med 366(22):2055–2064PubMedCrossRef
346.
Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL et al (1994) The American-European consensus conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical-trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149(3):818–824
347.
ARDS Definition Task Force, Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD et al (2012) Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA 307(23):2526–2533
348.
Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM et al (1998) Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 338(6):347–354PubMedCrossRef
349.
Brochard L, Roudot-Thoraval F, Roupie E et al (1998) Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158(6):1831–1838PubMedCrossRef
350.
Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A et al (2000) Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342(18):1301–1308CrossRef
351.
Brower RG, Shanholtz CB, Fessler HE et al (1999) Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing traditional versus reduced tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Crit Care Med 27(8):1492–1498PubMedCrossRef
352.
Eichacker PQ, Gerstenberger EP, Banks SM, Cui XZ, Natanson C (2002) Meta-analysis of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome trials testing low tidal volumes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(11):1510–1514PubMedCrossRef
353.
Burns KEA, Adhikari NK, Slutsky AS et al (2011) Pressure and volume limited ventilation for the ventilatory management of patients with acute lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 6(1):e14623PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
354.
Putensen C, Theuerkauf N, Zinserling J, Wrigge H, Pelosi P (2009) Meta-analysis: ventilation strategies and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. Ann Intern Med 151(8):566–576PubMedCrossRef
355.
Marini JJ, Gattinoni L (2004) Ventilatory management of acute respiratory distress syndrome: a consensus of two. Crit Care Med 32(1):250–255PubMedCrossRef
356.
Tobin MJ (2000) Culmination of an era in research on the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342(18):1360–1361PubMedCrossRef
357.
Hager DN, Krishnan JA, Hayden DL, Brower RG, ARDS Clinical Trials Network (2005) Tidal volume reduction in patients with acute lung injury when plateau pressures are not high. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172(10):1241–1245PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
358.
Checkley W, Brower R, Korpak A, Thompson BT, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network Investigators (2008) Effects of a clinical trial on mechanical ventilation practices in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177(11):1215–1222PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
359.
Amato MB, Meade MO, Slutsky AS et al (2015) Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 372(8):747–755PubMedCrossRef
360.
Gattinoni L, Marcolin R, Caspani ML, Fumagalli R, Mascheroni D, Pesenti A (1985) Constant mean airway pressure with different patterns of positive pressure breathing during the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 21(3):275–279PubMed
361.
Marini JJ, Ravenscraft SA (1992) Mean airway pressure: physiological determinants and clinical importance—Part 1: physiological determinants and measurements. Crit Care Med 20(10):1461–1472PubMedCrossRef
362.
Pesenti A, Marcolin R, Prato P, Borelli M, Riboni A, Gattinoni L (1985) Mean airway pressure vs positive end-expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 13(1):34–37PubMedCrossRef
363.
Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N et al (2004) Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 351(4):327–336PubMedCrossRef
364.
Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH et al (2008) Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(6):637–645PubMedCrossRef
365.
Mercat A, Richard JC, Vielle B et al (2008) Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(6):646–655PubMedCrossRef
366.
Villar J, Kacmarek RM, Perez-Mendez L, Aguirre-Jaime A (2006) A high positive end-expiratory pressure, low tidal volume ventilatory strategy improves outcome in persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 34(5):1311–1318PubMedCrossRef
367.
Briel M, Meade M, Mercat A et al (2010) Higher vs lower positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 303(9):865–873PubMedCrossRef
368.
Goligher EC, Kavanagh BP, Rubenfeld GD et al (2014) Oxygenation response to positive end-expiratory pressure predicts mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. A secondary analysis of the LOVS and ExPress trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190(1):70–76PubMedCrossRef
369.
Talmor D, Sarge T, Malhotra A et al (2008) Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 359(20):2095–2104PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
370.
Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM et al (1995) Beneficial effects of the “open lung approach” with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrome. A prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(6):1835–1846PubMedCrossRef
371.
Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Cressoni M et al (2006) Lung recruitment in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 354(17):1775–1786PubMedCrossRef
372.
Pipeling MR, Fan E (2010) Therapies for refractory hypoxemia in acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 304(22):2521–2527PubMedCrossRef
373.
Fan E, Wilcox ME, Brower RG et al (2008) Recruitment maneuvers for acute lung injury: a systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(11):1156–1163PubMedCrossRef
374.
Guerin C, Reignier J, Richard JC et al (2013) Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 368(23):2159–2168PubMedCrossRef
375.
Beitler JR, Shaefi S, Montesi SB et al (2014) Prone positioning reduces mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome in the low tidal volume era: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 40(3):332–341PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
376.
Jolliet P, Bulpa P, Chevrolet JC (1998) Effects of the prone position on gas exchange and hemodynamics in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 26(12):1977–1985PubMedCrossRef
377.
Lamm WJE, Graham MM, Albert RK (1994) Mechanism by which the prone position improves oxygenation in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150(1):184–193PubMedCrossRef
378.
Stocker R (1997) Prone positioning and low-volume pressure-limited ventilation improve survival in patients with severe ARDS. Chest 111(4):1008PubMedCrossRef
379.
Guerin C, Gaillard S, Lemasson S et al (2004) Effect of systematic prone positioning in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 292(19):2379–2387PubMedCrossRef
380.
Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R (2009) Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374(9698):1351–1363PubMedCrossRef
381.
Sud S, Sud M, Friedrich JO et al (2010) High frequency oscillation in patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340:c2327PubMedCrossRef
382.
Noah MA, Peek GJ, Finney SJ et al (2011) Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A (H1N1). JAMA 306(15):1659–1668PubMedCrossRef
383.
Checkley W (2011) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a first-line treatment strategy for ARDS: is the evidence sufficiently strong? JAMA 306(15):1703–1704PubMedCrossRef
384.
Ferguson ND, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH et al (2013) High-frequency oscillation in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 368(9):795–805PubMedCrossRef
385.
Young D, Lamb SE, Shah S et al (2013) High-frequency oscillation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 368(9):806–813PubMedCrossRef
386.
Meade MO, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH et al (2008) Ventilation strategy using low tidal volumes, recruitment maneuvers, and high positive end-expiratory pressure for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(6):637–645PubMedCrossRef
387.
Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M et al (1998) A comparison of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 339(7):429–435PubMedCrossRef
388.
Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M, Gonzalez G, Alarcon A, Torres A (2003) Noninvasive respiratory ventilation in severe hypoxemic failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(12):1438–1444PubMedCrossRef
389.
Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A et al (2015) High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 372(23):2185–2196PubMedCrossRef
390.
Klessig HT, Geiger HJ, Murray MJ, Coursin DB (1992) A national survey on the practice patterns of anesthesiologist intensivists in the use of muscle-relaxants. Crit Care Med 20(9):1341–1345PubMedCrossRef
391.
Murray MJ, Cowen J, DeBlock H et al (2002) Clinical practice guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 30(1):142–156PubMedCrossRef
392.
Hansen-Flaschen JH, Brazinsky S, Basile C, Lanken PN (1991) Use of sedating drugs and neuromuscular blocking agents in patients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. A national survey. JAMA. 266(20):2870–2875PubMed
393.
Freebairn RC, Derrick J, Gomersall CD, Young RJ, Joynt GM (1997) Oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and gastric intramucosal pH are not improved by a computer-controlled, closed-loop, vecuronium infusion in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 25(1):72–77PubMedCrossRef
394.
Papazian L, Forel JM, Gacouin A et al (2010) Neuromuscular blockers in early acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 363(12):1107–1116PubMedCrossRef
395.
Alhazzani W, Alshahrani M, Jaeschke R et al (2013) Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 17(2):R43PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
396.
Forel JM, Roch A, Marin V et al (2006) Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 34(11):2749–2757PubMedCrossRef
397.
Shapiro BA, Warren J, Egol AB et al (1995) Practice parameters for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient: an executive summary. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 23(9):1601–1605PubMedCrossRef
398.
Meyer KC, Prielipp RC, Grossman JE, Coursin DB (1994) Prolonged weakness after infusion of atracurium in two intensive care unit patients. Anesth Analg 78(4):772–774PubMedCrossRef
399.
Lacomis D, Petrella JT, Giuliani MJ (1998) Causes of neuromuscular weakness in the intensive care unit: a study of ninety-two patients. Muscle Nerve 21(5):610–617PubMedCrossRef
400.
Johnson KL, Cheung RB, Johnson SB, Roberts M, Niblett J, Manson D (1999) Therapeutic paralysis of critically ill trauma patients: perceptions of patients and their family members. Am J Crit Care 8(1):490–498PubMed
401.
Ballard N, Robley L, Barrett D, Fraser D, Mendoza I (2006) Patients’ recollections of therapeutic paralysis in the intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care 15(1):86–94 (quiz 5)
402.
Murray MJ, DeBlock H, Erstad B et al (2016) Clinical practice guidelines for sustained neuromuscular blockade in the adult critically ill patient. Crit Care Med 44(11):2079–2103PubMedCrossRef
403.
Sibbald WJ, Short AK, Warshawski FJ, Cunningham DG, Cheung H (1985) Thermal dye measurements of extravascular lung water in critically ill patients. Intravascular Starling forces and extravascular lung water in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest 87(5):585–592PubMedCrossRef
404.
Martin GS, Mangialardi RJ, Wheeler AP, Dupont WD, Morris JA, Bernard GR (2002) Albumin and furosemide therapy in hypoproteinemic patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 30(10):2175–2182PubMedCrossRef
405.
Mitchell JP, Schuller D, Calandrino FS, Schuster DP (1992) Improved outcome based on fluid management in critically ill patients requiring pulmonary-artery catheterization. Am Rev Respir Dis. 145(5):990–998PubMedCrossRef
406.
Schuller D (1991) Fluid balance during pulmonary edema. Is fluid gain a marker or a cause of poor outcome? Chest 100(4):1068PubMedCrossRef
407.
Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR et al (2006) Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 354(24):2564–2575PubMedCrossRef
408.
Perkins GD, McAuley DF, Thickett DR, Gao F (2006) The beta-agonist lung injury trial (BALTI): a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173(3):281–287PubMedCrossRef
409.
Gao Smith F, Perkins GD, Gates S et al (2012) Effect of intravenous beta-2 agonist treatment on clinical outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (BALTI-2): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 379(9812):229–235PubMedCrossRef
410.
Matthay MA, Brower RG, Carson S et al (2011) Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of an aerosolized beta(2)-agonist for treatment of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184(5):561–568PubMedCrossRef
411.
Matthay MA, Brower RG, Carson S et al (2011) Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of an aerosolized beta(2)-agonist for treatment of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184(5):561–568PubMedCrossRef
412.
Singh B, Tiwari AK, Singh K et al (2014) Beta2 agonist for the treatment of acute lung injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Care. 59(2):288–296PubMedCrossRef
413.
Connors AF Jr, Speroff T, Dawson NV et al (1996) The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. SUPPORT Investigators. JAMA. 276(11):889–897PubMedCrossRef
414.
Iberti TJ, Fischer EP, Leibowitz AB, Panacek EA, Silverstein JH, Albertson TE (1990) A multicenter study of physicians knowledge of the pulmonary artery catheter. JAMA 264(22):2928–2932PubMedCrossRef
415.
Osman D, Ridel C, Ray P et al (2007) Cardiac filling pressures are not appropriate to predict hemodynamic response to volume challenge. Crit Care Med 35(1):64–68PubMedCrossRef
416.
Richard C, Warszawski J, Anguel N et al (2003) Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290(20):2713–2720PubMedCrossRef
417.
Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Thompson BT et al (2006) Pulmonary artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 354(21):2213–2224PubMedCrossRef
418.
Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M et al (2005) Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366(9484):472–477PubMedCrossRef
419.
Rhodes A, Cusack RJ, Newman PJ, Grounds RM, Bennett ED (2002) A randomised, controlled trial of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 28(3):256–264PubMedCrossRef
420.
Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF et al (2003) A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med 348(1):5–14PubMedCrossRef
421.
Shah MR, Hasselblad V, Stevenson LW et al (2005) Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 294(13):1664–1670PubMedCrossRef
422.
Petrucci N, De Feo C (2013) Lung protective ventilation strategy for the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD003844
423.
Futier E, Constantin JM, Paugam-Burtz C et al (2013) A trial of intraoperative low-tidal-volume ventilation in abdominal surgery. N Engl J Med 369(5):428–437PubMedCrossRef
424.
Pinheiro de Oliveira R, Hetzel MP, dos Anjos Silva M, Dallegrave D, Friedman G (2010) Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volume induces inflammation in patients without lung disease. Crit Care 14(2):R39
425.
Drakulovic MB, Torres A, Bauer TT, Nicolas JM, Nogue S, Ferrer N (1999) Supine body position as a risk factor for nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised trial. Lancet 354(9193):1851–1858PubMedCrossRef
426.
Van Nieuwenhoven CA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, van Tiel FH et al (2006) Feasibility and effects of the semirecumbent position to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized study. Crit Care Med 34(2):396–402PubMedCrossRef
427.
Ouellette DR, Patel S, Girard TD et al (2016) Liberation from mechanical ventilation: an official American College of Chest Physicians/American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: inspiratory pressure augmentation during spontaneous breathing trials, protocols minimizing sedation, and non-invasive ventilation immediately after extubation. Chest 151(1):166–180. doi:10.​1016/​j.​chest.​2016.​10.​036
428.
Blackwood B, Burns KE, Cardwell CR, O’Halloran P (2014) Protocolized versus non-protocolized weaning for reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill adult patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD006904
429.
Ely EW, Baker AM, Dunagan DP et al (1996) Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N Engl J Med 335(25):1864–1869PubMedCrossRef
430.
Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, Hall JB (2000) Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 342(20):1471–1477PubMedCrossRef
431.
Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371(9607):126–134PubMedCrossRef
432.
Sevransky JE, Checkley W, Herrera P et al (2015) Protocols and hospital mortality in critically ill patients: the United States Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group Critical Illness Outcomes Study. Crit Care Med 43(10):2076–2084PubMedCrossRef
433.
Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS et al (2009) Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373(9678):1874–1882PubMedCrossRef
434.
Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC et al (2012) Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186(8):724–731PubMedCrossRef
435.
Brook AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R et al (1999) Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 27(12):2609–2615PubMedCrossRef
436.
Bucknall TK, Manias E, Presneill JJ (2008) A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 36(5):1444–1450PubMedCrossRef
437.
Kollef MH, Levy NT, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G (1998) The use of continuous IV sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 114(2):541–548PubMedCrossRef
438.
Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE et al (2006) A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 34(5):1326–1332PubMedCrossRef
439.
Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D et al (2012) Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308(19):1985–1992PubMedCrossRef
440.
Jansen JP, Naci H (2013) Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers. BMC Med 11:159PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
441.
Strom T, Martinussen T, Toft P (2010) A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 375(9713):475–480PubMedCrossRef
442.
Lonardo NW, Mone MC, Nirula R et al (2014) Propofol is associated with favorable outcomes compared with benzodiazepines in ventilated intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189(11):1383–1394PubMedCrossRef
443.
Fraser GL, Devlin JW, Worby CP et al (2013) Benzodiazepine versus nonbenzodiazepine-based sedation for mechanically ventilated, critically ill adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41(9 Suppl 1):S30–S38PubMedCrossRef
444.
Reade MC, Eastwood GM, Bellomo R et al (2016) Effect of dexmedetomidine added to standard care on ventilator-free time in patients with agitated delirium: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315(14):1460–1468PubMedCrossRef
445.
Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K et al (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 41(1):263–306PubMedCrossRef
446.
Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345(19):1359–1367PubMedCrossRef
447.
Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354(5):449–461PubMedCrossRef
448.
Arabi YM, Dabbagh OC, Tamim HM et al (2008) Intensive versus conventional insulin therapy: a randomized controlled trial in medical and surgical critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36(12):3190–3197PubMedCrossRef
449.
Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358(2):125–139PubMedCrossRef
450.
De La Rosa Gdel C, Donado JH, Restrepo AH et al (2008) Strict glycaemic control in patients hospitalised in a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit: a randomised clinical trial. Crit Care 12(5):R120CrossRef
451.
Finfer S, Blair D, Bellomo R et al (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360(13):1283–1297PubMedCrossRef
452.
Annane D, Cariou A, Maxime V et al (2010) Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(4):341–348PubMedCrossRef
453.
Kalfon P, Giraudeau B, Ichai C et al (2014) Tight computerized versus conventional glucose control in the ICU: a randomized controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 40(2):171–181PubMedCrossRef
454.
Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S et al (2009) A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med 35(10):1738–1748PubMedCrossRef
455.
Zhang RH, W; Li, T et al (2008) Evaluation of optimal goal of glucose control in critically ill patients. Chin J Clin Nutr 16:204–208
456.
Friedrich JO, Chant C, Adhikari NK (2010) Does intensive insulin therapy really reduce mortality in critically ill surgical patients? A reanalysis of meta-analytic data. Crit Care 14(5):324PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
457.
Griesdale DE, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM et al (2009) Intensive insulin therapy and mortality among critically ill patients: a meta-analysis including NICE-SUGAR study data. CMAJ 180(8):821–827PubMedCrossRef
458.
Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M, Wolf F, Helfand M (2011) Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 154(4):268–282PubMedCrossRef
459.
Marik PE, Preiser JC (2010) Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 137(3):544–551PubMedCrossRef
460.
Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ (2008) Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300(8):933–944PubMedCrossRef
461.
Ling Y, Li X, Gao X (2012) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Intern Med. 23(6):564–574PubMedCrossRef
462.
Song F, Zhong LJ, Han L et al (2014) Intensive insulin therapy for septic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biomed Res Int. 2014:698265PubMedPubMedCentral
463.
American Diabetes Association (2014) Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. Diabetes Care 37(Suppl 1):S14–S80CrossRef
464.
Marvin MR, Inzucchi SE, Besterman BJ (2013) Computerization of the Yale insulin infusion protocol and potential insights into causes of hypoglycemia with intravenous insulin. Diabetes Technol Ther. 15(3):246–252PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
465.
Qaseem A, Chou R, Humphrey LL (2014) Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Inpatient glycemic control: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Am J Med Qual 29(2):95–98PubMedCrossRef
466.
Siegelaar SE, Hermanides J, Oudemans-van Straaten HM et al (2010) Mean glucose during ICU admission is related to mortality by a U-shaped curve in surgical and medical patients: a retrospective cohort study. Crit Care 14(6):R224PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
467.
Badawi O, Waite MD, Fuhrman SA, Zuckerman IH (2012) Association between intensive care unit-acquired dysglycemia and in-hospital mortality. Crit Care Med 40(12):3180–3188PubMedCrossRef
468.
Finfer S, Liu B, Chittock DR et al (2012) Hypoglycemia and risk of death in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 367(12):1108–1118PubMedCrossRef
469.
Kalfon P, Le Manach Y, Ichai C et al (2015) Severe and multiple hypoglycemic episodes are associated with increased risk of death in ICU patients. Crit Care 19:153PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
470.
Krinsley JS (2008) Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36(11):3008–3013PubMedCrossRef
471.
472.
Kauffmann RM, Hayes RM, Jenkins JM et al (2011) Provision of balanced nutrition protects against hypoglycemia in the critically ill surgical patient. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 35(6):686–694PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
473.
Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E et al (2008) Blood glucose concentration and outcome of critical illness: the impact of diabetes. Crit Care Med 36(8):2249–2255PubMedCrossRef
474.
Krinsley JS (2009) Glycemic variability and mortality in critically ill patients: the impact of diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 3(6):1292–1301PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
475.
Krinsley JS, Preiser JC (2015) Time in blood glucose range 70 to 140 mg/dl > 80% is strongly associated with increased survival in non-diabetic critically ill adults. Crit Care 19:179PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
476.
Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E et al (2011) The interaction of chronic and acute glycemia with mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes. Crit Care Med 39(1):105–111PubMedCrossRef
477.
Sandler V, Misiasz MR, Jones J, Baldwin D (2014) Reducing the risk of hypoglycemia associated with intravenous insulin: experience with a computerized insulin infusion program in 4 adult intensive care units. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 8(5):923–929PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
478.
Pereira AJ, Correa TD, de Almeida FP et al (2015) Inaccuracy of venous point-of-care glucose measurements in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0129568PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
479.
Hoedemaekers CWE, Gunnewiek JMTK, Prinsen MA, Willems JL, Van der Hoeven JG (2008) Accuracy of bedside glucose measurement from three glucometers in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36(11):3062–3066PubMedCrossRef
480.
Inoue S, Egi M, Kotani J, Morita K (2013) Accuracy of blood-glucose measurements using glucose meters and arterial blood gas analyzers in critically ill adult patients: systematic review. Crit Care 17(2):R48PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
481.
Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B et al (2005) Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 33(12):2778–2785PubMedCrossRef
482.
Khan AI, Vasquez Y, Gray J, Wians FH Jr, Kroll MH (2006) The variability of results between point-of-care testing glucose meters and the central laboratory analyzer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 130(10):1527–1532PubMed
483.
Rice MJ, Coursin DB (2016) Glucose meters: here today, gone tomorrow? Crit Care Med 44(2):e97–e100PubMedCrossRef
484.
Klonoff DC, Draznin B, Drincic A et al (2015) PRIDE Statement on the need for a moratorium on the CMS plan to cite hospitals for performing point-of-care capillary blood glucose monitoring on critically ill patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(10):3607–3612PubMedCrossRef
485.
Wilson M, Weinreb J, Hoo GW (2007) Intensive insulin therapy in critical care: a review of 12 protocols. Diabetes Care 30(4):1005–1011PubMedCrossRef
486.
Dortch MJ, Mowery NT, Ozdas A et al (2008) A computerized insulin infusion titration protocol improves glucose control with less hypoglycemia compared to a manual titration protocol in a trauma intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 32(1):18–27PubMedCrossRef
487.
Newton CA, Smiley D, Bode BW et al (2010) A comparison study of continuous insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit: computer-guided vs. standard column-based algorithms. J Hosp Med. 5(8):432–437PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
488.
Bartlett RH, Mault JR, Dechert RE, Palmer J, Swartz RD, Port FK (1986) Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration: improved survival in surgical acute renal failure. Surgery. 100(2):400–408PubMed
489.
Bellomo R, Farmer M, Parkin G, Wright C, Boyce N (1995) Severe acute renal failure: a comparison of acute continuous hemodiafiltration and conventional dialytic therapy. Nephron. 71(1):59–64PubMedCrossRef
490.
Bellomo R, Mansfield D, Rumble S, Shapiro J, Parkin G, Boyce N (1992) Acute renal failure in critical illness. Conventional dialysis versus acute continuous hemodiafiltration. ASAIO J 38(3):M654–M657PubMedCrossRef
491.
Kierdorf H (1991) Continuous versus intermittent treatment: clinical results in acute renal failure. In: Sieberth HG, Mann H, Stummvoll HK (eds) Continuous hemofiltration. Karger, Basel, pp 1–12
492.
Mauritz W, Sporn P, Schindler I, Zadrobilek E, Roth E, Appel W (1986) Acute renal failure in abdominal infection. Comparison of hemodialysis and continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed. 21(4):212–217PubMedCrossRef
493.
Guerin C, Girard R, Selli JM, Ayzac L (2002) Intermittent versus continuous renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure in intensive care units: results from a multicenter prospective epidemiological survey. Intensive Care Med 28(10):1411–1418PubMedCrossRef
494.
Van Bommel E, Bouvy ND, So KL et al (1995) Acute dialytic support for the critically iII: intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration. Am J Nephrol 15(3):192–200PubMedCrossRef
495.
Kellum JA, Angus DC, Johnson JP et al (2002) Continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 28(1):29–37PubMedCrossRef
496.
Tonelli M, Manns B, Feller-Kopman D (2002) Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the impact of dialytic modality on mortality and renal recovery. Am J Kidney Dis 40(5):875–885PubMedCrossRef
497.
Augustine JJ, Sandy D, Seifert TH, Paganini EP (2004) A randomized controlled trial comparing intermittent with continuous dialysis in patients with ARF. Am J Kidney Dis 44(6):1000–1007PubMedCrossRef
498.
Gasparovic V, Filipovic-Grcic I, Merkler M, Pisl Z (2003) Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or intermittent hemodialysis (IHD)—What is the procedure of choice in critically ill patients? Ren Fail 25(5):855–862PubMedCrossRef
499.
Mehta RL, McDonald B, Gabbai FB et al (2001) A randomized clinical trial of continuous versus intermittent dialysis for acute renal failure. Kidney Int 60(3):1154–1163PubMedCrossRef
500.
Uehlinger DE, Jakob SM, Ferrari P et al (2005) Comparison of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20(8):1630–1637PubMedCrossRef
501.
Vinsonneau C, Camus C, Combes A et al (2006) Continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration versus intermittent haemodialysis for acute renal failure in patients with multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 368(9533):379–385PubMedCrossRef
502.
John S, Griesbach D, Baumgartel M, Weihprecht H, Schmieder RE, Geiger H (2001) Effects of continuous haemofiltration vs intermittent haemodialysis on systemic haemodynamics and splanchnic regional perfusion in septic shock patients: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16(2):320–327PubMedCrossRef
503.
Misset B, Timsit JF, Chevret S, Renaud B, Tamion F, Carlet J (1996) A randomized cross-over comparison of the hemodynamic response to intermittent hemodialysis and continuous hemofiltration in ICU patients with acute renal failure. Intensive Care Med 22(8):742–746PubMedCrossRef
504.
Bouman CSC, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Tijssen JGP, Zandstra DF, Kesecioglu J (2002) Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 30(10):2205–2211PubMedCrossRef
505.
Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P et al (2000) Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 356(9223):26–30PubMedCrossRef
506.
Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L et al (2009) Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 361(17):1627–1638PubMedCrossRef
507.
Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O’Connor TZ et al (2008) Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 359(1):7–20PubMedCrossRef
508.
Gaudry S, Hajage D, Schortgen F et al (2016) Initiation strategies for renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 375(2):122–133PubMedCrossRef
509.
Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C et al (2016) Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315(20):2190–2199PubMedCrossRef
510.
Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR, Russell JA (1990) Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Ann Intern Med 112(7):492–498PubMedCrossRef
511.
Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V, Fleyfel M, Wattel F (1991) Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic acidosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med 19(11):1352–1356PubMedCrossRef
512.
Cook D, Crowther M, Meade M et al (2005) Deep venous thrombosis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. Crit Care Med 33(7):1565–1571PubMedCrossRef
513.
Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e195S–e226SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
514.
Alhazzani W, Lim W, Jaeschke RZ, Murad MH, Cade J, Cook DJ (2013) Heparin thromboprophylaxis in medical-surgical critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 41(9):2088–2098PubMedCrossRef
515.
Levi M, Levy M, Williams MD et al (2007) Prophylactic heparin in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176(5):483–490PubMedCrossRef
516.
Beitland S, Sandven I, Kjaervik LK, Sandset PM, Sunde K, Eken T (2015) Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in intensive care patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 41(7):1209–1219PubMedCrossRef
517.
Phung OJ, Kahn SR, Cook DJ, Murad MH (2011) Dosing frequency of unfractionated heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Chest 140(2):374–381PubMedCrossRef
518.
Mahan CE, Pini M, Spyropoulos AC (2010) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin in the hospitalized medical patient: the case for thrice daily over twice daily dosing. Intern Emerg Med 5(4):299–306PubMedCrossRef
519.
Junqueira DR, Perini E, Penholati RR Carvalho MG (2012) Unfractionated heparin versus low molecular weight heparin for avoiding heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD007557
520.
Cook D, Meade M, Guyatt G et al (2011) Dalteparin versus unfractionated heparin in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 364(14):1305–1314PubMedCrossRef
521.
Fowler RA, Mittmann N, Geerts W et al (2014) Cost-effectiveness of dalteparin vs unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. JAMA 312(20):2135–2145PubMedCrossRef
522.
Douketis J, Cook D, Meade M et al (2008) Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients with severe renal insufficiency with the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin: an assessment of safety and pharmacodynamics: the DIRECT study. Arch Intern Med 168(16):1805–1812PubMedCrossRef
523.
Arabi YM, Alsolamy S, Al-Dawood A et al (2016) Thromboprophylaxis using combined intermittent pneumatic compression and pharmacologic prophylaxis versus pharmacologic prophylaxis alone in critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 17:390PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
524.
Kakkos SK, Caprini JA, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides AN, Stansby GP, Reddy DJ (2008) Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD005258
525.
Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e278S–e325SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
526.
Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM et al (2012) Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e227S–e277SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
527.
Pavon JM, Adam SS, Razouki ZA et al (2016) Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression devices for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review. J Arthroplasty 31(2):524–532PubMedCrossRef
528.
Sachdeva A, Dalton M, Amaragiri SV, Lees T (2014) Graduated compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD001484
529.
Arabi YM, Khedr M, Dara SI et al (2013) Use of intermittent pneumatic compression and not graduated compression stockings is associated with lower incident VTE in critically ill patients: a multiple propensity scores adjusted analysis. Chest 144(1):152–159PubMedCrossRef
530.
Cook DJ, Griffith LE, Walter SD et al (2001) The attributable mortality and length of intensive care unit stay of clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care 5(6):368–375PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
531.
Bardou M, Quenot JP, Barkun A (2015) Stress-related mucosal disease in the critically ill patient. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 12(2):98–107PubMedCrossRef
532.
Cook DJ, Fuller HD, Guyatt GH et al (1994) Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 330(6):377–381PubMedCrossRef
533.
Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2015) Prevalence and outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding and use of acid suppressants in acutely ill adult intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 41(5):833–845PubMedCrossRef
534.
Andersson B, Nilsson J, Brandt J, Hoglund P, Andersson R (2005) Gastrointestinal complications after cardiac surgery. Br J Surg 92(3):326–333PubMedCrossRef
535.
Bruno JJ, Canada TW, Wakefield CD, Nates JL (2009) Stress-related mucosal bleeding in critically ill oncology patients. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 15(1):9–16PubMedCrossRef
536.
D’Ancona G, Baillot R, Poirier B et al (2003) Determinants of gastrointestinal complications in cardiac surgery. Tex Heart Inst J 30(4):280–285PubMedPubMedCentral
537.
Faisy C, Guerot E, Diehl JL, Iftimovici E, Fagon JY (2003) Clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding in critically ill patients with and without stress ulcer prophylaxis. Intensive Care Med 29(8):1306–1313PubMedCrossRef
538.
Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J, Wise MP, Hylander Moller M (2014) Stress ulcer prophylaxis versus placebo or no prophylaxis in critically ill patients. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 40(1):11–22PubMedCrossRef
539.
Sasabuchi Y, Matsui H, Lefor AK, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H (2016) Risks and benefits of stress ulcer prophylaxis for patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 44(7):e464–e469PubMedCrossRef
540.
Eastwood GM, Litton E, Bellomo R et al (2014) Opinions and practice of stress ulcer prophylaxis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Crit Care Resusc 16(3):170–174PubMed
541.
Krag M, Perner A, Wetterslev J et al (2015) Stress ulcer prophylaxis in the intensive care unit: an international survey of 97 units in 11 countries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 59(5):576–585PubMedCrossRef
542.
Preslaski CR, Mueller SW, Kiser TH, Fish DN, MacLaren R (2014) A survey of prescriber perceptions about the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding in the intensive care unit. J Clin Pharm Ther 39(6):658–662PubMedCrossRef
543.
Shears M, Alhazzani W, Marshall JC et al (2016) Stress ulcer prophylaxis in critical illness: a Canadian survey. Can J Anaesth 63(6):718–724PubMedCrossRef
544.
Alshamsi F, Belley-Cote E, Cook D et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 20(1):120PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
545.
Alhazzani W, Alenezi F, Jaeschke RZ, Moayyedi P, Cook DJ (2013) Proton pump inhibitors versus histamine 2 receptor antagonists for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 41(3):693–705PubMedCrossRef
546.
Barkun AN, Bardou M, Pham CQ, Martel M (2012) Proton pump inhibitors vs. histamine 2 receptor antagonists for stress-related mucosal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 107(4):507–520 (quiz 21)
547.
Barkun AN, Adam V, Martel M, Bardou M (2013) Cost-effectiveness analysis: stress ulcer bleeding prophylaxis with proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists. Value Health. 16(1):14–22PubMedCrossRef
548.
MacLaren R, Campbell J (2014) Cost-effectiveness of histamine receptor-2 antagonist versus proton pump inhibitor for stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 42(4):809–815PubMedCrossRef
549.
Villet S, Chiolero RL, Bollmann MD et al (2005) Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients. Clin Nutr. 24(4):502–509PubMedCrossRef
550.
Adams S, Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ, Oreskovich MR, Simonowitz D, Johansen K (1986) Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 26(10):882–891PubMedCrossRef
551.
Borzotta AP, Pennings J, Papasadero B et al (1994) Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after severe closed head injury. J Trauma 37(3):459–468PubMedCrossRef
552.
Dunham CM, Frankenfield D, Belzberg H, Wiles C, Cushing B, Grant Z (1994) Gut failure—predictor of or contributor to mortality in mechanically ventilated blunt trauma patients? J Trauma 37(1):30–34PubMedCrossRef
553.
Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA et al (2014) Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 371(18):1673–1684PubMedCrossRef
554.
Justo Meirelles CM, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE (2011) Enteral or parenteral nutrition in traumatic brain injury: a prospective randomised trial. Nutr Hosp 26(5):1120–1124PubMed
555.
Kalfarentzos F, Kehagias J, Mead N, Kokkinis K, Gogos CA (1997) Enteral nutrition is superior to parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis: results of a randomized prospective trial. Br J Surg 84(12):1665–1669PubMedCrossRef
556.
Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, McCroskey BL, Peterson VM (1989) TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma—reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 29(7):916–922 (discussion 22–23)
557.
Peterson VM, Moore EE, Jones TN et al (1988) Total enteral nutrition versus total parenteral nutrition after major torso injury: attenuation of hepatic protein reprioritization. Surgery. 104(2):199–207PubMed
558.
Sun JK, Mu XW, Li WQ, Tong ZH, Li J, Zheng SY (2013) Effects of early enteral nutrition on immune function of severe acute pancreatitis patients. World J Gastroenterol 19(6):917–922PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
559.
Wang G, Wen J, Xu L et al (2013) Effect of enteral nutrition and ecoimmunonutrition on bacterial translocation and cytokine production in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 183(2):592–597PubMedCrossRef
560.
Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA et al (2016) A multicentre, randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early nutritional support via the parenteral versus the enteral route in critically ill patients (CALORIES). Health Technol Assess 20(28):1–144CrossRef
561.
Kudsk KA (2002) Current aspects of mucosal immunology and its influence by nutrition. Am J Surg 183(4):390–398PubMedCrossRef
562.
McClave SA, Heyland DK (2009) The physiologic response and associated clinical benefits from provision of early enteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract. 24(3):305–315PubMedCrossRef
563.
Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G et al (2011) Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 365(6):506–517PubMedCrossRef
564.
Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA et al (2013) Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short-term relative contraindications to early enteral nutrition: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309(20):2130–2138PubMedCrossRef
565.
Rapp RP, Donaldson ES, Bivins BA (1983) Parenteral nutrition in a patient with familial type IV hypertriglyceridemia: a dilemma. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 17(6):458–460PubMed
566.
Young B, Ott L, Haack D et al (1987) Effect of total parenteral nutrition upon intracranial pressure in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 67(1):76–80PubMedCrossRef
567.
Sadique Z, Grieve R, Harrison D, Rowan K (2015) Cost-effectiveness of early parenteral versus enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Value Health. 18(7):A532PubMedCrossRef
568.
Chiarelli A, Enzi G, Casadei A, Baggio B, Valerio A, Mazzoleni F (1990) Very early nutrition supplementation in burned patients. Am J Clin Nutr 51(6):1035–1039PubMed
569.
Dvorak MF, Noonan VK, Bélanger et al (2004) Early versus late enteral feeding in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29(9):E175–E180
570.
Eyer SD, Micon LT, Konstantinides FN et al (1993) Early enteral feeding does not attenuate metabolic response after blunt trauma. J Trauma 34(5):639–644PubMedCrossRef
571.
Grahm TW, Zadrozny DB, Harrington T (1989) The benefits of early jejunal hyperalimentation in the head-injured patient. Neurosurgery. 25(5):729–735PubMedCrossRef
572.
Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU et al (1995) Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19(6):437–443PubMedCrossRef
573.
Minard G, Kudsk KA, Melton S, Patton JH, Tolley EA (2000) Early versus delayed feeding with an immune-enhancing diet in patients with severe head injuries. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 24(3):145–149PubMedCrossRef
574.
Moore EE, Jones TN (1986) Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal-trauma—a prospective, randomized study. J Trauma 26(10):874–881PubMedCrossRef
575.
Nguyen NQ, Fraser RJ, Bryant LK et al (2008) The impact of delaying enteral feeding on gastric emptying, plasma cholecystokinin, and peptide YY concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 36(5):1469–1474PubMedCrossRef
576.
Peng YZ, Yuan ZQ, Xiao GX (2001) Effects of early enteral feeding on the prevention of enterogenic infection in severely burned patients. Burns. 27(2):145–149PubMedCrossRef
577.
Singh G, Ram RP, Khanna SK (1998) Early postoperative enteral feeding in patients with nontraumatic intestinal perforation and peritonitis. J Am Coll Surg 187(2):142–146PubMedCrossRef
578.
Chuntrasakul C, Chinswangwatanakul V, Chockvivatanavanit S, Siltharm S, Pongprasobchai T, Bunnak A (1996) Early nutritional support in severe traumatic patients. J Med Assoc Thai 79(1):21–26PubMed
579.
Chourdakis M, Kraus MM, Tzellos T et al (2012) Effect of early compared with delayed enteral nutrition on endocrine function in patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-labeled randomized trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 36(1):108–116PubMedCrossRef
580.
Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Sweetman EA (2011) Early enteral nutrition reduces mortality in trauma patients requiring intensive care: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Injury. 42(1):50–56PubMedCrossRef
581.
Doig GS, Heighes PT, Simpson F, Sweetman EA, Davies AR (2009) Early enteral nutrition, provided within 24 h of injury or intensive care unit admission, significantly reduces mortality in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Intensive Care Med 35(12):2018–2027PubMedCrossRef
582.
Malhotra A, Mathur AK, Gupta S (2004) Early enteral nutrition after surgical treatment of gut perforations: a prospective randomised study. J Postgrad Med 50(2):102–106PubMed
583.
Pupelis G, Austrums E, Jansone A, Sprucs R, Wehbi H (2000) Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of postoperative enteral feeding in patients with severe pancreatitis: preliminary report. Eur J Surg 166(5):383–387PubMedCrossRef
584.
Arabi YM, Aldawood AS, Haddad SH et al (2015) Permissive underfeeding or standard enteral feeding in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 372(25):2398–2408PubMedCrossRef
585.
Marik PE, Hooper MH (2016) Normocaloric versus hypocaloric feeding on the outcomes of ICU patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42(3):316–323PubMedCrossRef
586.
Arabi YM, Tamim HM, Dhar GS et al (2011) Permissive underfeeding and intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 93(3):569–577PubMedCrossRef
587.
Charles EJ, Petroze RT, Metzger R et al (2014) Hypocaloric compared with eucaloric nutritional support and its effect on infection rates in a surgical intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 100(5):1337–1343PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
588.
Ibrahim EH, Mehringer L, Prentice D et al (2002) Early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26(3):174–181PubMedCrossRef
589.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network, Rice TW, Wheeler AP et al (2012) Initial trophic vs full enteral feeding in patients with acute lung injury: the EDEN randomized trial. JAMA 307(8):795–803
590.
Petros S, Horbach M, Seidel F, Weidhase L (2016) Hypocaloric vs normocaloric nutrition in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized pilot trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 40(2):242–249PubMedCrossRef
591.
Rice TW, Mogan S, Hays MA, Bernard GR, Jensen GL, Wheeler AP (2011) Randomized trial of initial trophic versus full-energy enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 39(5):967–974PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
592.
Needham DM, Dinglas VD, Bienvenu OJ et al (2013) One year outcomes in patients with acute lung injury randomised to initial trophic or full enteral feeding: prospective follow-up of EDEN randomised trial. BMJ 346:f1532PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
593.
Garcia de Acilu M, Leal S, Caralt B, Roca O, Sabater J, Masclans JR (2015) The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review. Biomed Res Int 2015:653750
594.
Manzanares W, Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Stapleton RD, Jeejeebhoy KN, Heyland DK (2014) Parenteral fish oil lipid emulsions in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38(1):20–28PubMedCrossRef
595.
Zhu D, Zhang Y, Li S, Gan L, Feng H, Nie W (2014) Enteral omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med 40(4):504–512PubMedCrossRef
596.
Rice TW, Wheeler AP, Thompson BT, deBoisblanc BP, Steingrub J, Rock P (2011) Enteral omega-3 fatty acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidant supplementation in acute lung injury. JAMA 306(14):1574–1581PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
597.
McClave SA, DeMeo MT, DeLegge MH et al (2002) North American Summit on Aspiration in the Critically Ill Patient: consensus statement. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26(6 Suppl):S80–S85PubMedCrossRef
598.
McClave SA, Lukan JK, Stefater JA et al (2005) Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 33(2):324–330PubMedCrossRef
599.
Metheny NA, Schallom L, Oliver DA, Clouse RE (2008) Gastric residual volume and aspiration in critically ill patients receiving gastric feedings. Am J Crit Care 17(6):512–519 (quiz 20)
600.
Montejo JC, Minambres E, Bordeje L et al (2010) Gastric residual volume during enteral nutrition in ICU patients: the REGANE study. Intensive Care Med 36(8):1386–1393PubMedCrossRef
601.
Poulard F, Dimet J, Martin-Lefevre L et al (2010) Impact of not measuring residual gastric volume in mechanically ventilated patients receiving early enteral feeding: a prospective before-after study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34(2):125–130PubMedCrossRef
602.
Reignier J, Mercier E, Le Gouge A et al (2013) Effect of not monitoring residual gastric volume on risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults receiving mechanical ventilation and early enteral feeding: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 309(3):249–256PubMedCrossRef
603.
Elke G, Felbinger TW, Heyland DK (2015) Gastric residual volume in critically ill patients: a dead marker or still alive? Nutr Clin Pract. 30(1):59–71PubMedCrossRef
604.
Van Noord C, Dieleman JP, van Herpen G, Verhamme K, Sturkenboom MC (2010) Domperidone and ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death: a population-based case-control study in the Netherlands. Drug Saf 33(11):1003–1014PubMedCrossRef
605.
Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, Narasimhulu SS, Hall K, Stein CM (2004) Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 351(11):1089–1096PubMedCrossRef
606.
Lewis K, Alqahtani Z, McIntyre L et al (2016) The efficacy and safety of prokinetic agents in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 20(1):259PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
607.
Freeman BD, Dixon DJ, Coopersmith CM, Zehnbauer BA, Buchman TG (2008) Pharmacoepidemiology of QT-interval prolonging drug administration in critically ill patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17(10):971–981PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
608.
Fruhwald S, Kainz J (2010) Effect of ICU interventions on gastrointestinal motility. Curr Opin Crit Care. 16(2):159–164PubMedCrossRef
609.
Mentec H, Dupont H, Bocchetti M, Cani P, Ponche F, Bleichner G (2001) Upper digestive intolerance during enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: frequency, risk factors, and complications. Crit Care Med 29(10):1955–1961PubMedCrossRef
610.
Dive A, Foret F, Jamart J, Bulpa P, Installe E (2000) Effect of dopamine on gastrointestinal motility during critical illness. Intensive Care Med 26(7):901–907PubMedCrossRef
611.
Dive A, Miesse C, Jamart J, Evrard P, Gonzalez M, Installe E (1994) Duodenal motor response to continuous enteral feeding is impaired in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Clin Nutr. 13(5):302–306CrossRefPubMed
612.
Zaloga GP, Marik P (2000) Promotility agents in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28(7):2657–2659PubMedCrossRef
613.
Tiancha H, Jiyong J, Min Y (2015) How to promote bedside placement of the postpyloric feeding tube: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 39(5):521–530PubMedCrossRef
614.
Alhazzani W, Almasoud A, Jaeschke R et al (2013) Small bowel feeding and risk of pneumonia in adult critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care 17(4):R127PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
615.
Deane AM, Dhaliwal R, Day AG, Ridley EJ, Davies AR, Heyland DK (2013) Comparisons between intragastric and small intestinal delivery of enteral nutrition in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 17(3):R125PubMedCrossRef
616.
Alhazzani W, Jacobi J, Sindi A et al (2013) The effect of selenium therapy on mortality in patients with sepsis syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 41(6):1555–1564PubMedCrossRef
617.
Valenta J, Brodska H, Drabek T, Hendl J, Kazda A (2011) High-dose selenium substitution in sepsis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 37(5):808–815PubMedCrossRef
618.
Bloos F, Trips E, Nierhaus A et al (2016) Effect of sodium selenite administration and procalcitonin-guided therapy on mortality in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Int Med. 176(9):1266–1276CrossRef
619.
Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D et al (2003) Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim analysis of a randomized multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 29(5):834–840PubMedCrossRef
620.
Suchner U, Kuhn KS, Furst P (2000) The scientific basis of immunonutrition. Proc Nutr Soc. 59(4):553–563PubMedCrossRef
621.
Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B et al (1995) Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 23(3):436–449PubMedCrossRef
622.
Caparros T, Lopez J, Grau T (2001) Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with a high-protein diet enriched with arginine, fiber, and antioxidants compared with a standard high-protein diet. The effect on nosocomial infections and outcome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25(6):299–309PubMedCrossRef
623.
Galban C, Montejo JC, Mesejo A et al (2000) An immune-enhancing enteral diet reduces mortality rate and episodes of bacteremia in septic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 28(3):643–648PubMedCrossRef
624.
Santora R, Kozar RA (2010) Molecular mechanisms of pharmaconutrients. J Surg Res 161(2):288–294PubMedCrossRef
625.
Kieft H, Roos AN, van Drunen JDE, Bindels A, Bindels JG, Hofman Z (2005) Clinical outcome of immunonutrition in a heterogeneous intensive care population. Intensive Care Med 31(4):524–532PubMedCrossRef
626.
Marik PE, Zaloga GP (2001) Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 29(12):2264–2270PubMedCrossRef
627.
Avenell A (2006) Glutamine in critical care: current evidence from systematic reviews. Proc Nutr Soc. 65(3):236–241PubMedCrossRef
628.
Avenell A (2009) Hot topics in parenteral nutrition. Current evidence and ongoing trials on the use of glutamine in critically-ill patients and patients undergoing surgery. Proc Nutr Soc. 68(3):261–268PubMedCrossRef
629.
Jiang H, Chen W, Hu W, Cai B, Liao RJ (2009) The impact of glutamine-enhanced enteral nutrition on clinical outcome of patients with critical illness: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 25(5):325–330PubMed
630.
Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell A, Drover JW, Su XY (2002) Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 30(9):2022–2029PubMedCrossRef
631.
Grau T, Bonet A, Minambres E et al (2011) The effect of L-alanyl-l-glutamine dipeptide supplemented total parenteral nutrition on infectious morbidity and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 39(6):1263–1268PubMedCrossRef
632.
Wang Z, Forceville X, Van Antwerpen P et al (2009) A large-bolus injection, but not continuous infusion of sodium selenite improves outcome in peritonitis. Shock. 32(2):140–146PubMedCrossRef
633.
Wernerman J, Kirketeig T, Andersson B et al (2011) Scandinavian glutamine trial: a pragmatic multi-centre randomised clinical trial of intensive care unit patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 55(7):812–818PubMedCrossRef
634.
Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE et al (2013) A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 368(16):1489–1497PubMedCrossRef
635.
Beale RJ, Sherry T, Lei K et al (2008) Early enteral supplementation with key pharmaconutrients improves sequential organ failure assessment score in critically ill patients with sepsis: outcome of a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Crit Care Med 36(1):131–144PubMedCrossRef
636.
Fuentes-Orozco C, Anaya-Prado R, Gonzalez-Ojeda A et al (2004) L-alanyl-l-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis. Clin Nutr. 23(1):13–21PubMedCrossRef
637.
Puskarich MA, Kline JA, Krabill V, Claremont H, Jones AE (2014) Preliminary safety and efficacy of L-carnitine infusion for the treatment of vasopressor-dependent septic shock: a randomized control trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38(6):736–743PubMedCrossRef
638.
White DB, Engelberg RA, Wenrich MD, Lo B, Curtis JR (2010) The language of prognostication in intensive care units. Med Decis Making 30(1):76–83PubMedCrossRef
639.
Chiarchiaro J, Buddadhumaruk P, Arnold RM, White DB (2015) Quality of communication in the ICU and surrogate’s understanding of prognosis. Crit Care Med 43(3):542–548PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
640.
Downar J, You JJ, Bagshaw SM et al (2015) Nonbeneficial treatment Canada: definitions, causes, and potential solutions from the perspective of healthcare practitioners. Crit Care Med 43(2):270–281PubMedCrossRef
641.
Kon AA, Shepard EK, Sederstrom NO et al (2016) Defining futile and potentially inappropriate interventions: a policy statement from the Society of Critical Care Medicine Ethics Committee. Crit Care Med 44(9):1769–1774PubMedCrossRef
642.
Nelson JE, Curtis JR, Mulkerin C et al (2013) Choosing and using screening criteria for palliative care consultation in the ICU: a report from the Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) Advisory Board. Crit Care Med 41(10):2318–2327PubMedCrossRef
643.
Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W (2010) The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 340:c1345. doi:10.​1136/​bmj.​c1345
644.
Scheunemann LP, McDevitt M, Carson SS, Hanson LC (2011) Randomized, controlled trials of interventions to improve communication in intensive care: a systematic review. Chest 139(3):543–554PubMedCrossRef
645.
Bosslet GT, Pope TM, Rubenfeld GD et al (2015) An official ATS/AACN/ACCP/ESICM/SCCM policy statement: responding to requests for potentially inappropriate treatments in intensive care units. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191(11):1318–1330PubMedCrossRef
646.
Kon AA, Davidson JE, Morrison W, Danis M, White DB (2016) Shared decision making in ICUs: an American College of Critical Care Medicine and American Thoracic Society policy statement. Crit Care Med 44(1):188–201PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
647.
Aslakson R, Cheng J, Vollenweider D, Galusca D, Smith TJ, Pronovost PJ (2014) Evidence-based palliative care in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of interventions. J Palliat Med. 17(2):219–235PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
648.
Schulz V, Novick RJ (2013) The distinct role of palliative care in the surgical intensive care unit. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 17(4):240–248PubMedCrossRef
649.
Khandelwal N, Kross EK, Engelberg RA, Coe NB, Long AC, Curtis JR (2015) Estimating the effect of palliative care interventions and advance care planning on ICU utilization: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 43(5):1102–1111PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
650.
DeCato TW, Engelberg RA, Downey L et al (2013) Hospital variation and temporal trends in palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU. Crit Care Med 41(6):1405–1411PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
651.
Sprung CL, Truog RD, Curtis JR et al (2014) Seeking worldwide professional consensus on the principles of end-of-life care for the critically ill. The Consensus for Worldwide End-of-Life Practice for Patients in Intensive Care Units (WELPICUS) study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190(8):855–866PubMedCrossRef
652.
Davidson JE (2013) Family presence on rounds in neonatal, pediatric, and adult intensive care units. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 10(2):152–156PubMedCrossRef
653.
Flanders SA, Strasen JH (2014) Review of evidence about family presence during resuscitation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 26(4):533–550PubMedCrossRef
654.
Oczkowski SJ, Mazzetti I, Cupido C, Fox-Robichaud AE (2015) The offering of family presence during resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care. 3:41PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
655.
Oczkowski SJ, Mazzetti I, Cupido C, Fox-Robichaud AE (2015) Canadian Critical Care Society: family presence during resuscitation: A Canadian Critical Care Society position paper. Can Respir J 22(4):201–205PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016
verfasst von
Andrew Rhodes
Laura E. Evans
Waleed Alhazzani
Mitchell M. Levy
Massimo Antonelli
Ricard Ferrer
Anand Kumar
Jonathan E. Sevransky
Charles L. Sprung
Mark E. Nunnally
Bram Rochwerg
Gordon D. Rubenfeld
Derek C. Angus
Djillali Annane
Richard J. Beale
Geoffrey J. Bellinghan
Gordon R. Bernard
Jean-Daniel Chiche
Craig Coopersmith
Daniel P. De Backer
Craig J. French
Seitaro Fujishima
Herwig Gerlach
Jorge Luis Hidalgo
Steven M. Hollenberg
Alan E. Jones
Dilip R. Karnad
Ruth M. Kleinpell
Younsuk Koh
Thiago Costa Lisboa
Flavia R. Machado
John J. Marini
John C. Marshall
John E. Mazuski
Lauralyn A. McIntyre
Anthony S. McLean
Sangeeta Mehta
Rui P. Moreno
John Myburgh
Paolo Navalesi
Osamu Nishida
Tiffany M. Osborn
Anders Perner
Colleen M. Plunkett
Marco Ranieri
Christa A. Schorr
Maureen A. Seckel
Christopher W. Seymour
Lisa Shieh
Khalid A. Shukri
Steven Q. Simpson
Mervyn Singer
B. Taylor Thompson
Sean R. Townsend
Thomas Van der Poll
Jean-Louis Vincent
W. Joost Wiersinga
Janice L. Zimmerman
R. Phillip Dellinger
Publikationsdatum
18.01.2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Intensive Care Medicine / Ausgabe 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0342-4642
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1238
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2017

Intensive Care Medicine 3/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Letter

High-flow oxygen via tracheostomy improves oxygenation in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation: a randomised crossover study

Letter

Role of D-Dimer testing in venous thromboembolism with concomitant renal insufficiency in critical care

What's New in Intensive Care

Ten concerns about blood pressure measurement and targets in paediatric sepsis

Editorial

Should all patients with sepsis receive anticoagulation? Yes

Original

Late-onset moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with shorter survival and higher mortality: a two-stage association study

Letter

Do we have adequate tools and skills to manage uncertainty among patients and families in ICU?

Neu im Fachgebiet AINS

23.04.2024 | Appendizitis | Nachrichten

Hinter dieser Appendizitis steckte ein Erreger

23.04.2024 | Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen | Nachrichten

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 | Operationsvorbereitung | Nachrichten

Mehr Schaden als Nutzen durch präoperatives Aussetzen von GLP-1-Agonisten?

18.04.2024 | Wirbelsäulenmetastase | Nachrichten

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung
weitere anzeigen

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

hier abonnieren