In children and adolescents, no self-report or proxy-report sedentary behavior questionnaires are available that are both valid and reliable. |
To improve the methodological quality of future studies, researchers need to adopt standardized tools such as COSMIN for the evaluation of measurement properties. In addition, reviewers and journal editors should also take into consideration whether such tools have been used when evaluating research articles. |
Content validity needs more attention to ensure that questionnaires measure what they intend to measure. |
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Literature Search
2.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3 Selection Procedures
2.4 Data Extraction
2.5 Methodological Quality Assessment
2.6 Questionnaire Quality Assessment
2.6.1 Reliability
2.6.2 Validity
Constructs of sedentary behavior measured | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Sedentary behavior, all constructs (i.e. including at least screen time and non-screen leisure time activities, e.g. quiet play/hobbies/social activities, school/study time, and passive transport) | ActivPAL ≥0.70 Direct observation ≥0.70 | Accelerometer 100 cpm ≥0.60 | Questionnaire, diary, interview: corresponding constructs ≥0.70 Accelerometer lower or higher than 100 cpm ≥0.40 |
Sitting (overall time) | ActivPAL ≥0.70 Direct observation ≥0.70 | Accelerometer 100 cpm ≥0.50 | Questionnaire, diary, interview: corresponding constructs ≥0.70 Accelerometer lower or higher than 100 cpm ≥0.40 |
TV watching time/screen time | Direct observation ≥0.70 | Diary, logs ≥0.60 TV monitoring device ≥0.60 | Questionnaire, interview: corresponding constructs ≥0.70 Accelerometer ≥0.40 |
Sedentary behavior, not all constructs or time frames (e.g. excluding screen time or time spent at school) | Direct observation ≥0.70 ActivPAL ≥0.70 | Accelerometer 100 cpm ≥0.60a
Accelerometer 100 cpm ≥0.50b
| Questionnaire, diary, interview: corresponding constructs ≥0.70 Accelerometer lower or higher than 100 cpm ≥0.40 |
3 Results
3.1 Description of Questionnaires
3.2 Test–Retest Reliability
Questionnaire | Study populationa
| Time interval | Results | Methodological qualityb
| Evidence rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preschoolers (mean age <6 years) | |||||
Preschool-aged Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ) [proxy] [48] |
n = 103 Age: 3- to 5-year-olds Sex: 48 % girls | 1–2 weeks | Family car behavior: ICC 0.31–0.63 | Good | − |
Energy balance-related behaviors (ERBs) self-administered primary caregivers questionnaire (PCQ), from the ToyBox study (proxy) [42] |
n = 93 preschoolers | 2 weeks | Computer use: ICC: weekdays 0.716, weekend days 0.812 Active/passive transport: ICC: travel forth 0.913, time 0.820, travel home 0.882, time 0.892 TV viewing: ICC: weekdays 0.674, weekend days 0.667 Quiet play: ICC: weekdays 0.421, weekend days 0.501 | Fair | +/− |
KidActive-Q (proxy) [59] |
n = 20 Age: 4.2 ± 1.3 years (2–6) Sex: 50 % girls | 3 weeks | Watching TV: ICC 0.85 (95 % CI 0.72–0.97) | Poor | + |
Physical activity questionnaire for parents of preschoolers (translated from Spanish) [49] |
n = 21 Age: 3- to 5-year-olds Sex: percentage of girls unknown | 1 week | Duration low activity: r = 0.86 | Poor | + |
Children (mean age ≥6 and <12 years) | |||||
Sedentary Behavior and Sleep Scale (SBSS) [proxy] [43] |
n = ranging from 59 to 62 Age: 6.7 ± 0.5 years (total sample) Sex: 59 % girls (total sample) | 1 week | Homework: ICC: weekday 0.62, weekend 0.79 Tuition: ICC: weekday 0.68, weekend 0.73 Screen time: ICC: weekday 0.70, weekend 0.59 Total sedentary time: ICC: weekday 0.72, weekend 0.61 | Good | +/− |
A TV viewing question (proxy) [60] |
n = 67 Age: 4- to 7-year-olds Sex: percentage of girls unknown | 2–8 weeks | TV viewing: Kappa 0.53 (95 % CI 0.35–0.74); SCC 0.68; ICC 0.70 (95 % CI 0.55–0.80) | Good | − |
Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey–Chinese version questionnaire (CLASS–C) [54] |
n = 214 Age: 10.9 ± 0.9 years (9–12) Sex: 62 % girls | 1 week | Weekly sedentary time [min]: ICC 0.69 (95 % CI 0.59–0.77) | Good | − |
TV viewing questionnaire (proxy) [61] |
n = 133 Age: 5- to 6-year-olds and 10- to 12-year-olds Sex: percentage of girls unknown | 7–14 days | TV viewing: ICC 0.78 (95 % CI 0.69–0.84) [dichotomized into ≤2 h/day and >2 h/day] | Fair | + |
Energy Retention Behavior Scale for Children (ERB–C scale) [46] |
n = 36 Age: same approximate age as the validity study: 9.6 ± 0.6 years Sex: 56 % girls | Twice-weekly intervals | Sedentary-behavior scale: ICC 0.81 | Fair | + |
The Adolescents Sedentary Activities Questionnaire (ASAQ) [29] |
n = 250; Age: 11.3 (n = 98), 13.3 (n = 73), and 15.3 years (n = 79) Sex: 49, 47, and 37 % girls, respectively | 2 weeks | Total week: ICC: grade 6 boys 0.57 (95 % CI 0.25–0.76), girls 0.86 (95 % CI 0.75–0.92); grade 8 boys 0.84 (95 % CI 0.69–0.91), girls 0.70 (95 % CI 0.40–0.85); grade 10 boys 0.72 (95 % CI 0.52–0.84), girls 0.82 (95 % CI 0.63–0.92) | Fair | + |
TV viewing items of the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey (HBSC) [39] |
n = 112 Age: 11.8 ± 0.6 years Sex: 48 % girls | 1 week | Mean TV viewing time: ICC: boys 0.76 (95 % CI 0.63–0.85); girls 0.81 (95 % CI 0.69–0.88) | Fair | + |
Selected indicators from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire [40] |
n = 95 Age: 11.7 ± 0.4 years (n = 44)/15.8 ± 0.3 years (n = 51) Sex: 55 % girls (n = 44) 39 % girls (n = 51) | 3 weeks | Watching TV: ICC: school days 0.72 (95 % CI 0.61–0.81), weekends 0.74 (95 % CI 0.63–0.83) Doing homework: ICC: school days 0.78 (95 % CI 0.68–0.85), weekends 0.73 (95 % CI 0.62–0.82) Playing PC or console games: ICC: school days 0.54 (95 % CI 0.38–0.67), weekends 0.69 (95 % CI 0.57–0.78) Using the PC: ICC: school days 0.33 (95 % CI 0.14–0.50), weekends 0.50 (95 % CI 0.33–0.64)c
| Fair | +/− |
UP4FUN child questionnaire [62] |
n = 143 Age: 10- to 12-year-olds Sex: 57 % girls | 1 week | TV/DVD watching: ICC: weekdays 0.77, weekend days 0.74, yesterday 0.66 Computer/game console: ICC: weekdays 0.84, weekend days 0.80, yesterday 0.67 Breaking up TV/DVD watching: ICC 0.72 Breaking up computer/game console: ICC 0.70 Breaking up school lesson: ICC 0.68 | Fair | +/− |
Selected physical activity and sedentary behavior items of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire [41] |
n = 693 Age: 11.08 ± 0.45 years/15.12 ± 0.45 years Sex: 49 % girls | Czech Republic and Slovakia: 4 weeks Poland: 1 week | 4-week interval: ICC: TV use—weekday 0.51, weekend day 0.52; computer use—weekdays 0.61, weekend days 0.62; sitting time—weekdays 0.55, weekend days 0.53 4-week interval: Cohen’s kappa: TV use—weekday 0.45, weekend day 0.41; computer use—weekdays 0.49, weekend days 0.51; sitting time—weekdays 0.42, weekend days 0.39 1-week interval: ICC: TV use—weekday 0.66, weekend day 0.88; computer use—weekdays 0.80, weekend days 0.88; sitting time—weekdays 0.91, weekend days 0.92 | Fair | − |
Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist (SAPAC) (modified) [37] |
n = 103 Age: 11.7 ± 0.5 years Sex: 50 % girls | Minimum of 5 days | Boys: ICC: TV/video 0.20, PC 0.40, total 0.36 Girls: ICC: TV/video 0.38, PC 0.35, total 0.34 | Fair | − |
The Eating and Activity Questionnaire Trial (Project EAST) and a modified question of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)d [51] |
n = 245 Age: 11- to 15-year olds Sex: 41 % girls | 1 week | Weekday TV, school year:e Exact agreement—kappa 0.55; +1 category—kappa 0.59; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing: SCC 0.68 Weekend TV, school year: Exact agreement—kappa 0.51; +1 category—kappa 0.40; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing: SCC 0.61 Weekday TV, summer: Exact agreement—kappa 0.46; +1 category—kappa 0.39; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing: SCC 0.58 Weekend TV, summer: Exact agreement—kappa 0.42; +1 category—kappa 0.40; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing: SCC 0.55 Computer use: Exact agreement—kappa 0.49; +1 category—Kappa 0.56; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing: SCC 0.60 | Fair | − |
Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS) Activity Questionnaire (GAQ) [25] |
n = 68 Age: 9.0 ± 0.6 year Sex: 100 % girls | 4 days | TV watching: PCC—yesterday 0.3454, usual 0.3827 Other sedentary activities: PCC—yesterday 0.469, usual 0.4837 | Fair | − |
The ENERGY-project Dietary and Physical Activity Habits of Children–child questionnaire [53] |
n = 730 Age: (11.3 ± 0.5–12.6 ± 0.6 years) Sex: 47–58 % girls | 1 week | TV watching: ICC: weekdays 0.67, weekend days 0.68, yesterday 0.68 Computer use: ICC: weekdays 0.67, weekend days 0.67, yesterday 0.54 Travel by car to school: ICC 0.91 Transport today to school: ICC 0.79 Travel by public transport to school: ICC 0.88 Activity during breaks: ICC 0.80 | Fair | − |
Parent proxy-report of physical activity and sedentary activities (proxy) [63] |
n = 147 Age: 6- to 10-year-olds; 13- to 14-year olds Sex: 51 % girls (in total sample n = 189) | 2 and 6 months | 2-month interval: ICC: watching TV 0.60 (95 % CI 0.49–0.79); sitting at a computer 0.61 (95 % CI 0.50–0.71); doing homework 0.56 (95 % CI 0.45–0.67); reading 0.64 (95 % CI 0.54–0.73); playing a musical instrument 0.34 (95 % CI 0.20–0.49); playing quietly 0.42 (95 % CI 0.29–0.55); traveling by car/public transport 0.49 (95 % CI 0.36–0.62) 6-month interval: ICC: watching TV 0.49 (95 % CI 0.36–0.62); sitting at a computer 0.44 (95 % CI 0.30–0.57); doing homework 0.59 (95 % CI 0.48–0.70); reading 0.54 (95 % CI 0.42–0.66); playing a musical instrument 0.59 (95 % CI 0.48–0.71); playing quietly 0.32 (95 % CI 0.17–0.47); traveling by car/public transport 0.43 (95 % CI 0.29–0.57) | 2-month interval: Fair 6-month interval: Poor | − |
Quantification de l’Activite Physique en Altitude Chez le Enfants (QAPACE) [64] |
n = 121 Age: 9.1 ± 0.8 years (8–10); 12.1 ± 0.8 years (11–13); 15.0 ± 0.8 years (14–16) Sex: 54 % girls | 90 days | Classroom sitting: ICC 0.97 (95 % CI 0.96–0.98) | Poor | + |
Girls health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS) Activity Questionnaire (GAQ) [26] |
n = 172 Age: 8.8 ± 0.8 years Sex: 100 % girls | 110.3 ± 17.6 days (average no. of days ± SD) | TV watching: PCC: yesterday 0.13, usual 0.31 Other sedentary activities: PCC: yesterday 0.32, usual 0.30 | Poor | − |
Sedentary behavior items from a new questionnaire to identify usual patterns of physical activity (proxy and non-proxy) [33] |
n = 69 Age: 9.9 years (8.5–12.7) Sex: 100 % girls
n = 47 mothers
n = 35 fathers | Girls: 12–16 days Parents: 12–28 days | Sitting, school day: ICC: girls 0.35, mothers 0.21, fathers 0.20 Sitting, weekend day: ICC: girls 0.36, mothers 0.25, fathers 0.24 TV, school day: ICC: girls 0.84, mothers 0.45, fathers 0.86 TV, weekend day: ICC: girls 0.81, mothers 0.82, fathers 0.79 | Poor | − |
Older children and adolescents (mean age ≥12 years) | |||||
School Health Action Planning and Evaluation System (SHAPES) physical activity questionnaire [50] |
n = 1636 Age: 9- to 12-graders Sex: 55 % girls | 1 week | Sedentary activities item domain: Kappa 0.55 ± 0.01 Weekly screen-time: Kappa 0.51 | Good | − |
Activity Questionnaire for Adults and Adolescents (AQuAA) [65] |
n = 53 Age: 14.1 ± 1.4 years Sex: 43 % girls | 2 weeks | Sedentary activities: ICC 0.57 (95 % CI 0.34–0.73) | Good | − |
Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey (CAPANS-PA) recall questionnaire [66] |
n = 77 Age: 12 ± 0.8 years (11–14) Sex: 51 % girls | 7 days | All sedentary activities: ICC: Monday–Friday 0.43 (95 % CI 0.21–0.61), Saturday 0.57 (95 % CI 0.38–0.71), Sunday 0.65 (95 % CI 0.48–0.77) | Good | − |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF) [Chinese version] [32] |
n = 92 Age: 15.9 ± 1.4 years Sex: 53 % girls | 1 week | Sitting: ICC: All 0.32 (95 % CI 0.12–0.49), boys 0.06 (95 % CI −0.24 to 0.35), girls 0.43 (95 % CI 0.17–0.63) | Good | − |
1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire [34] |
n = 4619 Age: 13- to 18-year-olds Sex: 53.4 % girls | Average 15.6 days (range 10–22 days) | Watch ≤2 h. TV on average school day: Kappa 46.7 % | Good | − |
Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) [Brazilian version] [30] |
n = 122 Age: 14.0 ± 1.4 years (12–17) Sex: 51 % girls | 3 days | Total SB full week, 12- to 14-year-olds; ICC: boys 0.92 (95 % CI 0.74–0.92), girls 0.85 (95 % CI 0.64–0.93) Total SB full week, 15- to 17-year-olds; ICC: boys 0.89 (95 % CI 0.77–0.94), girls 0.93 (95 % CI 0.85–0.96) Total SB weekdays, 12- to 14-year-olds; ICC: boys 0.90 (95 % CI 0.80–0.95), girls 0.90 (95 % CI 0.80–0.95) Total SB weekdays, 15- to 17-year-olds; ICC: boys 0.73 (95 % CI 0.36–0.88), girls 0.89 (95 % CI 0.76–0.95) Total SB weekend, 12- to 14-year-olds; ICC: boys 0.84 (95 % CI 0.69–0.92), girls 0.73 (95 % CI 0.47–0.87) Total SB weekend, 15- to 17-year-olds; ICC: boys 0.84 (95 % CI 0.63–0.93), girls 0.58 (95 % CI 0.09–0.80) | Fair | + |
Flemish Physical Activity Computer Questionnaire (FPACQ) [67] |
n = 33 Age: 14.4 ± 1.4 years Sex: 70 % girls | 9 days | Inactivity (TV and computer): ICC 0.83, kappa 0.61 | Fair | +/− |
Healthy Lifestyle Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) screen-time-based sedentary behavior questionnaire [68] |
n = 183 Age: 12.5–17.5 years Sex: 57 % girls | 1 week | TV viewing: Kappa: weekdays 0.71, weekend 0.68 Computer games: Kappa: weekdays 0.82, weekend 0.79 Console games: Kappa: weekdays 0.82, weekend 0.81; Internet non-study: Kappa: weekdays 0.86, weekend 0.71; Internet for study: Kappa: weekdays 0.46, weekend 0.33; Study: Kappa: weekdays 0.73, weekend 0.82 | Fair | +/− |
Measures of out-of-school sedentary and travel behaviors of the international Healthy Environments and active living in teenagers—Hong Kong [iHealt(H)] study [45] |
n = 68 Age: 15.4 years Sex: 47 % girls | 13 days (range 8–16 days) | Watching TV/DVD/video: ICC 0.62 Playing sedentary computer or video games: ICC 0.66 Using internet/emailing/other electronic media for leisure: ICC 0.58 Doing homework:f ICC 0.78 Reading a book (not for school): ICC 0.61 Riding in a car, bus, etc.: ICC 0.51 | Fair | − |
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) self-administered short version [31] |
n = 71 Age: 14.9 years (13–18) Sex: 56.3 % girls | 8–12 days | Sitting: ICC 0.27 (95 % CI −0.50 to 0.54) | Fair | − |
Newly developed questionnaire on total sedentary time [69] |
n = 20 Age: 15.4 ± 1.4 years Sex: 42 % girls | Mean: 16 ± 9 days | Total SB time: ICC: weekday 0.37 (95 % CI −0.09 to 0.70), weekend day 0.67 (95 % CI 0.32–0.86), average day 0.45 (95 % CI 0.01–0.74) Context-specific sedentary behaviors: ICC range (95 % CI −0.06 to 0.92), 8 % excellent, 13 % good, 42 % moderate, 38 % poorg
| Poor | − |
3.3 Measurement Error
Questionnaire | Study populationa
| Time interval | Results | Methodological qualityb
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Preschoolers (mean age <6 years) | ||||
Preschool-aged Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ) [proxy] [48] |
n = 103 Age: 3- to 5-year-olds Sex: 48 % girls | 1–2 weeks | ME range from 5.5 min (time spent on the computer, weekend) to 13.8 min (time spent watching TV, week) | Good |
Children (mean age ≥6 years and <12 years) | ||||
Questionnaire for measuring length of sleep, TV habits and computer habits (proxy and non-proxy) [44] |
n = 138 Age: 6-, 7-, 10-, 14- and 16-year olds Sex: 53 % girls | 2 weeks | Time spent watching TV: PoA 75.5 % Time spent at a computer: PoA 84.6 % | Fair |
UP4FUN child questionnaire [62] |
n = 143 Age: 10- to 12-year-olds Sex: 57 % girls | 1 week | TV/DVD watching: PoA: weekdays 53 %, weekend days 39 %, yesterday 40 % Computer/game console: PoA: weekdays 53 %, weekend days 39 %, yesterday 48 % Breaking up TV/DVD watching: PoA 47 % Breaking up computer/game console: PoA 48 % Breaking up school lesson: PoA 65 % | Fair |
The Eating and Activity Questionnaire Trial (Project EAST) and a modified question of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)c [51] |
n = 245 Age: 11- to 15-year-olds Sex: 41 % girls | 1 week | Weekday TV, school year:d PoA: exact agreement 48.16; +1 category 86.94; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing 82.04 Weekend TV, school year: PoA: exact agreement 45.31; +1 category 81.22; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing 76.73 Weekday TV, summer: PoA: exact agreement 40.82; +1 category 74.69; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing 73.06 Weekend TV, summer: PoA: exact agreement 35.10; +1 category 74.69; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing 69.80 Computer use: PoA: exact agreement 50.20; +1 category 85.71; percentage of children meeting recommendation of <2 h/day TV viewing 82.45 | Fair |
The ENERGY-project Dietary and Physical Activity Habits of Children–child questionnaire [53] |
n = 730; Age: (11.3 ± 0.5–12.5 ± 0.6 years) Sex: 47–58 % girls | 1 week | TV watching: PoA: weekdays 42 %, weekend days 36 %, yesterday 36 % Computer use: PoA: weekdays 41 %, weekend days 38 %, yesterday 39 % Travel by car to school: PoA 84 % Transport today to school: PoA 83 % Travel by public transport to school: PoA 92 % Activity during breaks: PoA 86 % | Fair |
Selected indicators from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) questionnaire [40] |
n = 95 Age: 11.7 ± 0.4 years (n = 44)/15.8 ± 0.3 years (n = 51) Sex: 55 % girls (n = 44) 39 % girls (n = 51) | 3 weeks | Playing PC or console games on school days: PoA 60 % Playing PC or console games at weekends: PoA 40 % Watching TV on school days: PoA 57 % Watching TV at weekends: PoA 38 % Doing homework on school days: PoA 56 % Doing homework at weekends: PoA 42 % Using PC on school days: PoA 41 % Using PC at weekends: PoA 32 % | Fair |
Older children and adolescents (mean age ≥12 years) | ||||
Measures of out-of-school sedentary and travel behaviors of the international Healthy Environments and active living in teenagers – Hong Kong [iHealt(H)] study [45] |
n = 68 Age: 15.4 years Sex: 47 % girls | 13 days (range 8–16 days) | Watching TV/DVD/video: PoA 74 % Playing sedentary computer or video games: PoA 72 % Using internet/emailing/other electronic media for leisure: PoA 65 % Doing homework:e PoA 76 % Reading a book (not for school): PoA 62 % Riding in a car, bus, etc.: PoA 68 % | Fair |
Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ) [Brazilian version] [30] |
n = 122 Age: 14.0 ± 1.4 years (12–17) Sex: 51 % girls | 3 days | Total sedentary time (min): MD: 116.6 (min); LoA [−1750 to 1980] | Fair |
Flemish Physical Activity Computer Questionnaire (FPACQ) [67] |
n = 33 Age: 14.4 ± 1.4 years Sex: 70 % girls | 9 days | Inactivity (TV and computer): Proportion agreement 0.74 | Fair |
3.4 Internal Consistency
3.5 Construct Validity
Questionnaire | Study populationa
| Comparison measure | Results | Methodological qualityb
| Level of evidence and evidence ratingc
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preschoolers (mean age <6 years) | ||||||
The Direct Estimate (proxy) [47] |
n = 330 | Daily activity chart; TV viewing diary (first correlated with TV observation (n = 105) r = 0.84–0.86 [including/excluding uncertainty]) | TV viewing: Versus daily activity chart: r = 0.62 (direct estimate 22.0 h/wk vs. daily activity chart 17.7 h/wk) TV viewing: Versus diary: r = 0.60 (direct estimate 22.0 h/wk vs. diary 16.7*) | Fair | Level 3: − Level 2: + | |
Daily Activity Chart (proxy) [47] |
n = 330 | The Direct Estimate; TV viewing diary (first correlated with TV observation (n = 105) r = 0.84–0.86 [including/excluding uncertainty]) | TV viewing: Versus direct estimate: r = 0.62 (direct estimate 22.0 h/wk vs. daily activity chart 17.7 h/wk) TV viewing: Versus diary: r = 0.48 (activity chart 17.7 h/wk vs. diary 16.7*) | Fair | Level 3: − Level 2: − | |
Physical activity and sedentary behavior questionnaire (based on the Canadian Health Measures Survey) [proxy] [28] |
n = 87 Age: 4–70 months Sex: 54 % girls | Accelerometer (Actical) | Total SB: median difference 306 min/day*, LoA [125–460],d SCC 0.10 (95 % CI −0.12 to −0.33) Screen time: SCC −0.05 (95 % CI −0.27 to 0.18) Stroller time: SCC 0.31 (95 % CI 0.09–0.50) Motor vehicle time: SCC −0.09 (95 % CI −0.30 to 0.13) | Poor | Level 2: − | |
Physical activity questionnaire for parents of preschoolers [49] |
n = 35 Age: 4.4 ± 0.7 years (3–5) Sex: 51 % girls | Accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M) | Sirard sedentary cut point r = 0.35 Pate sedentary cut point r = 0.34 | Poor | Level 2: − | |
Children (mean age ≥6 and <12 years) | ||||||
Youth Activity Profile (YAP) [52] |
n = 161 Age: 9.7 ± 1.0 years, 11.7 ± 0.8 years, 15.7 ± 1.2 years (total sample) Sex: 56 % girls (total sample)
n = 291 Age: 9.7 ± 1.0 years, 11.7 ± 0.8 years, 15.7 ± 1.2 years Sex: 56 % girls | Sense Wear Armband (SWA) | Sedentary time: PCC 0.75, MD −49.7 ± 23.1 min/wk, LoA (90%) [−88.0 to −11.4] YAP composite score for home sedentary sign. Correlated with SWA: b = 9.88 ± 2.40 | Fair | Level 2: + | |
Children’s Leisure Activities Study Survey–Chinese version questionnaire (CLASS–C) [54] |
n = 99 Age 9- to 12-year-olds Sex: 67 % girls | Accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M) | Sedentary time boys: SROC: weekdays 0.09, weekends −0.16, 1 week 0.06 Sedentary time girls: SROC: weekdays 0.19, weekends 0.18, 1 week 0.25 | Fair | Level 2: − | |
Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) [proxy] [27] |
n = 878 Age: 8.7 years (6–11) Sex: 49 % girls | Accelerometer (Actical) | Sedentary/screen time: PCC 0.17 | Poor | Level 2: − | |
TV viewing items of the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey (HBSC) [39] |
n = 111 Age: 11.8 ± 0.6 years Sex: 48 % girls | TV viewing diary | Mean TV viewing: ICC: boys 0.36 (95 % CI 0.11–0.57), girls 0.54 (95 % CI 0.32–0.71) Significantly higher TV viewing for questionnaire vs. diary hours/day (SD): boys: 2.96 (1.84) for questionnaire, 1.91 (1.14) for diary; girls: 2.03 (1.25) for questionnaire, 1.43 (0.89) for diary | Poor | Level 2: − | |
Parent proxy-report of physical activity and sedentary activities (proxy) [63] |
n = 167 (validity vs. accelerometer); 125 (validity vs. diary) Age: 6- to 10-year-olds; 13- to 14-year-olds Sex: 51 % girls (in total sample n = 189) | Accelerometer (Actigraph model AM7164) and time–activity diary (physical activity record) | Versus accelerometer: SCC (adjusted for school, sex, grade, maternal education): overall sedentary activities 0.55 (0.01); TV/DVD/video watching 0.32 (0.00); sitting at a computer/playing Nintendo/electronic games 0.32 (−0.03); doing homework 0.53 (0.03); reading 0.32 (−0.06); playing a musical instrument 0.12 (−0.01); playing quiet/other activities −0.10 (0.01); traveling by car/public transport 0.05 (−0.03) Versus. diary: an increase in mean questionnaire-reported sedentary time paralleled an increase in mean diary-reported SB | Poor | Level 2: − | |
The Eating and Activity Questionnaire Trial (Project EAST) and a modified question of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS)e [51] |
n = 245 Age: 11- to 15-year-olds Sex: 41 % girls | TV and computer logs | Weekend TV: MD (SD) −0.21 (2.54), SCC 0.366 Weekly average TV: MD (SD) −0.09 (1.75), SCC 0.466 Computer only: MD (SD) 0.68 (1.26), SCC 0.394 Weekday TV:f MD (SD) −0.04 (1.70), SCC 0.457 | Poor | Level 2: − | |
Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist (SAPAC) [38] |
n = 125 Age: 10.9 ± 0.5 years Sex: 56 % girls | Physical activity checklist interview (PACI) | Time in sedentary activities: ICC 0.75; MD (SE): 15 (7) | Poor | Level 3: + | |
The ENERGY-project Dietary and Physical Activity Habits of Children–child questionnaire [53] |
n = 96; Age (11.4 ± 0.6–12.0 ± 0.6 years) Sex: 31–67 % girls | Cognitive interview | TV watching: ICC: weekdays 0.63, weekend days 0.56, yesterday 0.70 Computer use: ICC: weekdays 0.35, weekend days 0.65, yesterday 0.28 Travel by car to school: ICC 0.84 Transport today to school: ICC 0.67 Travel by public transport to school: ICC 0.81 Activity during breaks: ICC 0.65 | Poor | Level 3: − | |
Sedentary behavior items from a new questionnaire to identify usual patterns of physical activity [33] |
n = 69 Age: 9.9 years (8.5–12.7) Sex: 100 % girls | 1-week activity diaries | Sitting, school day: ICC: girls 0.40, mothers 0.03, fathers 0.04 Sitting, weekend day: ICC: girls 0.32, mothers 0.15, fathers 0.10 TV, school day: ICC: girls 0.38, mothers 0.54, fathers 0.52 TV, weekend day: ICC: girls 0.31, mothers 0.31, fathers 0.40 Sitting, school day hours/day (SD): diary 7.6 (2.0), daughters 7.3 (2.1), mothers 6.2 (2.1)*, fathers 6.0 (2.7)* Sitting, weekend day hours/day (SD): diary 6.7 (2.3), daughters 6.1 (1.7)*, mothers 4.9 (1.8)*, fathers 4.7 (2.3)* TV, school day hours/day (SD): diary 1.2 (1.4), daughters 2.6 (2.1)*, mothers 1.4 (1.2), fathers 1.5 (1.2)* TV, weekend day hours/day (SD): diary 2.0 (2.2), daughters 4.1 (3.4)*, mothers 2.6 (1.6)*, fathers 2.5 (1.6)* | Poor | Level 3: − | |
HABITS questionnaire [70] |
n = 35 Age: 11.8 ± 2.3 years Sex: 37 % girls | Modifiable Activity Questionnaire | Watching TV, weekday: SROC 0.56 Watching TV, weekend day: SROC 0.59 | Poor | Level 3: − | |
Questions from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (proxy) [71] |
n = 3925 parents and children (grade 5) [TV viewing question]
n = 3955 parents and children (grade 5) [computer use and video games question] | Parent-reported questions from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth | TV viewing: Kappa 0.19 (95 % CI 0.16–0.21) Computer use and video games: Kappa 0.23 (95 % CI 0.20–0.25) | Poor | Level 3: − | |
Sedentary Behavior and Sleep Scale (SBSS) [43] |
n = 45 (weekend), 54 (weekday) Age: 6.7 ± 0.5 years (total sample) Sex: 59 % girls (total sample) | Accelerometer (RT3, Stayhealthy) | Sedentary time: weekday MD 79 ± 113 min/day, LoA [−143.6 to 303.3], weekend MD 400 min/day, LoA [−120.2 to 920.8] Bland–Altman plot, weekend, depicts a positive magnitude biasg
| Poor | Level 3: ? | |
Older children and adolescents (mean age ≥12 years) | ||||||
Modified 3-day Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist (SAPAC) [36] |
n = 190 Age: 11- to 15-year-olds Sex: 64 % girls | Accelerometer (Actigraph, formerly CSA accelerometer model 7164) | Overall SB [adjusted for total minutes of activity]: PCC 0.18 (95 % CI 0.07–0.28) [0.23 (95 % CI 0.12–0.33)] SCC 0.14 (95 % CI 0.05–0.23) [0.21 (95 % CI 0.12–0.30)] | Fair | Level 2: − | |
Activity Questionnaire for Adults and Adolescents (AQuAA) [65] |
n = 42 Age: 13.4 ± 1.0 years Sex: 50 % girls | Accelerometer (Actigraph model 7164) | Sedentary activities: SCC 0.23; two hypotheses/one hypotheses confirmed | Fair | Level 3: − | |
Newly developed questionnaire on total sedentary time [69] |
n = 62 Age: 16.1 ± 1.1 years Sex: 58 % girls | Movement monitor (activPAL) | SB time: SROC: weekday 0.42 (95 % CI 0.19–0.61); weekend day 0.02 (95 % CI −0.23 to 0.27); average day 0.29 (95 % CI 0.04–0.50) SB time: MD: weekday 57.05 %, weekend day 46.29 %, average day 53.34 % Bland–Altman plot, weekend, depicts a small negative magnitude biash
| Poor | Level 1: − | |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF) [Chinese version] [32] |
n = 1021 Age: 14.3 ± 1.6 years Sex: 47 % girls | Accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+ or GT3X) | Sitting: SCC: all 0.18, boys 0.24, girls 0.10 | Poor | Level 2: − | |
Healthy Lifestyle Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) screen-time-based sedentary behavior questionnaire [68] |
n = 2048 adolescents Age: 12.5–17.5 years Sex: percentage girls unknown | Accelerometer (Uni-axial, Actigraph MTI, model GT1M) | Median percentage (25th–75th percentile) of objectively measured SB time across tertiles of self-reported SB:i
Boys: computer games: tertile 1, 79.7 (76.2–83.6); tertile 2, 79.8 (77.0–83.6); tertile 3, 81.1 (77.6–85.2) [1–3; 2–3*] Internet non-study: tertile 1, 79.6 (76.0–83.6); tertile 3, 81.0 (77.9–84.6) [1–3*] Internet for study: tertile 1, 79.3 (75.7–83.3); tertile 2, 81.1 (78.2–84.8); tertile 3, 80.6 (77.3–84.5) [1–2; 1–3*] Study: tertile 1, 79.6 (76.2–83.8); tertile 2, 80.3 (77.0–84.0); tertile 3, 81.2 (78.2–84.7) [1–3; 2–3*] Total SB weekdays: tertile 1, 79.9 (76.8–83.4); tertile 2, 80.8 (77.3–84.9); tertile 3, 80.7 (77.4–84.6) [1–2; 1–3*] Total SB weekend: tertile 1, 79.5 (76.9–83.1); tertile 2, 81.1 (77.9–85.0); tertile 3, 81.0 (78.1–84.6) [1–2; 1-3*] Girls: Study: tertile 1, 82.4 (80.0–85.1); tertile 3, 83.1 (80.8–86.1) [1–3*] | Poor | Level 2: ? | |
A questionnaire to measure a broad range of sedentary activities [72] |
n = 172 Age: 12.8 years (12–15) Sex: 100 % girls | Accelerometer (MTI) | SB: MD weekly (SD): −3.2 h/wk (11.9), LoA [−26.5 to 20.1] Bland–Altman plot depicts a small positive magnitude biasj
| Poor | Level 2: ? |