Introduction
Methods
Selection criteria
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Analysis
Results
Search results
Study characteristics
Authors (country) | Gordon et al. [12] (Australia) | Gordon et al. [26] (Australia) | Haines et al. [13] (Australia) | May et al. [27] (The Netherlands) | Mewes et al. [29] (The Netherlands) | Perrier et al. [25] (France) | Van Waart et al. [28] (The Netherlands) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2005 | 2017 | 2010 | 2017 | 2013 | 2016 | 2018 | |
Study design | Model based economic evaluation Study design is observational for both DAART and STRETCH | RCT with economic evaluation | RCT with economic evaluation | RCT with economic evaluation | Model based economic evaluation Hypothetical cohort of 1000 | RCT with economic evaluation | RCT with economic evaluation | |
Period of intervention | STRETCH—8 weeks, up to 12 months follow-up DART—6 weeks, up to 12 months follow-up | 8 months, up to 12 months follow-up | 6 months, up to 12 months follow-up | 18 weeks, up to 9 months follow-up | 12 weeks, up to 6 months follow-up | 6 months | 1–4 months, 6 months follow-up | |
Analytic horizon | 12 months | 12 months | 6 months | 9 months | 5 years | 6 months | Less than 12 months | |
Setting | Community | Hospital and community | Hospital and community | Outpatient clinics | Community | Community | ||
Population | Women with breast cancer, aged 25–74 | Women with breast cancer aged 20–69, resident in Brisbane area | Women with newly diagnosed breast cancer undergoing adjuvant therapy | Histological diagnosis of breast cancer < 6 weeks pre- recruitment; stage M0; scheduled for chemotherapy; Age 25–75 years; no cancer treatment in 5 years preceding recruitment | Female breast cancer patients; aged < 50 years, premenopausal, had undergone adjuvant chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy, had experienced a treatment-induced menopause and who reported at least a minimal level of menopausal symptoms | Breast cancer patients receiving first-line adjuvant chemotherapy | Patients scheduled for adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer at one of the 12 participating hospitals in wider Amsterdam region of the Netherlands between 2010 and 2012 | |
Sample size | Study Group | DAART n = 36 STRETCH n = 31 | Treatment n = 134 | Intervention n = 46 | Intervention n = 87 | Intervention (n = 41) | OnTrack (n = 76) OncoMove (n = 77) | |
Control group | Usual care (n = 208) | Usual care n = 60 | Control n = 43 | Control n = 78 | Control (n = 19) | Control (n = 77) | ||
Age, mean (SD) | DAART 59 (10.7) STRETCH 54 (11.3) Usual care 55 (10.3) | 52 (8) | Intervention 55.9 (10.5) Control 54.2 (11.5) | Intervention 50.0 (7.9) Control 49.4 (7.6) | Age < 50 years | 18–75 years | OnTrack 49.9 (8.4) OncoMove 50.5 (10.1) Usual Care 51.6 (8.8) | |
Intervention | DAART—early home-based physiotherapy intervention. Main components: Recovery of shoulder range of movement (SROM), Education, Tailored exercise prescription for self-management STRETCH—a group-based exercise and psychosocial intervention. Main components: Recovery of SROM, Education, Discussion of psychosocial issues | 8-month exercise programme for women after surgery for primary breast cancer. Intervention delivered through either face‐to‐face home delivery or by telephone over an 8‐month period starting 6 weeks after breast surgery. The intervention involved 16 scheduled sessions | Participants received a multimedia instructional package with equipment. A programme combining a range of exercise approaches, with balance and shoulder mobility components Included progression | Supervised 1-h aerobic and resistance exercise (twice per week for 18 weeks). The programmeme was individualised to the patient’s personal preferences and fitness level. The 1-h exercise classes included a warming up (5 min), aerobic and muscle strength training (50 min) and a cooling down (5 min). Recommended to be physically active for at least 30 min a day on at least three other days | Physical exercise intervention consisting of a 12-week home-based exercise programme, individually tailored during an intake session with a physiotherapist | 6-month supervised physical activity programme of indoor and outdoor group sessions in addition to usual dietary advice | OnTrack: moderate-to-high intensity, combined resistance and aerobic exercise programme, supervised by specially trained physiotherapists. Twice a week, six large muscle groups are trained, followed by 30 min of aerobic exercises OncoMove: home-based, low-intensity, individualised, self-managed physical activity programme, with the addition of behavioural reinforcement. Specially trained nurses encourage participants at each chemotherapy cycle to engage in 30 min of physical activity per day, 5 days a week | |
Control | Usual care, a population-based sample, representative of women with breast cancer in the same geographic area | Usual care group received no regular or formal advice outside of routine health care contacts | Active (sham intervention) control of flexibility and relaxation activities Video and supporting material looked but actual exercises described differed. No progression | Usual care—maintain habitual physical activity pattern up to week 18. Thereafter, offered routine exercise programmes after cancer treatment | usual care, waiting list control | Dietary advice only | Varied according to hospital guidelines and preferences but did not involve routine exercise | |
Primary health outcome of the study | DAART study outcomes: shoulder ROM, arm circumference, function, pain, STRETCH: shoulder ROM | QoL—FACT-B + 4 | HRQoL—EQ-5D, EORTC C30 | Fatigue—MFI | Endocrine symptoms—FACT-ES | Adherence to the intervention | Cardiorespiratory fitness—endurance and heart rate at the end of an incremental bicycle ergometer test |
Interventions and outcomes
Economic evaluations
Authors (Country) | Gordon et al. [12] (Australia) | Gordon et al. [26] (Australia) | Haines et al. [13] (Australia) | May et al. [27] (The Netherlands) | Mewes et al. [29] (The Netherlands) | Perrier et al. [25] (France) | Van Waart et al. [28] (The Netherlands) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of study | CEA & CUA, Model based, Markov model 12 months | CEA & CUA Trial based | CUA Trial based | CUA Trial based | CUA Model based Markov model 5 years | CEA Trial based | CEA & CUA Trial based |
Perspective | Societal | Service provider, private | Societal | Societal | healthcare system perspective | French national insurance perspective | Societal |
Costs (Currency, price date, types of costs, sources of cost data, valuation of costs. discount rate) | 2004 AUS $, Direct and indirect, Literature, national tariffs No discounting Average cost DAART AUS $342 STRETCH AUS $1038 Usual Care (UC) AUS $189 Incremental cost versus UC DAART AUS $133 STRETCH AUS $941 | 2014 AUS $, Intervention, out of pocket, Trial records, invoices No discounting Mean costs Service provider AUS $967 Private AUS $838 Usual care AUS $20 | 2006 AUS $, Intervention, Direct health and productivity Trial data, Market prices, Australian DRG cost weights, mean wage rates No discounting Total costs Median (IQR), mean Intervention AUS $3864 (2450, 10,076), 10,082 Control AUS $3594 (2316, 7992), 3819 | 2011 Euros €, Direct and indirect, Trial data, own cost price calculations, No discounting Total societal costs, Mean (SD) Intervention €25,105 (10,403) Control €22,215 (8652) | 2011 Euros €, Intervention costs, Health care costs, Medication, Literature, national tariffs Discount rate 4% Total cost Intervention €2983 Control €2798 | 2012 Euros €, Intervention, total, Trial records, No discounting Total costs, mean (SD) Intervention €15,776 (9772) Control €18,475 (14,612) | 2017 Euros €, Intervention, Direct Health care, Absenteeism, Unpaid productivity Trial data, National tariffs No discounting Total costs, mean (SE) OnTrack €29,589 (1615) OncoMove €31,133 (2236) Usual Care €28,714 (1984) |
Effects (type of effects, sources of QALYs, discount rate) | Rehabilitated cases n (%) QALYs (Subjective Health Estimation (SHE) scale) No discounting Rehabilitated cases n (%) DAART 14 (45%) STRETCH 12 (48%) Usual care 99 (52%) Utility score, mean (SD) DAART 0.77 (0.19) STRETCH 0.79 (0.18) Usual care 0.73 (0.17) | Rehabilitated cases QALYs (EQ‐5D‐3L) No discounting Improvers Intervention 69 Usual care 21 Mean QALYs Intervention 0.846 Usual care 0.837 | Utility scores (EQ‐5D‐3L) No discounting Utility score, mean (SD) Intervention 0.80 (0.21) Control 0.83 (0.18) | QALYs (EQ‐5D‐3L) No discounting QALYs total, mean (SD) Intervention 0.569 (0.03) Control 0.560 (0.04) | QALYs (EQ-5D derived/mapped from SF-6D) Discount rate 1.5% Total QALYs Intervention 4.399 Control 4.392 | Change in BMI score VO2max gained No discounting Change in BMI score Intervention 0.05 Control 0.29 Change in VO2max Intervention 0.39 Control − 0.06 | QALYs (EQ-5D-3L) General fatigue Physical fatigue No discounting QALYs gained, mean (SE) OnTrack 0.65 (0.01) OncoMove 0.63 (0.02) Usual Care 0.58 (0.02) |
Outcomes | Incremental cost per rehab case DAART Dominated by UC STRETCH Dominated by UC ICER QALYs DAART versus UC AUS $1344 STRETCH versus UC AUS $14,478 | ICER improvers Service provider AUS $ 2644 Private AUS $ 2282 ICER QALYs Service provider AUS $105,231 Private AUS $90,842 | Only 5% probability that the intervention would be both less costly and more effective than the control | Incremental costs €2912 Incremental QALYs 0.01 ICER was €291,200 | Incremental costs €185 Incremental QALYs 0.0067 ICER €28,078 | ICERS €-11,159 per BMI unit lost €-6030 per estimated aerobic capacity unit gained for VO2max Intervention dominates usual care | Incremental cost OnTrack versus UC 1184 OncoMove versus UC 2571 Incremental QALYs OnTrack versus UC 0.04 OncoMove versus UC 0.04 ICERs Improvement in general fatigue OnTrack versus UC 788 OncoMove versus UC 4711 Improvement in physical fatigue OnTrack versus UC 1402 OncoMove versus UC 10,384 QALYs OnTrack versus UC 26,916 OncoMove versus UC 70,052 |
Sensitivity analyses conducted | A one-way sensitivity analysis was performed for several cost and outcome estimates PSA of cost-effectiveness inputs | One-way sensitivity of QALYs and costs PSA of cost-effectiveness inputs | None | Scenario analysis—Cost-effectiveness from healthcare perspective | One-way sensitivity PSA | PSA | Scenario analysis |
Results of sensitivity analyses | The ICERs for the STRETCH and DAART interventions remained robust to nearly all sensitivity analysis, with the exception of varying utility scores to their lower confidence limits when QALYs were the outcome used | Sensitivity analyses indicated that the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios using QALYs gained were most sensitive when the EQ‐5D-3L utility values were varied within their 95% confidence limits. Other variations in variables tested (e.g. leasing costs) produced negligible changes to the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The likelihood of the service provider model being cost-effective was 44.4%, and 46.3% for the private model, at a cost-effectiveness threshold of AUS$50 000 per QALY gained | NA | Similar to results of the baseline analysis | The outcomes were most influenced by (1) the utility values of the “menopausal symptoms” and “reduction in menopausal symptoms” health states, and (2) the duration of the treatment effect, with shorter effect duration resulting in lower cost-effectiveness The outcomes of this study were most sensitive to a reduction of the duration of the treatment effect from 5 to 3 and 1.5 years | Probability that intervention is cost-effective reached 56% for the BMI outcome measure and 69% for the VO2max outcome measure | The probability of cost-effectiveness for both comparators was greater amongst compliant participants |
Conclusion | Rehabilitated cases—not cost-effective when rehabilitated cases were used as the outcome for generating the ICER, the usual care group was superior to both STRETCH and DAART interventions When QALYs were used, the DAART group was more effective than both STRETCH and usual care | In this study, the EQ‐5D‐3L was not sensitive to capture the intervention effect, and therefore, QALYs were not entirely appropriate for this context In terms of the numbers of women reporting clinically significant improvements in quality of life, the intervention, using either service model, may be cost‐effective at approximately A$2400 per improver (or A$300 per month) | Not cost-effective Provision of multimodal exercise programmes will improve the short-term health of women undergoing adjuvant therapy for breast cancer but are of questionable economic efficiency | Not cost-effective Probability that the intervention would be cost-effective at 20,000 threshold is 2% | Physical Exercise is a cost-effective strategy for alleviating treatment-induced menopausal symptoms in this population | On the basis of both cost and effectiveness, the study finds potential advantages in using 6-month supervised physical activity programme in addition to the usual dietetic care instead of one dietetic care only | OncoMove is not likely to be cost-effective Depending on the decision-makers’ willingness-to-pay, OnTrack could be considered cost-effective in comparison with UC Both interventions had a low probability of being cost-effective for physical fitness |
Quality scorea | 22 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 19 |