Background
Methods
Search strategy
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Search for unpublished MSc/PhD thesis research reports using Google search engine and local university websites;
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Search for published journal articles using international scientific databases including PubMed, Science direct, Web of Science, Google scholar, AJOL, etc.
Screening and criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
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Data from review articles, historical documents or experimental studies;
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Data from published and unpublished ethno-botanical and ethno-medicinal surveys lacking information on anyone of the following: study areas/localities, informant’s involvement, scientific plant names, and not reporting information about anti-malarial medicinal plants;
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Data from non-open access journal articles or partially accessed (abstract only) articles.
Data retrieval
Data analysis
Results
Overview of ethno-medicinal studies on medicinal plants
Evaluation parameters | Total number of studies (n = 82) | |
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Criterion | Frequency (%) | |
Paper types | Published article | 64 (78.0) |
Unpublished thesis | 18 (22.0) | |
Botanical identification | Plant collected and verified with informant | 3 (3.6) |
Voucher specimen in herbarium | 18 (22.0) | |
Formal identification by botanist | 13 (15.9) | |
All | 44 (53.6) | |
None | 4 (4.9) | |
Informants reliability | ≥10 informants interviewed | |
Yes | 74 (90.2) | |
No | 8 (9.8) | |
≥2 informants mention use of plant for malaria treatment | ||
Yes | 66 (80.5) | |
No | 16 (19.5) | |
Informant(s) experience of treating malaria | ||
Yes | 61 (74.4) | |
No | 21 (25.6) | |
Reliable (fulfill all above criteria) | ||
Yes | 53 (64.6) | |
No | 29 (35.4) | |
Researcher reliability | Used same language as informants | |
Yes | 78 (95.1) | |
No | 4 (4.9) | |
Recorded Ethno-medicinal information | ||
At least PU, PM and AR | 15 (18.3) | |
Detailed | 58 (70.7) | |
Poor | 9 (11.0) |
Anti-malarial medicinal plants in Ethiopia
Geographic distribution of anti-malarial plants
Diversity of anti-malarial plants
Recipe reports
Preparation of herbal recipes for malaria treatment
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Allium sativum individually combined with one of the following plants; Girardinia diversifolia [41], Lepidium sativum [50, 88], Ruta chalepensis [87], Datura stramonium [50], Otostegia integrifolia [72], Ocimum basilicum [45], Ginger officinale [45, 50], Cicer arietinum [75], Carica papaya [29, 50], Capsicum annuum [42, 43], Artemisia afra [42], Croton macrostachyus [56], Brucea antidysenterica [65] or with groups of plants such as: Artemisia afra, Ruta chalepensis and Lepidium sativum [31]; Solanum dasyphyllum, Lepidium sativum, Withania Somnifera, Schinus molle, and Sida schimperi [65];
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Capsicum annuum with Otostegia integrifolia, Ocimum gratissimum, Prunus persica and Schinus molle [69];
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Hagenia abyssinica with Silene macrosolen, Phytolacca dodecandra, Cucumis ficifolius and Clerodendrum myricoides [83];
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Securidaca longipedunculata with Carissa spinarum, Capparis tomentosa, Withania somnifera and Cucurbita sp. [73].
Plant parts used and condition of preparations
Routes of administration and dosage of herbal remedies
Adverse effects, antidotes and contra-indications
Species | Side effects | Antidotes | Contra-indication |
---|---|---|---|
Croton macrostachyus
| Diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, urination |
Teff injera and porridge | Pregnant women |
Hagenia abyssinica
| Vomiting and diarrhoea |
Shiro Wot
| |
Aloe sp. | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea | – | Pregnant women |
Euphorbia abyssinica
| Headache, diarrhoea, vomiting | Coffee and milk, red teff porridge, a lot of aguat
| Pregnant women |
Anethum graveolens
| Vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea | – | – |
Asparagus africanus
| Vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea | – | – |
Aloe otallensis
| Vomiting and diarrhoea | Honey | – |
Cadaba farinose
| Headache |
Shoforo
| – |
Canthium pseudosetiflorum
| Vomiting |
Shoforo
| – |
Cyperus distans
| Nausea and vomiting |
Shoforo
| – |
Hypoestes forskaoli
| Headache, heartburn, nausea/vomiting and nightmare | Juice of Sansevieria ehrenbergii
| – |
Phytolacca dodecandra
| Vomiting and diarrhoea | Milk, red teff porridge, coffee, Tela
| Children, pregnant women, patient with hepatitis |
Justice schimperiana
| Vomiting and diarrhoea | Milk, red teff porridge | Children, pregnant women |
Andrachne aspera
| – | – | Pregnant women |
Gnidia involucrata
| – | – | Patient with hepatitis, babies/old people, pregnant women |
Ajuga integrifolia
| Vomiting and diarrhoea | Boiled coffee, milk or barley soup | Pregnant women, physically weak person |