Introduction
Patients and methods
Study design and patients
Patients
Outcomes
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Clinical: sex, age, parity, smoking habits, family history of thyroid diseases, body mass index (BMI), cardiac and lung disorders, clinical forms according to DM-Scope [1], clinical cervical neck examination and treatment.
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Biological: thyroid function tests (TSH, FT4, FT3, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol and triglyceride levels, T0 and T120 minute blood glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in non-diabetic patients, vitamin D measurement, and number of CTG repeats of the DMPK gene.
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Imaging: thyroid US.
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Surgical: number of thyroidectomies, number of micro- and macro-papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs).
Biological and genetic evaluation
Imaging
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient characteristics | Whole group | UsGoiter | UsNonGoiter | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients (N; %) | N = 115 | N = 44 (38.3) | N = 71 (61.7) | |
Age (mean ± SD, years) | 45.1 ± 12.2 | 46.6 ± 9.7 | 44.1 ± 13.5 | .26 |
Sex | ||||
Female ♀ (n/N; %) | 71/115 (61.7) | 28/44 (63.6) | 43/71 (60.6) | .86 |
Minimum of one child (n/N; %) | 45/71 (63.4) | 18/28 (66.7) | 27/43 (62.8) | .74 |
Smoking habits (n/N; %) | 45/105 (42.9) | 17/44 (38.6) | 28/60 (46.7) | .36 |
Clinical forms (n/N; %) | ||||
Congenital form | 5/115 (4.3) | 2/44 (4.5) | 3/71 (4.2) | .88 |
Infantile form | 14/115 (12.2) | 5/44 (11.4) | 9/71 (12.7) | .76 |
Juvenile form | 21/115 (18.3) | 13/44 (29.5) | 8/71 (11.3) | .08 |
Adult form | 57/115 (49.6) | 31/44 (70.5) | 26/71 (36.6) | .09 |
Late onset form | 18/115 (15.6) | 6/44 (13.6) | 12/71 (16.9) | .10 |
Weight (mean ± SD, kg) | 72.5 ± 18.0 | 78.2 ± 18.6 | 69.6 ± 16.8 |
.011
|
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 6.5 | 28.1 ± 7.1 | 25.0 ± 5.9 |
.013
|
Number of CTG repeats (median (IQR)) | 500 (260–850) | 500 (300–850) | 515 (254–785) | .90 |
CPK (median (IQR); IU/L) | 204 (108–293) | 217 (106–312) | 186 (112–278) | .56 |
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (n/N; %) | 65/115 (56.5) | 27/44 (61.4) | 38/71 (53.5) | .55 |
CPAP (n/N; %) | 40/65 (61.5) | 16/27 (35.6) | 24/38 (33.8) | .89 |
Pacemaker or defibrillator (CIED) (n/N; %) | 28/115 (24.3) | 13/44 (29.5) | 15/71 (21.1) | .34 |
Metabolic parameters | Whole group | UsGoiter | UsNonGoiter | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients (N; %) | N = 115 | 44 (38.3) | 71 (61.7) | |
Glucose metabolism | ||||
Abnormal glucose tolerance (n/N; %) | 16/112 (14.3) | 7/44 (15.9) | 9/68 (13.2) | .69 |
Diabetes (n/N; %) | 30/115 (26.1) | 10/44 (22.7) | 20/70 (28.6) | .45 |
Insulin therapy | 3/46 (6.5) | 0/17 | 3/29 (10.4) |
.02
|
Metformin therapy | 9/46 (19.6) | 4/17 (23.5) | 5/29 (17.2) | .12 |
Insulin + Metformin | 3/46 (6.5) | 1/17 (5.9) | 2/29 (6.9) | .43 |
HbA1c (median (IQR); %) | 5.5 (5.2–5.8) | 5.4 (5.2–5.8) | 5.5 (5.3–5.7) | .39 |
OGTT (mean ± SD) | ||||
Glucose T0 (mg/dL) | 90.0 ± 15.0 | 90.0 ± 20.0 | 90.0 ± 10.0 | .60 |
Glucose T120 min (mg/dL) | 115.0 ± 50.0 | 140.0 ± 50.0 | 90.0 ± 50.0 |
.048
|
Insulin T0 (mU/L) | 7.4 ± 6.1 | 8.1 ± 6.9 | 6.6 ± 5.2 | .11 |
Insulin T120 min (mU/L) | 42.5 ± 37.4 | 45.8 ± 31.5 | 39.2 ± 43.2 |
.051
|
Lipids (mg/dL) | ||||
Total cholesterol (mean ± SD) | 200.0 ± 40.0 | 200.0 ± 40.0 | 200.0 ± 40.0 | .59 |
LDLc (median (IQR)) | 117 (96–140) | 110 (90–140) | 120 (100–140) | .96 |
HDLc (median (IQR)) | 50 (43–59) | 50 (40–60) | 50 (40–60) | .99 |
Triglycerides (median (IQR)) | 132 (97–192) | 140 (110–180) | 130 (90–220) | .89 |
Vitamin D | ||||
Median (IQR) (ng/ml) | 17 (12–28) | 17 (11–28) | 18 (13–30) | .15 |
n (< 30 ng/mL)/N (%) | 88/115 (76.5) | 35/44 (79.5) | 53/71 (74.7) | .51 |
Thyroid parameters | Whole group | UsGoiter | UsNonGoiter | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients (N; %) | N = 115 | 44 (38.3) | 71 (61.7) | |
Family history of thyroid disorders (n/N; %) | 14/115 (12.2) | 7/44 (15.9) | 7/71 (9.8) | .76 |
Cancer | 1/115 (0.9) | 1/7 (14.3) | 0 | NA |
Clinical evaluation | ||||
Goiter (n/N; %) | 19/115 (16.5) | 19/44 (43.2) | 0 |
<.001
|
Nodule (n/N; %) | 22/115 (19.1) | 12/44 (27.3) | 10/71 (14.1) |
<.001
|
Ultrasound evaluation | ||||
Thyroid volume (mean ± SD, mL) | 22.9 ± 15.0 | 33.4 ± 25.2 | 12.2 ± 4.5 |
<.001
|
Female ♀ (mean ± SD, mL) | 19.5 ± 19.3 | 30.8 ± 26.5 | 11.9 ± 3.5 |
<.001
|
Male ♂ (mean ± SD, mL) | 22.2 ± 19.1 | 37.6 ± 23.1 | 12.7 ± 5.8 |
<.001
|
< 45 years old (mean +/- SD) | 18.3 ± 12.3 | 28.6 ± 14.5 | 12.4 ± 4.8 |
.015
|
> 45 years old (mean +/- SD) | 23.3 ± 25.0 | 38.1 ± 32.3 | 11.9 ± 4.2 |
.003
|
UsNodule > 5 mm (TIRADS) (n/N; %) | 70/115 (60.9) | 36/44 (81.8) | 34/71 (47.9) |
.0006
|
2 | 18/70 (25.7) | 11/36 (30.6) | 7/34 (20.6) | |
3 | 23/70 (32.8) | 9/36 (25) | 14/34 (41.2) | |
4 (4A and 4B) | 16/70 (22.9) | 7/36 (19.4) | 9/34 (26.5) | |
5 | 4/70 (5.7) | 2/36 (5.6) | 2/34 (5.9) | |
Missing data | 9/70 (12.9) | 7/36 (19.4) | 2/34 (5.9) | |
FNAC – Bethesda (22/116 FNAC) | 22/70 (31.4) | 13/36 (36.1) | 9/34 (26.5) |
.03
|
1} Non-diagnostic | 5/22 (22.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1/9 (11.1) | |
2} Benign: 0–3% of malignancy | 11/22 (50.0) | 8/13 (61.5) | 3/9 (23.1) | |
3 and 4} 5–30% of malignancy | 3/22 (13.6) | 0 | 3/9 (23.1) | |
5 and 6} 60–99% of malignancy | 3/22 (13.6) | 1/13 (7.7) | 2/9 (15.4) | |
Biological evaluation | ||||
TSH (mean ± SD; μIU/mL) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 1.2 |
<.001
|
< 0.4 (n/N; %) | 9/115 (7.8) | 5/44 (11.4) | 4/71 (5.6) | |
0.4–3.6 (n/N; %) | 92/115 (80.0) | 34/44 (77.3) | 58/71 (81.7) | |
> 3.6 (n/N; %) | 15/115 (13.0) | 6/44 (13.6) | 9/71 (12.7) | .74 |
FT4 (mean ± SD; ng/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
.01
|
FT3 (mean ± SD; pg/mL) | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | .77 |
Anti-TPO Antibodies (n/N; %; IU/L) | .51 | |||
Negative | 52/115 (45.2) | 23/44 (52.3) | 29/71 (40.8) | |
Positive | 52/115 (45.2) | 19/44 (43.2) | 33/71 (46.5) | |
Missing data | 12/115 (10.4) | 3/44 (6.8) | 9/71 (21.9) | |
Thyroid cancer (n/N; %) | 9/115 (7.8) | 8/44 (18.2) | 1/71 (1.4) |
.002
|
Recurrence (clinical and US scan) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Rise of thyroglobulin | 1/9 (11.1) | 1/8 (12.5) | 0 | |
Death | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Treatment (n/N; %) | NA | |||
Total thyroidectomy – indications (n/N; %) | 16/115 (13.9) | 11/44 (25) | 5/71 (7.1) | |
For goiter (compression, aesthetic issues) | 10/16 (62.5) | 10/11 (91) | 0/5 | |
For suspicious nodule | 6/16 (37.5) | 1/11 (9) | 5/5 (100) | |
Radioiodine therapy for carcinoma | 3/9 (33.3) | 2/44 (4.5) | 1/71 (1.4) | |
LT4 Therapy | 23/115 (20) | 12/44 (27.3) | 11/71 (15.5) |