Background
Methods
Chemicals
Plant materials
Preparation of the extracts
Phenolics determination
Tannin profile
Determination of antioxidant capacity
Tyrosinase inhibition
Bacterial strains and culture conditions
Broth microdilution assay
Bactericidal and time killing assay
Biofilm inhibition assay
Statistical analysis
Results
Phenolics content and antioxidant activity of Cytinus extracts
Assay |
Cytinus hypocistis
|
Cytinus ruber
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol extract | Water extract | Ethanol extract | Water extract | |
Amount (g/100 g of dried plant material) | 21% | 14% | 13% | 35% |
ORAC-PYR (mmol TE/g) | 9.1 ± 1.4 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 0.8 |
DPPH (mmol TE/g) | 6.2 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.2 |
DPPH (IC50 μg/mL) | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 11.4 ± 0.6 | 15.8 ± 0.7 |
TEAC (mmol TE/g) | 11.2 ± 0.8 | 7.8 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.3 |
TEAC (IC50 μg/mL) | 83 ± 9 | 121 ± 13 | 140 ± 15 | 168 ± 21 |
FRAP (mmol TE/g) | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.9± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.1 |
FRAP (mmol FeII/g) | 9.3 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.1 |
Total phenolics (mmol GAE/g) | 12.2 ± 0.1 | 8.88 ± 0.07 | 9.57 ± 0.09 | 6.27 ± 0.02 |
Total flavonoids (mmol RE/g) | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.01 |
Total anthocyanins (mg cyanidin 3-O-glucoside/g) | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Species | Ethanol extract | Water extract |
---|---|---|
Cytinus hypocystis
| 9.8 ± 0.7 | 20 ± 2 |
Cytinus ruber
| 16 ± 2 | 33 ± 6 |
Cytinus tannin profile
Tannin | Cytinus hypocistis (Ethanol) | Cytinus hypocistis (Water) | Cytinus ruber (Ethanol) | Cytinus ruber (Water) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | 9.991 | 19.292 | 2.608 | 1.994 |
di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | 0.281 | 0.846 | 0.054 | 0.119 |
tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | 0.255 | 0.316 | 0.145 | 0.057 |
tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | 0.670 | 0.078 | 0.637 | 0.060 |
penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | 0.117 | 0.073 | 0.043 | 0.195 |
Tellimagradin | 0.063 | 0.039 | – | – |
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of Cytinus extracts
Cytinus hypocistis
|
Cytinus ruber
| 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacterial strains | Water extract | Ethanolic extract | Water extract | Ethanolic extract | ||
Gram-positive | ||||||
S. aureus ATCC 33591 | 500 | 125 | 250 | 125 | > 500 | 62.5 |
S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 | 500 | 250 | 250 | 250 | > 500 | 62.5 |
E. faecium VanR 1 | 125 | 31.25 | 125 | 31.25 | > 500 | 31.25 |
Gram-negative | ||||||
P. aeruginosa ATCC 29534 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 |
K. pneumoniae (ATCC BAA-1706) | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 | > 500 |