Targeting the redox neuroinflammatory nexus: insights into Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, are characterized by the progressive deterioration of neuronal structure and function within the central and peripheral nervous systems. Among the multifactorial mechanisms implicated in their pathogenesis, oxidative stress and chronic neuroinflammation have emerged as pivotal contributors. An imbalance in redox homeostasis, marked by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired antioxidant defenses, leads to sustained activation of inflammatory pathways and exacerbation of neuronal injury. This intricate interplay, known as the redox–neuroinflammatory nexus, constitutes a central axis in the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. This review underscores the critical role of redox imbalance in neurodegenerative processes and provides a comprehensive analysis of the oxidative stress and inflammation crosstalk in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets.