Introduction
Methods
Results
Measurement | Phase 1 CV (%) | Lower 90% CI | Upper 90% CI | Phase 2 CV (%) | Lower 90% CI | Upper 90% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chest | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Underbust | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 6.8 |
Stomach | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 3.6 |
Waist | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
Seat | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
Hip | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
R bicep | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 3.1 |
L bicep | 1.3 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.5 |
R thigh | 3.3 | 2.4 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 7.1 |
L thigh | 3.3 | 2.4 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 7.1 |
R mid-thigh | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 3.9 |
L mid-thigh | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 2,5 | 1.9 | 3.9 |
R calf | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
L calf | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Discussion
Author | Population | Study design | Body scanner | Reference method | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bourgeois et al. [7] | 40 men (age 41 ± 17 years, body mass 84.8 ± 17.0 kg, BMI, 26.7 ± 4.3 kg m2, body fat, 22.3 ± 6.8%) 73 women (age 47 ± 17 years, body mass 73.4 ± 17.0 kg, BMI, 27.8 ± 7.0 kg m2, body fat, 37.4 ± 7.8% | Cross-sectional study | KX-16 (TC2, Cary, NC, USA) Proscanner (Fit3D, Redwood City, CA, USA) Styku S100 (Styku, Los Angeles, CA, USA) | Dual-energy X-ray absorption (DEXA) Flexible tape measure | Mean ∆ (cm) from reference KX-16—waist 0.64, hip 4.8, R arm 2.8, R thigh 6.2 Proscanner—waist 4.21, hip 1.2, R arm 0.04, R thigh -5.7 Styku—waist − 5.08, hip − 0.02, R arm − 4.1, R thigh − 0.2 CV (%) KX-16—waist 0.08, hip 0.04, R arm 2.6, R thigh 0.9 Proscanner—waist 0.08, hip 0.04, R arm 1.2, R thigh 0.7 Styku—waist 0.3, hip 0.1, R arm 0.8, R thigh 0.3 |
Bretschneider et al. [22] | 12 human volunteers (no characteristic data provided), a 200 cm column (circumference 35.6 cm and a truncated cone (upper edge 75/10 cm, lower edge 87.00 cm) | One visit, five measurements | VITUS XXL (Vitronic, Wiesbaden, Germany) | Flexible tape measure | Precision—circumference of column was within 1 mm of actual circumference Reproducibility—0.95% circumference deviation of thigh measurement |
Brooke-Wavell et al. [23] | Five men (age 31 ± 2.6 years, stature 1.80 ± 0.04 m, body mass 78.7 ± 5.3 kg) Five women (age 24.8 ± 2.6 years, stature 1.67 ± 0.03 m, body mass 62.3 ± 4.1 kg) | One visit, multiple measures | Loughborough Anthropometric Shadow Scanner (LASS) [Loughborough University, UK] | Flexible tape measure | Mean circumference ∆ Men—neck 27.8 ± 10.6 mm, chest − 9.9 ± 4.9 mm, waist 4.4 ± 5.5 mm, hip − 1.7 ± 3.0 mm Women—neck 10.9 ± 2.6 mm, chest − 16.8 ± 5.9 mm, waist 10.9 ± 4.6 mm, hip − 5.8 ± 2.6 mm |
Simenko et al. [13] | 31 participants (age 22.1 ± 4.63 years, stature 177.17 ± 8.96 cm, body mass 72.36 ± 13.6 kg); 17 males and 11 females | One visit, three body scans | NX-16 (TC2, Cary, NC, USA) | Flexible tape measure | Good agreement between reference and NX-16 measurements Mean circumference ∆ (cm) and r2 L-upper arm 0.853 and 0.954, R upper arm 0.974 and 0.94, L thigh 0.697 and 0.976, R thigh 0.491 and 0.987, L calf 0.273 and 0.991, R calf 0.346 and 0.987 |
Wang et al. [24] | 92 participants; 44 females and 48 males (age 6–83 years, body mass 23–182 kg, stature 113.9–195.2 cm, BMI 15.2–52.4 kg m2) | One visit with three body scans | C9036-02 (Hamamatsu Photonics KK, Hamamatsu City, Japan) | Flexible tape measure | Mean ∆ (mm) from reference and P3 Chest − 15.9 ± 2.2, 0.0001, waist − 11.4 ± 2.4, 0.0001, hip − 19.0 ± 2.7, 0.0001, thigh − 4.6 ± 1.3, 0.0005, knee − 14.5 ± 1.3, 0.0001 ICC and CV (%) of body scanner measures Chest 0.998, 0.81, waist 0.999, 0.88, hip 0.999, 0.5, thigh 1.000, 0.36, knee 0.999, 0.5 |
Wells et al. [9] | 1022 children (age 8.44 ± 1.57 years, stature 131.8 ± 11.2 cm, BMI 17.5 ± 3.2 kg m2) | One visit, two body scans | NX-16 (TC2, Cary, NC, USA) | Flexible tape measure | Correlation (r2) between 3D and reference measure Chest 0.97, waist 0.87, knee 0.95, calf 0.97 |