Background
Methods
Data source and participants
Assessment of BADL/IADL
Coding of basic characteristics and health indicators
Data analysis
Results
Basic characteristics
Variables | Mean±SD/N(%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 3808 (46.97%) |
Female | 4300 (53.03%) |
Age (year) | 82.46±11.01 |
65–79 | 3496 (43.12%) |
80–105 | 4612 (56.88%) |
Place of residence | |
Urban | 4764 (58.76%) |
Rural | 3344 (41.24%) |
Education | |
Uneducated | 3418 (42.16%) |
Educated | 4690 (57.84%) |
Marital status | |
Living without spouse | 4287 (52.87%) |
Living with spouse | 3821 (47.13%) |
Physical exercise (recently) | |
No | 5160 (63.64%) |
Yes | 2948 (36.36%) |
Social activity (recently) | |
No | 6765 (83.44%) |
Yes | 1343 (16.56%) |
BMI | 22.58±3.65 |
underweight | 1154 (14.23%) |
normal | 4184 (51.60%) |
overweight | 2063 (25.44%) |
obese | 707 (8.72%) |
Experience of falls | |
No | 6368 (78.54%) |
Yes | 1740 (21.46%) |
Hypertension | |
No | 4489 (55.37%) |
Yes | 3619 (44.63%) |
Diabetes | |
No | 7208 (88.90%) |
Yes | 900 (11.10%) |
Heart disease | |
No | 6652 (82.04%) |
Yes | 1456 (17.96%) |
Stroke | |
No | 7232 (89.20%) |
Yes | 876 (10.80%) |
Asthma | |
No | 7324 (90.33%) |
Yes | 784 (9.67%) |
Cancer | |
No | 7983 (98.46%) |
Yes | 125 (1.54%) |
MMSE | |
Total score | 25.9±5.5 |
Normal | 6363 (78.48%) |
Cognitive decline | 1745 (21.52%) |
Depression | |
Total score | 7.5±4.2 |
Normal | 5949 (73.37%) |
Having depression symptoms | 2159 (26.63%) |
BADL | 6.6±1.7 |
BADL disability | 943 (11.63%) |
IADL | 12.3±5.4 |
IADL disability | 3186 (39.29%) |
BADL/IADL | 18.9±6.6 |
BADL/IADL disability | 3245 (40.02%) |
Latent classification of BADL/IADL
Model | K | AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR | BLRT | Class Probability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 28 | 182,235.96 | 182,431.98 | 182,343.02 | – | – | – | 1 |
2 | 43 | 120,223.44 | 120,524.47 | 120,387.83 | 0.97 | 0.023 | <0.001 | 0.78/0.22 |
3 | 58 | 85,654.45 | 86,060.49 | 85,876.17 | 0.98 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.19/0.75/0.06 |
4 | 73 | 73,010.91 | 73,521.96 | 73,289.98 | 0.99 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.18/0.75/0.04/0.03 |
5 | 98 | 60,971.16 | 61,587.22 | 61,307.57 | 0.98 | <0.556 | <0.001 | 0.18/0.62/0.13/0.04/0.02 |
Item | Class One | Class Two | Class Three | Total sample Mean (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SD | |
n=6062 (75%) | n=1526 (19%) | n=520 (6%) | n=8108 (100%) | |||||
BADL | 1.001 | 1.131 | 2.041 | |||||
1 | 1.039 | 0.003 | 1.634 | 0.025 | 2.736 | 0.025 | 1.260 | 0.634 |
2 | 1.001 | 0.001 | 1.025 | 0.005 | 2.861 | 0.017 | 1.126 | 0.470 |
3 | 1.001 | 0.001 | 1.062 | 0.007 | 2.001 | 0.030 | 1.077 | 0.319 |
4 | 1.002 | 0.001 | 1.043 | 0.006 | 1.826 | 0.031 | 1.063 | 0.278 |
5 | 1.006 | 0.001 | 1.041 | 0.006 | 1.292 | 0.024 | 1.030 | 0.189 |
6 | 1.002 | 0.001 | 1.016 | 0.003 | 1.522 | 0.031 | 1.038 | 0.225 |
IADL | 1.184 | 2.502 | 2.822 | |||||
1 | 1.015 | 0.002 | 1.941 | 0.028 | 2.608 | 0.035 | 1.291 | 0.668 |
2 | 1.049 | 0.005 | 2.460 | 0.026 | 2.820 | 0.023 | 1.427 | 0.764 |
3 | 1.066 | 0.005 | 2.474 | 0.028 | 2.842 | 0.021 | 1.444 | 0.782 |
4 | 1.052 | 0.004 | 2.409 | 0.031 | 2.878 | 0.018 | 1.424 | 0.770 |
5 | 1.249 | 0.008 | 2.667 | 0.018 | 2.852 | 0.020 | 1.618 | 0.829 |
6 | 1.278 | 0.008 | 2.612 | 0.019 | 2.820 | 0.022 | 1.628 | 0.842 |
7 | 1.401 | 0.009 | 2.666 | 0.016 | 2.846 | 0.019 | 1.731 | 0.842 |
8 | 1.339 | 0.011 | 2.832 | 0.013 | 2.914 | 0.016 | 1.720 | 0.891 |
Subgroup analyses
Variables | Class one | Class two | Class three | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | <0.001 | |||
Male | 3021 (49.84%) | 575 (37.68%) | 212 (40.77%) | |
Female | 3041 (50.16%) | 951 (62.32%) | 308 (59.23%) | |
Age (year) | <0.001 | |||
65–79 | 3348 (55.23%) | 100 (6.55%) | 48 (9.23%) | |
80–105 | 2714 (44.77%) | 1426 (93.45%) | 472 (90.77%) | |
The place of residence | <0.001 | |||
Urban | 3472 (57.27%) | 934 (61.21%) | 358 (68.85%) | |
Rural | 2590 (42.73%) | 592 (38.79%) | 162 (31.15%) | |
Education | <0.001 | |||
Illiterate | 2146 (35.40%) | 974 (63.83%) | 298 (57.31%) | |
Educated | 3916 (64.60%) | 552 (36.17%) | 222 (42.69%) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Living without spouse | 2644 (43.62%) | 1226 (80.34%) | 417 (80.19%) | |
Living with spouse | 3418 (56.38%) | 300 (19.66%) | 103 (19.81%) | |
Physical exercise (recently) | <0.001 | |||
No | 3443 (56.80%) | 1249 (81.85%) | 468 (90.00%) | |
Yes | 2619 (43.20%) | 277 (18.15%) | 52 (10.00%) | |
Social activity (recently) | <0.001 | |||
No | 4836 (79.78%) | 1435 (94.04%) | 494 (95.00%) | |
Yes | 1226 (20.22%) | 91 (5.96%) | 26 (5.00%) | |
BMI | <0.001 | |||
underweight | 690 (11.38%) | 331 (21.69%) | 133 (25.58%) | |
normal | 3083 (50.86%) | 837 (54.85%) | 264 (50.77%) | |
overweight | 1725 (28.46%) | 258 (16.91%) | 80 (15.38%) | |
obese | 564 (9.30%) | 100 (6.55%) | 43 (8.27%) | |
Experience of falls | <0.001 | |||
No | 4942 (81.52%) | 1076 (70.51%) | 350 (67.31%) | |
Yes | 1120 (18.48%) | 450 (29.49%) | 170 (32.69%) | |
Hypertension | <0.001 | |||
No | 3295 (54.35%) | 901 (59.04%) | 293 (56.35%) | |
Yes | 2767 (45.65%) | 625 (40.96%) | 227 (43.65%) | |
Diabetes | 0.037 | |||
No | 5362 (88.45%) | 1385 (90.76%) | 461 (88.65%) | |
Yes | 700 (11.55%) | 141 (9.24%) | 59 (11.35%) | |
Heart disease | <0.001 | |||
No | 5012 (82.68%) | 1247 (81.72%) | 393 (75.58%) | |
Yes | 1050 (17.32%) | 279 (18.28%) | 127 (24.42%) | |
Stroke | <0.001 | |||
No | 5482 (90.43%) | 1347 (88.27%) | 403 (77.50%) | |
Yes | 580 (9.57%) | 179 (11.73%) | 117 (22.50%) | |
Asthma | <0.001 | |||
No | 5533 (91.27%) | 1355 (88.79%) | 436 (83.85%) | |
Yes | 529 (8.73%) | 171 (11.21%) | 84 (16.15%) | |
Cancera | 0.646 | |||
No | 5968 (98.45%) | 1505 (98.62%) | 510 (98.08%) | |
Yes | 94 (1.55%) | 21 (1.38%) | 10 (1.92%) | |
MMSE | <0.001 | |||
Normal | 5407 (89.19%) | 782 (51.25%) | 174 (33.46%) | |
Cognitive decline | 655 (10.81%) | 744 (48.75%) | 346 (66.54%) | |
Depression | <0.001 | |||
Normal | 4639 (76.53%) | 997 (65.33%) | 313 (60.19%) | |
Having depression symptoms | 1423 (23.47%) | 529 (34.67%) | 207 (39.81%) |
Multinomial logistic regression
Variablea | Class Two | Class Three | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
Sex (Female) | 0.90 | 0.77–1.05 | 0.80 | 0.63–1.02 |
Age (80–105) | 8.26*** | 6.58–10.38 | 4.55*** | 3.22–6.44 |
Residence (Rural) | 0.65*** | 0.56–0.74 | 0.47*** | 0.37–0.59 |
Education (Educated) | 0.84* | 0.72–0.98 | 1.22 | 0.96–1.56 |
Marital status (living with spouse) | 0.48*** | 0.41–0.57 | 0.44*** | 0.34–0.58 |
Exercise (Yes) | 0.39*** | 0.34–0.46 | 0.19*** | 0.14–0.27 |
Social activity (Yes) | 0.45*** | 0.34–0.58 | 0.36*** | 0.23–0.57 |
BMI | ||||
underweight | 1.07 | 0.89–1.27 | 1.34* | 1.03–1.73 |
overweight | 0.90 | 0.75–1.08 | 0.79 | 0.59–1.07 |
obese | 1.16 | 0.89–1.52 | 1.57* | 1.06–2.32 |
Experience of falls (Yes) | 1.58*** | 1.36–1.85 | 1.71*** | 1.37–2.15 |
Hypertension (Yes) | 0.95 | 0.82–1.10 | 0.98 | 0.78–1.22 |
Diabetes (Yes) | 1.35* | 1.06–1.72 | 1.51* | 1.06–2.16 |
Heart disease (Yes) | 1.27* | 1.05–1.52 | 1.67*** | 1.27–2.18 |
Stroke (Yes) | 1.72*** | 1.38–2.15 | 3.55*** | 2.66–4.73 |
Asthma (Yes) | 1.19 | 0.95–1.47 | 1.56** | 1.15–2.12 |
MMSE (Cognitive decline) | 3.79*** | 3.26–4.40 | 9.57*** | 7.61–12.03 |
Depression (Having depression symptoms) | 1.24*** | 1.07–1.44 | 1.33*** | 1.07–1.65 |