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Erschienen in: Critical Care 5/2013

Open Access 01.10.2013 | Research

The adverse effect of emergency department crowding on compliance with the resuscitation bundle in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock

verfasst von: Tae Gun Shin, Ik Joon Jo, Dae Jong Choi, Mun Ju Kang, Kyeongman Jeon, Gee Young Suh, Min Seob Sim, So Yeon Lim, Keun Jeong Song, Yeon Kwon Jeong

Erschienen in: Critical Care | Ausgabe 5/2013

Abstract

Introduction

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of emergency department (ED) crowding on the implementation of tasks in the early resuscitation bundle during acute care of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, as recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines.

Methods

We analyzed the sepsis registry from August 2008 to March 2012 for patients presenting to an ED of a tertiary urban hospital and meeting the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock. The ED occupancy rate, which was defined as the total number of patients in the ED divided by the total number of ED beds, was used for measuring the degree of ED crowding. It was categorized into three groups (low; intermediate; high crowding). The primary endpoint was the overall compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle.

Results

A total of 770 patients were enrolled. Of the eligible patients, 276 patients were assigned to the low crowding group, 250 patients to the intermediate crowding group, and 244 patients to the high crowding group (ED occupancy rate: ≤ 115; 116–149; ≥ 150%). There was significant difference in compliance rates among the three groups (31.9% in the low crowding group, 24.4% in the intermediate crowding group, and 16.4% in the high crowding group, P < 0.001). In a multivariate model, the high crowding group had a significant association with lower compliance (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.26 to 0.76; P = 0.003). When the ED occupancy rate was included as a continuous variable in the model, it had also a negative correlation with the overall compliance (OR of 10% increase of the ED occupancy rate, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.96, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

ED crowding was significantly associated with lower compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle and decreased likelihood of the timely implementation of the bundle elements.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.​1186/​cc13047) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

TGS collected and analyzed the data and drafted this manuscript. IJJ conceived and designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the final manuscript. DJC collected data and assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. MJK collected data and assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. KJ assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. GYS assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. MSS collected data and assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. SYL assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. KJS contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data. YKJ contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
BP
Blood pressure
CI
Confidence interval
CVP
Central venous pressure
DNAR
Do not attempt resuscitation
ED
Emergency department
EGDT
Early goal-directed therapy
LOS
Length of stay
MAP
Mean arterial pressure
OR
Odds ratio
Scvo2
Central venous oxygen saturation
SOFA
Sequential organ failure assessment
SSC
Surviving sepsis campaign.

Introduction

Severe sepsis and septic shock are life-threatening illnesses with a high mortality rate, whose incidence appears to be increasing in recent years [13]. Early identification and effective management in a timely fashion are key factors for improving survival in these patients [46]. Currently, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines recommend implementing a resuscitation bundle to provide more rapid and qualified care. This bundle includes serum lactate measurement, early blood cultures and antibiotics, and early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) [4, 7, 8]. Compliance with the resuscitation bundle has been shown to reduce mortality, particularly when more components of the resuscitation bundle are accomplished within specific time limits [4, 810].
Various barriers may interfere with the compliance and quality in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock [11, 12]. In particular, emergency department (ED) crowding, which is one of the factors known to decrease the quality of the ED process, may have a potential effect on the care of sepsis patients [13, 14]. Previous studies have shown that ED crowding delays appropriate care for several populations including the time required for administration of antibiotics for pneumonia patients and febrile neonates, for brain imaging in patients with acute stroke, for percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction, and for analgesia in adults with severe pain [1519]. However, the association between ED crowding and compliance with the resuscitation bundle has not been determined.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ED crowding on the implementation of tasks in the early resuscitation bundle during acute care of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. We hypothesized that the degree of ED crowding was associated with the rate of achievement of the resuscitation bundle.

Methods

We analyzed the sepsis registry for patients presenting to the ED and meeting the criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock and data were prospectively collected from August 2008 to March 2012 at Samsung Medical Center (a 1,960 bed, university-affiliated, tertiary referral hospital with 70,000 annual ED visits in Seoul, South Korea). There are 58 beds for patients including hallway spaces in the ED of the study hospital (50 beds in the adult zone and eight beds for the pediatric zone). The registry was previously used in our studies regarding severe sepsis and septic shock [2022].
The study was approved by the institutional review board of Samsung Medical Center. Informed consent was waived because of the retrospective observational and anonymous nature of the study.

Patient inclusion criteria

We included patients, 18 years of age or older, who presented with septic shock or severe sepsis and blood lactate concentrations of ≥4 mmol/L. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) terminal malignancy, (2) patients who had previously signed ‘Do Not Resuscitate’ (DNAR) orders, and (3) patients who refused the EGDT. We excluded patients with terminal malignancy because these patients are not often provided with intensive treatment, and they instead usually receive only conservative treatment.

Definition

Sepsis was defined as suspected infection in the presence of two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria [23]. Severe sepsis was defined as sepsis associated with acute organ dysfunction [24]. Septic shock was defined as persistent hypotension (systolic arterial pressure <90 mmHg, mean arterial pressure (MAP) <60 mmHg, or a reduction in systolic blood pressure >40 mmHg from baseline) despite adequate volume resuscitation [24]. Cryptic shock was defined as normotensive patients with blood lactate concentrations ≥4 mmol/L [25]. Initiation of EGDT was defined as central line insertion followed by measurement of central venous oxygen saturation (Scvo2) within six hours from the time of meeting the criteria for resuscitation [12].

Resuscitation protocol and bundle

A protocol for early recognition and appropriate management of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock was provided for the ED physician, included in our previous study [22], and was based on the protocol by Rivers et al. [6]. We recommended delivery of the resuscitation bundle to hemodynamically stable sepsis patients with serum lactate levels ≥4 mmol/L or systolic BP <90 mmHg after initial volume resuscitation, based on the 2008 SSC guidelines [7]. Initial evaluation and resuscitation were conducted in the ED. When severe sepsis or septic shock was suspected, patients were assigned to a critical care zone in the ED, which included five beds, advanced monitoring equipment and mechanical ventilators.
The resuscitation bundle was categorized by seven interventions [4, 8, 10]: 1) serum lactate measurement; 2) blood culture before antibiotic administration; 3) broad spectrum antibiotics administered within three hours from the time of presentation in the event of hypotension and/or lactate ≥4 mmol/L; 4) delivery of an initial minimum volume of 20 ml/kg crystalloid (or colloid) in the event of persistent hypotension despite fluid resuscitation and/or lactate ≥4 mmol/L; 5) achievement and maintenance of MAP ≥65 mmHg; 6) achievement of central venous pressure (CVP) ≥8 mmHg; and 7) achievement of Scvo2 ≥70%.
‘Time zero’ was defined as the time at which criteria for initiation of the specific intervention were met [4, 10]. For calculating the time for lactate measurement, blood cultures, and antibiotic administration, time zero was defined as the moment of presentation, which was considered as the time of triage [8]. Time zero to initiate the EGDT was considered when either hypotension or hyperlactatemia greater than 4 mmol/L was reported.
The bundle compliance was assessed as whether or not a particular task was completed [4, 9, 10]. Compliance with each single intervention was considered as having been achieved if it was implemented within six hours from time zero, except for antibiotic therapy. Results are shown as the number of bundle interventions completed (0 to 7).

Emergency department crowding measurement

The ED occupancy rate, which was defined as the total number of patients in the ED divided by the total number of ED beds, was used for measuring the degree of ED crowding [26]. It is a simple and validated tool for real-time assessment of crowding, and it has been widely used in other studies [1517, 19, 26, 27]. We tallied the total number of patients in the specific zone of the ED every hour by using an electronic medical records system. The ED occupancy rate was calculated from the number of patients in the ED at the time of triage. The occupancy rate was computed based on the adult ED section, including the waiting zone. The ED occupancy rate was categorized into tertile groups as follows: low crowding group, intermediate crowding group, and high crowding group [27]. We also examined whether the beds of the critical care zone were at full capacity when sepsis patients arrived at the ED or when they were diagnosed with severe sepsis.
If the critical care zone is at full capacity, we try to transfer the patients, who are occupying critical zone, to ICU, operating theater or general ward within the same facility to recover the capacity for the critical care zone. As a regional tertiary referral center, the study hospital does not transfer critically ill patients, including those with severe sepsis, to other hospitals.

Outcome measurement

The primary endpoint was the overall compliance of the entire resuscitation bundle. Secondary endpoints were the completion rate of each intervention, the number of bundle interventions completed, the ED length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS, in-hospital LOS, and in-hospital mortality.

Data collection

Data were obtained from our sepsis registry and electronic medical records. Potential risk factors influencing compliance with the bundle were considered when we chose variables [12, 21]. We collected patient demographics, site of infection, vital signs, and laboratory data. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were calculated at the time of severe sepsis or septic shock diagnosis from the data obtained [28]. Poor performance status was defined as confined to bed 50% or more of waking hours. We recorded the mode of arrival (use of emergency medical service) and time variables, such as the time of presentation, time of hypotension or hyperlactatemia, and time when specific interventions were done. The time period was categorized according to the routine changes of the number of nurses and physicians. In addition, the physician’s gender and the level of experience (years in the field) possessed by the physicians and nurses were also recorded.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as the median with interquartile ranges because the majority of the data did not follow a normal distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers (percentages) of patients. Continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis rank test or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test according to the number of groups. Additionally, we assessed trends in the compliance, the number of completed interventions, and the implementation timing across the crowding levels using the Wilcoxon-type test for trend analysis. Categorical variables were compared with the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test. For all multiple comparisons, P-values were calculated by applying a Bonferroni correction.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for primary outcome measures were calculated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, respectively. Variables which were found to be statistically significant at P <0.10 using univariate analysis were selected and included in the final multivariate models. Several variables were mandatorily adjusted regardless of P-value, including age, gender, body temperature, cryptic shock, SOFA score, initial lactate level, the time period of ED arrival, physician’s gender, the level of experience of physicians and nurses, and the study period. First, we made a model for the overall compliance. The probability of overall compliance was calculated from the multivariate model. Subsequently, we conducted logistic analysis for compliance with each element in the same way. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to check the goodness-of-fit of the logistic regression.
Stata 12.0 was used for statistical analysis, and a two-tailed P value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics

We identified 917 patients with severe sepsis or septic shock during the study period. We excluded 116 patients with terminal malignancy, 27 DNAR patients, and four patients who refused EGDT. Finally, a total of 770 patients were included in this study. Of eligible patients, 276 patients were assigned to the low crowding group, 250 patients to the intermediate crowding group, and 244 patients to the high crowding group (ED occupancy rate: ≤115; 116 to 149; ≥150%). The median ED occupancy rate was 132% (interquartile rage, 110 to 162%).
Comparison of baseline characteristics among the three groups is summarized in Table 1. There were no significant differences except for the presence of chronic renal disease and the time period of ED arrival. Patients who presented during the nights or weekends were more common in the low and intermediate crowding groups.
Table 1
Comparison of baseline characteristics
 
Overall group
Low crowding group
Intermediate crowding group
High crowding group
P
(number = 770)
(number = 276)
(number = 250)
(number = 244)
Age (years)
65 (55 to 73)
64 (53 to 72)
67 (56 to 73)
65 (54 to 74)
0.081
Gender (male)
437 (56.8)
161 (58.3)
131 (52.4)
145 (59.4)
0.232
Comorbidities
     
 Hypertension
244 (31.7)
76 (27.5)
82 (32.8)
86 (35.2)
0.152
 Diabetes
165 (21.4)
52 (18.8)
56 (22.4)
57 (23.4)
0.411
 Cardiovascular disease
79 (10.7)
26 (9.4)
27 (10.8)
26 (10.7)
0.847
 Chronic lung disease
48 (6.2)
17 (6.2)
18 (7.2)
13 (5.3)
0.690
 Chronic renal disease
35 (4.5)
4 (1.4)
22 (8.8)a
9 (3.7)
<0.001
 Chronic hepatic disease
67 (8.7)
19 (6.9)
21 (8.4)
27 (11.1)
0.235
 Metastatic solid cancer
194 (25.2)
65 (23.6)
58 (23.3)
71 (29.1)
0.241
 Hematologic malignancy
99 (12.9)
36 (13.1)
29 (11.6)
34 (13.9)
0.734
 Organ transplantation
14 (1.8)
6 (2.2)
3 (1.2)
5 (2.1)
0.667
 Neutropenia (ANC <500 mm3)
131 (17.0)
48 (17.4)
42 (16.8)
41 (16.8)
0.978
Nursing home resident
29 (3.8)
9 (3.7)
9 (3.6)
11 (4.5)
0.741
Poor performance status
35 (4.6)
11(4.0)
12 (4.8)
12 (4.9)
0.854
Suspected infection focus
    
0.259
 Intra-abdominal infection
288 (37.4)
112 (40.6)
92 (36.8)
84 (34.4)
 
 Pneumonia
218 (28.3)
77 (27.9)
71 (28.4)
70 (28.7)
 
 Urinary tract infection
115 (14.9)
40 (14.5)
44 (17.6)
31 (12.7)
 
 Others
149 (19.3)
47 (17.0)
43 (17.2)
59 (24.2)
 
Initial vital signs
     
 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
66 (58 to 80)
66 (58 to 81)
65 (57 to 78)
67 (59 to 81)
0.185
 Heart rate (per minute)
112 (95 to 130)
115 (96 to 135)
109 (94 to 126)
112 (95 to 130)
0.065
 Respiratory rate (per minute)
20 (20 to 24)
20 (20 to 24)
20 (20 to 24)
20 (19 to 24)
0.271
 Body temperature (°C)
38.0 (36.8 to 38.9)
38.3 (37.0 to 38.9)
37.9 (36.7 to 38.8)
37.9 (36.8 to 38.9)
0.165
Initial presentation of cryptic shock
288 (37.4)
103 (37.2)
95 (38.0)
90 (36.9)
0.967
Initial serum lactate (mmol/L)
4.3 (2.5 to 5.7)
4.4 (2.8 to 5.8)
4.4 (2.4 to 5.7)
4.2 (2.5 to 5.4)
0.531
SOFA score
7 (4 to 9)
7(4 to 10)
7(4 to 9)
7(4 to 9)
0.458
Mechanical ventilation
87 (11.3)
32 (11.6)
28 (11.2)
27 (11.1)
0.980
Time period of initial presentation
     
 Night (10 PM to 7 AM)
191 (24.8)
122 (44.2)
60 (24.0)a
9 (3.7)ab
< 0.001
 Weekend
227 (29.5)
162 (58.7)
58 (23.2)a
7 (2.9)ab
< 0.001
Physician’s experience
    
0.217
  ≤ 2nd year residents
602 (78.2)
212 (76.8)
190 (76.0)
200 (82.0)
 
  ≥ 3rd year residents or
168 (21.8)
64 (23.2)
60 (24.0)
44 (18.0)
 
 board-certified physicians
     
Physician’s gender (male)
381 (49.5)
135 (48.9)
114 (45.6)
132 (54.1)
0.163
Nurse’s experience
    
0.115
 0 to about 2 years
397 (51.6)
152 (55.3)
136 (54.4)
109 (44.7)
 
 3 to about 5 years
215 (28.0)
73 (26.6)
67 (26.8)
75 (30.7)
 
 More than 5 years
157 (20.4)
50 (18.2)
47 (18.8)
60 (24.6)
 
Use of EMS
247 (32.2)
88 (32.1)
81 (32.4)
78 (32.1)
0.997
Study period
    
0.221
 2008 to about 2009
291 (37.8)
104 (37.7)
104 (41.6)
83 (34.0)
 
 2010 to about 2012
479 (62.2)
172 (62.3)
146 (58.4)
161 (66.0)
 
Critical care zone at full capacity
55 (7.1)
9 (3.3)
10 (4.0)
36 (14.6)
< 0.001
ED occupancy rate (%)
132 (110 to 162)
100 (92 to 111)
136 (126 to 142)
172 (163 to 187)
 
Data are shown as median with interquartile range or number (%). aP <0.05 compared with the low crowding group after Bonferroni correction; bP <0.05 compared with the intermediate crowding group after Bonferroni correction. ANC, absolute neutrophil count; EMS, emergency medical service; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.

Resuscitation bundle compliance

Compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle was 25.6% in the study population. There was a significant difference in compliance rates between the three groups (31.9% in the low crowding group, 24.4% in the intermediate crowding group, and 16.4% in the high crowding group, P <0.001, P for trend = 0.007) (Figure 1). In particular, the absolute difference between the low group and the high crowding group was 15.5% (P <0.001). Among the elements of the resuscitation bundle, the completion rates of early administration of antibiotics and the achievement of Scvo2 ≥70% were significantly lower in the high crowding group than in the low crowding group (P = 0.009 and P = 0.006, respectively) and also showed significant decreasing trends.
The number of completed interventions in the bundle was significantly lower in the high crowding group compared with the low (P <0.001) and intermediate crowding groups (P = 0.013) (Table 2). When we analyzed the time intervals from time zero to the implementation of each bundle component according to tertile, there were consistently increasing trends toward the time intervals from time zero to lactate measurement (P = 0.007), blood cultures (P = 0.038), broad-spectrum antibiotic use (P = 0.005), fluid challenge (P = 0.036), the achievement of CVP ≥8 mmHg (P = 0.003), use of vasopressors (P = 0.004), and the achievement of Scvo2 ≥70% (P = 0.016).
Table 2
Number of completed interventions and the time intervals from time zero to the implementation of each bundle component
 
Overall group
Low crowding group
Intermediate crowding group
High crowding group
P
(number = 770)
(number = 276)
(number = 250)
(number = 244)
Number of interventions of the bundle accomplishedc
5 (4 to 6)
6 (5 to 7)
6 (5 to 6)
5 (4 to 6)ab
<0.001
Time to the implementationd (hours)
     
 Serum lactate measurementc
1.3 (0.8)
1.2 (0.8 to 2.5)
1.3 (0.9 to 3.0)
1.4 (0.9 to 3.6)
0.023
 Blood culturesc
1.2 (0.8 to 2.1)
1.2 (0.8 to 1.9)
1.2 (0.8 to 2.3)
1.3 (0.9 to 2.2)
0.109
 Broad-spectrum antibioticsc
2.5 (1.7 to 3.8)
2.4 (1.5 to 3.5)
2.6 (1.7 to 3.9)
2.8 (1.8 to 4.2)
0.018
 Intravenous fluid challengec (n = 649)
0.6 (0.1 to 1.5)
0.6 (0.1 to 1.5)
0.6 (0.1 to 1.6)
0.8 (0.2 to 1.6)
0.109
 CVP ≥8 mmHg achievedc (n = 546)
2.9 (1.7 to 5.5)
2.5 (1.5 to 5.0)
2.7 (1.5 to 4.9)
3.5 (2.0 to 6.8)ab
0.005
 Use of vasopressorsc (n = 473)
2.1 (1.1 to 3.4)
1.8 (1.0 to 3.1)
1.9 (1.1 to 3.1)
2.4 (1.4 to 4.2)ab
0.003
 Scvo2 ≥70% achievedc (n = 573)
3.5 (1.9 to 6.6)
3.3 (1.7 to 5.7)
3.5 (2.0 to 5.8)
4.2 (1.9 to 6.5)
0.051
Data are shown as median with interquartile range or number (%). aP <0.05 compared with the low crowding group after Bonferroni correction; bP <0.05 compared with the intermediate crowding group after Bonferroni correction; cP for trend <0.05 among the tertile groups; dcalculated beyond the specific time limits. CVP, central venous pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure.

Logistic regression analysis

The uni- and multivariable analyses for the overall compliance are shown in Table 3. After adjusting for potential confounders, the high ED crowding was associated with lower sepsis care compliance (adjusted OR, 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.26 to 0.76; P = 0.003) (Table 3). When we conducted a stratified analysis based on physician experience, which might have interactions with crowding, we found a significant correlation between crowding and compliance in all subgroups (adjusted OR, 0.50 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.96; P = 0.037) in the subgroup of physician’s experience ≤2nd year residents and adjusted OR, 0.25 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.72; P = 0.010) in the subgroup of physician’s experience ≥3rd year residents).
Table 3
Univariate and multivariate analyses for overall compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle
Variable
Univariate
Multivariate
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
P
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
P
Tertile groups of crowding
    
 Low
Reference
 
Reference
 
 Intermediate
0.69 (0.46 to 1.01)
0.058
0.70 (0.45 to 1.09)
0.116
 High
0.41 (0.27 to 0.64)
<0.001
0.44 (0.26 to 0.76)
0.003
Age >65 years
1.15 (0.83 to 1.61)
0.382
1.16 (0.82 to 1.66)
0.391
Female gender
1.02 (0.73 to 1.42)
0.901
1.15 (0.82 to 1.67)
0.429
Comorbidities
    
 Hypertension
1.14 (0.80 to 1.62)
0.460
  
 Diabetes
0.86 (0.57 to 1.30)
0.475
  
 Cardiovascular disease
0.90 (0.52 to 1.56)
0.701
  
 Chronic lung disease
0.60 (0.27 to 1.30)
0.193
  
 Chronic renal disease
1.07 (0.49 to 2.32)
0.869
  
 Chronic hepatic disease
0.64 (0.34 to 1.24)
0.190
  
 Metastatic solid cancer
0.81 (0.55 to 1.20)
0.295
  
 Hematologic malignancy
1.05 (0.65 to 1.71)
0.842
  
 Organ transplantation
0.51 (0.11 to 2.30)
0.381
  
 Neutropenia (ANC <500 mm3)
0.90 (0.57 to 1.40)
0.631
  
Nursing home resident
0.79 (0.32 to 1.98)
0.621
  
Poor performance status
0.62 (0.26 to 1.53)
0.302
  
Suspected infection focus
    
 Others
Reference
   
 Intra-abdominal infection
0.98 (0.62 to 1.57)
0.962
  
 Pneumonia
0.86 (0.53 to 1.42)
0.559
  
 Urinary tract infection
1.48 (0.86 to 2.56)
0.150
  
Heart rate >100 per minute
0.90 (0.63 to 1.27)
0.545
  
Respiratory rate >24 per minute
1.03 (0.68 to 1.56)
0.886
  
Body temperature >38.0°C
1.50 (1.07 to 2.09)
0.016
1.68 (1.17 to 2.40)
0.005
Initial presentation of cryptic shock
0.35 (0.24 to 0.52)
<0.001
0.39 (0.24 to 0.65)
<0.001
Lactate >4 mmol/L
0.55 (0.40 to 0.78)
0.001
0.80 (0.53 to 1.22)
0.311
SOFA score ≥8
1.93 (1.38 to 2.69)
<0.001
1.46 (1.00 to 2.13)
0.051
Mechanical ventilation
0.72 (0.41 to 1.25)
0.251
  
Time period, night (10 PM to 7 AM)
1.34 (0.92 to 1.94)
0.116
0.93 (0.60 to 1.42)
0.725
Time period, weekend
1.47 (1.03 to 2.10)
0.032
1.24 (0.81 to 1.92)
0.313
Physician’s experience
    
  ≤ 2nd year residents
Reference
 
Reference
 
  ≥ 3rd year residents or
2.51 (1.74 to 3.63)
<0.001
2.85 (1.90 to 4.28)
<0.001
Board-certified physicians
    
Physician’s gender (male)
0.93 (0.67 to 1.29)
0.673
0.83 (0.58 to 1.19)
0.318
Nurse’s experience
    
 0 to about 2 years
Reference
 
Reference
 
 3 to about5 years
1.38 (0.94 to 2.01)
0.093
1.56 (1.04 to 2.36)
0.030
 More than 5 years
1.01 (0.65 to 1.58)
0.948
1.16 (0.73 to 1.88)
0.604
Use of EMS
1.12 (0.79-1.60)
0.496
  
Study period
    
 2008 to about 2009
Reference
 
Reference
 
 2010 to about 2012
0.98 (0.70 to 1.37)
0.921
1.19 (0.82 to 1.73)
0.369
Critical care zone at full capacity
0.66 (0.33 to 1.35)
0.258
  
ANC absolute neutrophil count; CI, confidence interval; EMS, emergency medical service; OR, odds ratio; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
When the ED occupancy rate was included as a continuous variable in the model, instead of the tertiles, it also had a negative correlation with the overall compliance (OR of 10% increase of the ED occupancy rate, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.96, P = 0.002). Predicted probabilities of the overall compliance according to the ED occupancy rate are shown in Figure 2.
Additional regression models revealed that the high crowding group or higher ED occupancy rates were significantly associated with decreasing compliance with bundle elements, including early broad-spectrum antibiotics and the achievement of Scvo2 ≥70% (Table 4).
Table 4
Adjusted odds ratio for the completion of each intervention of the resuscitation bundle
Variables
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
P
Serum lactate measurement
  
 Intermediate crowding groupa
0.91 (0.51 to 1.63)
0.747
 High crowding groupa
0.73 (0.38 to 1.41)
0.346
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.95 (0.88 to 1.03)
0.206
Blood cultures before antibiotics
  
 Intermediate crowding groupa
1.31 (0.52 to 3.30)
0.561
 High crowding groupa
0.80 (0.30 to 2.16)
0.659
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.98 (0.86 to 1.10)
0.711
Early broad-spectrum antibiotics
  
 Intermediate crowding groupa
0.76 (0.50 to 1.15)
0.193
 High crowding groupa
0.57 (0.35 to 0.91)
0.019
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.93 (0.88 to 0.98)
0.018
Intravenous fluid challenge
  
 Intermediate crowding groupa
1.20 (0.60 to 2.39)
0.603
 High crowding groupa
0.86 (0.40 to 1.84)
0.697
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.99 (0.91 to 1.10)
0.974
CVP ≥8 mmHg achieved
  
 Intermediate crowding groupa
1.07 (0.69 to 1.65)
0.772
 High crowding groupa
0.83 (0.50 to 1.37)
0.462
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.95 (0.89 to 1.01)
0.095
MAP ≥65 mmHg achievedc
  
 Intermediate crowding groupa
0.29 (0.06 to 1.45)
0.133
 High crowding groupa
0.34 (0.07 to 1.79)
0.203
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.93 (0.80 to 1.10)
0.442
Scvo2 ≥70% achieved
  
 Intermediate crowding group a
0.83 (0.53 to 1.29)
0.408
 High crowding groupa
0.42 (0.25 to 0.7)
0.001
 ED occupancy rate (+10%)b
0.90 (0.85 to 0.96)
0.001
aReference category was the low crowding group; bincluded in models instead of the tertile groups; cVariables with significance of P <0.05 were adjusted without mandatory inclusion.
CI, confidence interval; CVP, central venous pressure; ED, emergency department; MAP, mean arterial pressure; OR, odds ratio.

Length of stay and in-hospital mortality

There was a significant trend toward increasing ED LOS over the tertiles (P = 0.002) (Table 5). As for in-hospital stay, the differences or trends were statistically marginal, although there were similar tendencies. In-hospital mortality rates were 16.3% in the low crowding group, 14.4% in the intermediate crowding group, and 18.4% in the high crowding group, respectively (P = 0.478). The mortality rate was slightly higher in the high crowding group compared with the other groups combined (low and intermediate crowding group), but these differences were not statistically significant (18.4% versus 15.4%, P = 0.288). If we considered only days and evenings on weekdays when ED crowding was more severe, there was a significant difference among the three groups (P = 0.019). In particular, the mortality rate of the high crowding group was significantly higher than that in the intermediate crowding group during this time period (P = 0.045).
Table 5
Length of stay and in-hospital mortality
 
Overall group
Low crowding group
Intermediate crowding group
High crowding group
P
(number = 770)
(number = 276)
(number = 250)
(number = 244)
ED LOS, hoursa
20 (8 to 34)
16 (9 to 31)
20 (8 to 36)
24 (9 to 46)b
0.009
ICU LOS, days
3 (2 to 6)
3 (2 to 9)
3 (2 to 6)
3 (2 to 6)
0.379
In-hospital LOS, days
     
 All patients
12 (7 to 22)
11 (7 to 20)
13 (8 to 23)
12 (8 to 22)
0.051
 Survivors
12 (8 to 22)
11 (7 to 20)
13 (9 to 22)
13 (8 to 22)
0.048
In-hospital mortality
126 (16.4)
45 (16.3)
36 (14.4)
45 (18.4)
0.478
Data are shown as median with interquartile ranges or number (%). aP for trend <0.05 among the tertile groups; bP <0.05 compared with the low crowding group after Bonferroni correction. ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay.

Discussion

Our study showed that ED crowding was associated with poor compliance with the resuscitation bundle, which was based on key SSC guideline elements for management of severe sepsis and septic shock [8]. The achievement of each bundle task was delayed as the level of ED crowding increased. This resulted in a reduction of the completion rate of the entire bundle, which potentially implies a low quality in sepsis care.
To save vital organs and lives, treatment is clearly time-sensitive for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, as well as acute stroke or acute myocardial infarction [7, 18, 19]. Primary goals of initial management are early recognition and resuscitation to optimize hemodynamic status within the first few hours, which are represented by the SSC resuscitation bundle. This bundle remains a challenge to perform and has not been widely adopted in practice, although it was associated with performance improvement in sepsis care, and the reported hospital mortality rates were reduced [4, 5, 9, 10, 2931].
Accomplishing the goals of bundle application within the specific time limits requires prompt and effective coordination of hospital resources. ED crowding causes resource shortage and interferes with the ED process in the care of patients with sepsis, which might be the plausible mechanisms linking ED crowding to sepsis care [13, 19]. Hence, as our study showed, ED crowding may delay critical ED services during management of severe sepsis and septic shock.
Most of all, it is an important finding that the rate of early antibiotic use was negatively affected by ED crowding since there are number of studies that showed delay in antibiotics affects overall mortality of sepsis patients [4, 8, 32, 33]. Because there is a possibility that an antibiotic delay could be a mechanism by which ED crowding might affect outcomes of patients with sepsis, further studies on this are needed.
We also found several significant factors associated with compliance, such as body temperature, initial presentation of cryptic shock, and the experience of the physician or nurse. The results are consistent with our previous research [21]. In addition to ED crowding, these might be important factors that should be focused on in future interventions.
In a previous study [21], we did not find a significant association between ED crowding and compliance, but it included a smaller number of patients and limited data. We examined overcrowding of the entire ED, and the primary outcome was less strict (adherence to six or seven interventions). We, therefore, performed a multifactorial reanalysis focusing on ED crowding of specific sections and the overall compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle.
To solve the ED crowding problem, multi-factorial, hospital-wide approaches are needed, such as increasing resources and demand management [13]. For instance, a multidisciplinary response team including experienced physicians or nurses and effective hospital bed management could be beneficial. In future studies, we should evaluate interventions to improve compliance with the bundle when crowding is severe.
Early admission to the ICU could be helpful for avoiding ED crowding. However, ED crowding usually occurred when there was a lack of ICU or general ward capacity, and thus the ED input of patients increased. The study hospital has also been experiencing a problem with a shortage of ICU beds as well as ED crowding. Although patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were given priority to the critical care unit in the ED, this practice did not prevent the delay of important interventions.
Reported ED occupancy rates have been diverse, with the median rate being 80 to approximately 110% in some studies [19, 26, 27]. Little is known about the ED occupancy rate thresholds at which adverse crowding effects occur, and they may vary with each hospital because each ED has different resource structures or capacities, and adverse effects occur when the degree of crowding exceeds these relative capacities. Therefore, although the results cannot be generalized to other EDs, this study showed that crowding could have negative effects on the quality of sepsis care. In addition, the ED calculation of occupancy rate in this study included all patients in the waiting zone. This could be why the ED occupancy rate was higher than the rates reported in other studies.
The patient population with severe sepsis or septic shock might be displaced from receiving care in the dedicated care zone by other critically ill patients. We found that the critical care zone was more often filled to capacity in the high crowding group. When we additionally adjusted for this through multivariate analysis, there was no change in the association between ED crowding and compliance. Even though this was not a significant factor in this study, further investigation is required regarding whether too many critically ill patients in an ED affect the quality of sepsis care regardless of ED crowding.
Our study has several limitations as a single-center, retrospective, observational study. First, there might be effects of unobserved bias that we were unable to fully control, and data collection was partially dependent on the accuracy of documentation in the medical records. Second, the results may not be readily applicable to other institutions that have different settings and should be cautiously interpreted. For hospitals with low crowding in the ED, our results cannot be directly applied. Third, the effect of ED crowding was not evaluated by using other methods. However, the ED occupancy rate showed a correlation with another validated scale reflecting the number of physicians, and it was useful to predict adverse outcomes despite its simplicity [26]. Fourth, there are dimensions of sepsis care compliance that we cannot quantify although we have broken down care to the elements of the bundle. The benefit of the bundle is probably the overall combination of interventions. Fifth, the finding that overcrowding influences patient treatments is not novel, and this is not an intervention study regarding raising compliance in cases of overcrowding. However, considering the clinical significance of the sepsis care bundle, and even standing alone, completion of the sepsis care bundle is considered to be a difficult treatment option to achieve according to several studies including recently published articles, this study has a value in that it shows an association between ED crowding and, specifically, the sepsis care bundle completion [8, 9, 31].

Conclusions

ED crowding had adverse effects on compliance with the resuscitation bundle in the management of severe sepsis or septic shock and was significantly associated with lower compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle. ED crowding was also associated with decreased likelihood of the timely implementation of the bundle elements, including early broad-spectrum antibiotic administration and the achievement of Scvo2 ≥70%. Severe ED crowding might be associated with increasing in-hospital mortality.

Key messages

  •  ED crowding was significantly associated with lower compliance with the entire resuscitation bundle in the management of severe sepsis or septic shock.
  •  ED crowding was also associated with a decreased likelihood of the timely implementation of the bundle elements.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

TGS collected and analyzed the data and drafted this manuscript. IJJ conceived and designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the final manuscript. DJC collected data and assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. MJK collected data and assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. KJ assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. GYS assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. MSS collected data and assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. SYL assisted with analyzing the data and drafting the manuscript. KJS contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data. YKJ contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Anhänge

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Metadaten
Titel
The adverse effect of emergency department crowding on compliance with the resuscitation bundle in the management of severe sepsis and septic shock
verfasst von
Tae Gun Shin
Ik Joon Jo
Dae Jong Choi
Mun Ju Kang
Kyeongman Jeon
Gee Young Suh
Min Seob Sim
So Yeon Lim
Keun Jeong Song
Yeon Kwon Jeong
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2013
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Critical Care / Ausgabe 5/2013
Elektronische ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13047

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