Introduction
Materials and methods
Literature search and study criteria
Data extraction and risk of bias assessment
Characteristics | Case–control | Cohort | Cross-sectional | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of studies | 3 | 10 | 16 | 29 |
Patient sample size | 2678 | 5892 | 16,622 | 25,192 |
Ethnicity (%) | ||||
North American | 0 (0) | 4 (40.0) | 5 (31.3) | 9 (31.0) |
European | 3 (100) | 2 (20.0) | 4 (25.0) | 9 (31.0) |
East Asian | 0 (0) | 4 (40.0) | 7 (43.8) | 11 (37.9) |
Mean age (range) | 68.3 (64.0–70.0) | 64.4 (41.8–70.5) | 63.7 (38.0–75.6) | 64.4 (38.0–75.6) |
Mean BMI (range) | 29.3 (26.4–30.3) | 25.7 (23.1–27.8) | 26.1 (24.1–29.6) | 26.4 (23.1–30.3) |
% Female (range) | 53.7 (49.0–76.7) | 57.0 (27.0–74.6) | 65.7 (0.0–79.9) | 62.4 (0.0–79.9) |
% Smoker (range) | 9.8 (9.0–10.0) | 16.9 (7.1–40.6) | 16.0 (9.3–63.8) | 15.5 (7.1–63.8) |
Diagnostic criteria (%) | ||||
Clinical | 0 (0) | 1 (10.0) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (6.9) |
Radiographic | 1 (33.3) | 6 (60.0) | 7 (43.8) | 14 (48.3) |
Both | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (18.8) | 5 (17.2) |
Self-reported | 0 (0) | 3 (30.0) | 5 (31.3) | 8 (27.6) |
OA sites (%)* | ||||
Hand | 0 (0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (12.5) | 4 (13.3) |
Knee | 1 (25.0) | 4 (40.0) | 7 (43.8) | 12 (40.0) |
Hip | 2 (50.0) | 1 (10.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (10.0) |
Spine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (6.7) |
Multiple | 1 (25.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (12.5) | 5 (16.7) |
Unspecified | 0 (0) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (18.8) | 4 (13.3) |
Alcohol consumption pattern (%)✝ | ||||
Weekly or more frequent | 3 (100) | 5 (50.0) | 7 (38.9) | 15 (48.4) |
Monthly | 0 (0) | 4 (40.0) | 3 (16.7) | 7 (22.6) |
Undefined current drinkers | 0 (0) | 1 (10.0) | 8 (44.4) | 9 (29.0) |
Data analysis
Results
Study inclusion and characteristics
Primary analyses of alcohol consumption and osteoarthritis
Analyses of subject characteristics as covariates
Number of studies | Number of subjects | Odds ratio (95% CI) | I2 for heterogeneity (%) | p value for heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient sample size | |||||
N < 500 | 13 | 2767 | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | 84 | < 0.0001 |
N ≥ 500 | 16 | 22,425 | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 97 | < 0.0001 |
N ≥ 1000 | 8 | 17,294 | 0.64 (0.46–0.89) | 98 | < 0.0001 |
Ethnicity | |||||
North American | 9 | 8120 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) | 45 | 0.07 |
European | 9 | 6221 | 0.82 (0.59–1.14) | 91 | < 0.0001 |
East Asian | 11 | 10,851 | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 97 | < 0.0001 |
Mean BMI | |||||
< 25 | 10 | 9888 | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 97 | < 0.0001 |
≥ 25 | 14 | 13,110 | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 87 | < 0.0001 |
Undefined | 5 | 2194 | 0.68 (0.39–1.18) | 94 | < 0.0001 |
Predominant sex | |||||
Male majority | 6 | 4440 | 1.08 (0.91–1.27) | 72 | 0.003 |
Female majority | 23 | 20,752 | 0.72 (0.59–0.88) | 95 | < 0.0001 |
Diagnostic criteria | |||||
Clinical | 2 | 120 | 1.30 (0.73–2.31) | 0 | 0.90 |
Radiographic | 14 | 9782 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | < 0.0001 | |
Both | 5 | 6171 | 0.66 (0.41–1.08) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
Self-reported | 8 | 9119 | 0.78 (0.51–1.17) | 98 | < 0.0001 |
OA sites | |||||
Hand | 4 | 1945 | 0.80 (0.66–0.95) | 4 | 0.37 |
Knee | 12 | 12,765 | 0.85 (0.72–0.99) | 84 | < 0.0001 |
Hip | 3 | 1645 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 13 | 0.32 |
Spine | 2 | 1477 | 0.72 (0.24–2.17) | 98 | < 0.0001 |
Multiple | 5 | 1494 | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 92 | < 0.0001 |
Unspecified | 4 | 5866 | 0.56 (0.36–0.85) | 95 | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol consumption pattern | |||||
Weekly or more frequent | 15 | 14,292 | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) | 94 | < 0.0001 |
Monthly | 7 | 5234 | 0.73 (0.46–1.15) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
Undefined current drinkers | 9 | 5666 | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) | 71 | 0.0006 |
Confounding | |||||
Unadjusted | 15 | 15,903 | 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | 96 | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted for any | 14 | 9289 | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) | 77 | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted for BMI | 9 | 7468 | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) | 85 | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted for age | 13 | 8678 | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | 80 | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted for gender | 10 | 5232 | 0.90 (0.71–1.12) | 80 | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted for smoking | 8 | 5852 | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 85 | < 0.0001 |
Α | Β | SE | Τ | I2 (%) | R2 (%) | Z score | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | − 0.071 | − 0.00017 | 0.0001 | 0.372 | 92.47 | 13.21 | − 2.0003 | 0.0455 |
Mean age | 1.031 | − 0.01998 | 0.0076 | 0.345 | 91.00 | 20.40 | − 2.6376 | 0.0084 |
Mean BMI | − 0.582 | 0.01464 | 0.0448 | 0.397 | 93.62 | < 0.01 | 0.3268 | 0.7438 |
% Female | 0.366 | − 0.01034 | 0.0036 | 0.346 | 91.57 | 24.83 | − 2.8535 | 0.0043 |
% Smoker | − 0.329 | 0.00536 | 0.0062 | 0.355 | 92.56 | 0.29 | 0.8640 | 0.3876 |
Year of publication | 0.923 | − 0.00057 | 0.0123 | 0.407 | 93.56 | < 0.01 | 0.0465 | 0.9629 |