Background
Methods
The Tromsø Study
Sample
Hemoglobin and fall measurements
Covariates
Statistics
All |
p-value1
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Age-group | Age-group | ||
65-74 years | ≥ 75 years | |||
(N = 2441) | (N = 1637) | (N = 804) | ||
Mean age, years | 72.0 (4.8) | 69.2 (2.9) | 77.6 (2.2) | – |
Fallsa, n (%) | 33 (803/2441) | 32 (518/1637) | 36 (285/804) | 0.060 |
Anemiab, n (%) | 8 (188/2441) | 6 (95/1687) | 12 (93/804) | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.9 (1.1) | 13.9 (1.1) | 13.7 (1.2) | < 0.0001 |
Multimorbidityc, n (%) | 4 (74/1825) | 3 (36/1288) | 7 (38/537) | < 0.0001 |
Disabilityd, n (%) | 26 (339/1284) | 20 (124/635) | 33 (215/649) | < 0.0001 |
Frailtye, n (%) | 39 (232/592) | 25 (16/65) | 41 (216/527) | 0.011 |
Hypertensionf (%) | 65 (1592/2440) | 62 (1006/1637) | 73 (586/803) | < 0.0001 |
Use of antihypertensives, n (%) | 31 (741/2363) | 29 (467/1588) | 35 (274/775) | 0.003 |
Use of ≥ 5 drugsg, n (%) | 16 (293/1841) | 15 (180/1196) | 18 (113/645) | 0.167 |
Low physical activity, n (%) | 8 (180/2147) | 7 (98/1471) | 12 (82/676) | < 0.0001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 26.7 (4.1) | 26.7 (4.1) | 26.6 (4.2) | 0.567 |
Women | Men |
p-value1
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | All | Age-group | Age-group | All | Age-group | Age-group | All | Age-group | Age-group |
65-74 years | ≥ 75 years | 65-74 years | ≥ 75 years | 65-74 years | ≥ 75 years | ||||
(N = 1321) | (N = 863) | (N = 458) | (N = 1120) | (N = 774) | (N = 346) | ||||
Mean age, years | 72.3 (4.8) | 69.4 (2.9) | 77.7 (2.2) | 71.8 (4.8) | 69.1 (2.9) | 77.8 (2.2) | 0.013 | 0.076 | 0.880 |
Fallsa, n (%) | 33 (442/1321) | 32 (276/863) | 36 (166/458) | 32 (361/1120) | 31 (242/774) | 34 (119/346) | 0.520 | 0.756 | 0.587 |
Anemiab, n (%) | 6 (85/1312) | 6 (47/863) | 8 (38/458) | 9 (103/1120) | 6 (48/774) | 16 (55/346) | 0.011 | 0.514 | 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.4 (1.0) | 13.5 (0.9) | 13.4 (1.0) | 14.5 (1.1) | 14.5 (1.1) | 14.1 (1.2) | – | – | – |
Multimorbidityc, n (%) | 4 (34/932) | 3 (18/659) | 6 (16/273) | 4 (40/893) | 3 (18/629) | 8 (22/264) | 0.368 | 0.887 | 0.264 |
Disabilityd, n (%) | 31 (220/701) | 26 (85/334) | 37 (135/367) | 20 (119/583) | 13 (39/301) | 28 (80/282) | < 0.001 | < 0.0001 | 0.024 |
Frailtye, n (%) | 47 (141/302) | 33 (10/30) | 48 (131/272) | 31 (91/290) | 17 (6/35) | 33 (85/255) | < 0.001 | 0.131 | 0.001 |
Hypertensionf (%) | 68 (892/1321) | 64 (552/863) | 74 (340/458) | 63 (700/1119) | 59 (454/774) | 71 (246/345) | 0.010 | 0.028 | 0.354 |
Use of antihypertensives, n (%) | 31 (339/1277) | 29 (246/839) | 35 (153/438) | 31 (342/1086) | 30 (221/749) | 36 (121/337) | 0.898 | 0.935 | 0.779 |
Use of ≥ 5 drugsg, n (%) | 15 (157/1044) | 14 (95/663) | 16 (62/381) | 17 (136/797) | 16 (85/533) | 19 (51/264) | 0.239 | 0.436 | 0.317 |
Low physical activity, n (%) | 11 (116/1103) | 8 (61/742) | 15 (55/361) | 6 (64/1044) | 5 (37/729) | 9 (27/315) | < 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.008 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 27.0 (4.5) | 26.9 (4.6) | 27.0 (4.4) | 26.4 (3.5) | 26.5 (3.5) | 26.1 (3.7) | < 0.001 | 0.048 | 0.001 |
Fall participants | Non-fall participants |
p-value1
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variabel (n) | All (N = 803) | Women (n = 442) | Men (n = 361) | All (N = 1638) | Women (n = 879) | Men (n = 759) | All | Women | Men |
Mean age, years | 72.2 (4.9) | 72.3 (4.9) | 72.1 (4.9) | 72.0 (4.8) | 72.2 (4.8) | 71.6 (4.8) | 0.219 | 0.706 | 0.172 |
Mean hemoglobin, g/dl | 13.8 (1.1) | 13.4 (0.9) | 14.4 (1.1) | 13.9 (1.1) | 13.4 (1.0) | 14.4 (1.1) | 0.550 | 0.373 | 0.739 |
Anemiaa, % | 7.9 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 9.4 | 0.852 | 0.543 | 0.791 |
Mulitimorbidityb, % | 4.2 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 0.849 | 0.332 | 0.530 |
Disabilityc, % | 28.0 | 32.0 | 23.2 | 25.6 | 31.0 | 19.0 | 0.361 | 0.795 | 0.239 |
Frailtyd, % | 41.3 | 43.6 | 38.5 | 38.1 | 48.4 | 27.8 | 0.450 | 0.421 | 0.064 |
Hypertensione, % | 63.3 | 64.7 | 61.5 | 66.2 | 68.9 | 63.0 | 0.150 | 0.121 | 0.613 |
Use of antihypertensives, % | 33.2 | 33.7 | 32.5 | 30.5 | 30.0 | 31.0 | 0.187 | 1.277 | 0.633 |
Use of ≥ 5 drugsf, % | 18.1 | 16.1 | 20.6 | 14.9 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 0.077 | 0.483 | 0.063 |
Low physical activity level, % | 6.5 | 8.4 | 4.5 | 9.3 | 11.6 | 6.9 | 0.029 | 0.096 | 0.126 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 26.8 (4.2) | 27.2 (4.6) | 26.3 (3.5) | 26.7 (4.1) | 26.9 (4.5) | 26.4 (3.5) | 0.471 | 0.213 | 0.574 |
Unadjusted model | Model 1b
| Model 2c
| Model 3d
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hemoglobin level (continuous, per SD decrease) | ||||
Total sample | 1.03 (0.94-1.12) | 1.01 (0.92-1.11) | 1.03 (0.93-1.14) | 0.94 (0.81-1.09) |
Age 65-74 | 1.04 (0.93-1.15) | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | 1.09 (0.95-1.25) | 1.06 (0.85-1.32) |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.98 (0.85-1.14) | 0.97 (0.83-1.13) | 0.94 (0.80-1.11) | 0.87 (0.71-1.05) |
Women | 1.06 (0.93-1.22) | 1.06 (0.93-1.22) | 1.02 (0.88-1.19) | 0.85 (0.62-1.05) |
Age 65-74 | 1.13 (0.94-1.35) | 1.09 (0.89-1.34) | 0.79 (0.55-1.11) | |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.97 (0.79-1.20) | 0.94 (0.75-1.18) | 0.90 (0.69-1.17) | |
Men | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 0.97 (0.85-1.10) | 1.03 (0.89-1.20) | 1.06 (0.87-1.30) |
Age 65-74 | 0.97 (0.82-1.14) | 1.09 (0.90-1.31) |
1.40 (1.03-1.91)
| |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.97 (0.78-1.20) | 0.94 (0.74-1.21) | 0.84 (0.63-1.11) | |
Anemiaa
| ||||
Total sample | 1.03 (0.75-1.41) | 1.02 (0.74-1.40) | 1.00 (0.70-1.44) | 0.83 (0.50-1.37) |
Age 65-74 | 1.05 (0.67-1.63) | 1.05 (0.68-1.63) | 1.06 (0.64-1.77) | 1.15 (0.52-2.55) |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.95 (0.60-1.50) | 0.96 (0.61-1.52) | 0.92 (0.55-1.56) | 0.69 (0.36-1.32) |
Women | 1.15 (0.73-1.82) | 1.15 (0.73-1.82) | 1.05 (0.62-1.77) | 0.55 (0.23-1.29) |
Age 65-74 | 1.10 (0.59-2.05) | 0.96 (0.46-2.00) | 0.44 (0.09-2.03) | |
Age ≥ 75 | 1.16 (0.59-2.29) | 1.11 (0.52-2.36) | 0.64 (0.22-1.84) | |
Men | 0.94 (0.61-1.46) | 0.90 (0.58-1.40) | 0.95 (0.57-1.58) | 1.08 (0.57-2.03) |
Age 65-74 | 1.00 (0.53-1.88) | 1.17 (0.57-2.38) | 2.17 (0.76-6.22) | |
Age ≥ 75 | 0.83 (0.45-1.54) | 0.78 (0.38-1.62) | 0.72 (0.32-1.65) |
Unadjusted model | Model 1e
| Model 2f
| |
---|---|---|---|
Anemic & frail (30) | 1.03 (0.48-2.22) | 0.98 (0.45-2.13) | 0.94 (0.40-2.22) |
Anemic, not frail (36) | 0.80 (0.38-1.66) | 0.77 (0.36-1.61) | 0.74 (0.32-1.85) |
Not anemic & frail (202) | 1.22 (0.91-1.65) | 1.15 (0.84-1.59) | 1.23 (0.87-1.74) |
Not anemic & not frail (2173) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
Anemic & disabeled (34) | 0.75 (0.35-1.63) | 0.74 (0.34-1.60) | 0.78 (0.34-1.81) |
Anemic, not disabeled (71) | 1.00 (0.60-1.68) | 0.97 (0.57-1.63) | 0.92 (0.50-1.70) |
Not anemic & disabeled (305) | 1.18 (0.90-1.55) | 1.15 (0.87-1.52) | 1.14 (0.83-1.56) |
Not anemic & not disabeled (874) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |