Background
Methods
Research subjects
Physical examination and laboratory tests
Record of lifestyle information
Definition of normal-weight, MetS and metabolic health
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variable | Parity | P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | ||
N (%) | 217(28.0) | 283(36.5) | 179(23.0) | 97(12.5) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 54.40 ± 4.42 | 59.62 ± 5.60 | 63.21 ± 5.99 | 64.87 ± 5.97 | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 77.71 ± 6.17 | 80.17 ± 6.43 | 82.43 ± 7.52 | 83.73 ± 7.92 | < 0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 90.12 ± 4.72 | 91.67 ± 5.10 | 93.85 ± 7.07 | 95.09 ± 7.86 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.65 ± 1.62 | 22.00 ± 1.41 | 21.95 ± 1.46 | 22.02 ± 1.50 | 0.118 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.45 ± 1.01 | 5.50 ± 0.79 | 5.54 ± 0.78 | 5.55 ± 0.77 | 0.024 |
2hPG (mmol/L) | 6.85 ± 2.69 | 7.33 ± 2.46 | 7.77 ± 2.57 | 8.32 ± 3.09 | < 0.001 |
HbA1C (%) | 5.76 ± 0.56 | 5.80 ± 0.51 | 5.85 ± 0.47 | 5.85 ± 0.48 | 0.017 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.58 ± 0.34 | 1.47 ± 0.33 | 1.50 ± 0.33 | 1.48 ± 0.30 | 0.006 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 0.548 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.79 ± 1.00 | 5.66 ± 1.05 | 5.63 ± 1.01 | 5.68 ± 0.99 | 0.340 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.81 | 1.69 ± 1.12 | 1.66 ± 1.05 | 1.67 ± 0.89 | 0.131 |
SBP (mmHg) | 123.51 ± 15.89 | 129.12 ± 17.71 | 134.34 ± 17.60 | 137.61 ± 17.89 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.47 ± 10.01 | 76.56 ± 9.76 | 77.97 ± 9.72 | 79.36 ± 9.89 | 0.036 |
Age at menarche (y) | 15.68 ± 1.77 | 16.13 ± 1.72 | 16.47 ± 1.78 | 17.03 ± 1.96 | < 0.001 |
Age at menopause (y) | 49.31 ± 4.09 | 50.04 ± 3.87 | 49.77 ± 3.91 | 49.28 ± 5.07 | 0.269 |
Duration of reproductive years (y) | 33.64 ± 4.41 | 33.91 ± 4.03 | 33.30 ± 4.29 | 32.25 ± 5.31 | 0.033 |
Alcohol drinker, n (%) | 0.002 | ||||
Never (548) | 129 (59.4%) | 213 (75.3%) | 133 (74.3%) | 73 (75.3%) | |
Current (220) | 83 (38.2%) | 69 (24.4%) | 44 (24.6%) | 24 (24.7%) | |
Former (8) | 5 (2.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.868 | ||||
Never | 216 (99.54%) | 281 (99.29%) | 178 (99.44%) | 97 (100.00%) | |
Current | 1 (0.46%) | 2 (0.71%) | 1 (0.56%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
Physical activity | 0.201 | ||||
yes | 52 (23.96%) | 70 (24.73%) | 41 (22.91%) | 14 (14.43%) | |
no | 165 (76.04%) | 213 (75.27%) | 138 (77.09%) | 83 (85.57%) | |
Educational attainment | < 0.001 | ||||
Illiteracy | 9 (4.15%) | 35 (12.37%) | 56 (31.28%) | 37 (38.14%) | |
Primary school | 56 (25.81%) | 101 (35.69%) | 73 (40.78%) | 43 (44.33%) | |
Middle school | 108 (49.77%) | 103 (36.40%) | 38 (21.23%) | 15 (15.46%) | |
High school | 41 (18.89%) | 37 (13.07%) | 11 (6.15%) | 2 (2.06%) | |
College or above | 3 (1.38%) | 7 (2.47%) | 1 (0.56%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
FDR | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 175 (80.65%) | 255 (90.11%) | 163 (91.06%) | 94 (96.91%) | |
No | 42 (19.35%) | 28 (9.89%) | 16 (8.94%) | 3 (3.09%) | |
MetS | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 166 (76.5%) | 180 (63.6%) | 93 (52.0%) | 49 (50.5%) | |
Yes | 51 (23.5%) | 103 (36.4%) | 86 (48.0%) | 48 (49.5%) |
Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis
Variable | Statistics | OR (95%CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (y, SD) | 59.64 ± 6.60 | 1.07 (1.04, 1.09) | < 0.001 |
WC (cm) | 80.48 ± 7.16 | 1.17 (1.13, 1.20) | < 0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 92.17 ± 6.15 | 1.10 (1.07, 1.12) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.89 ± 1.50 | 1.53 (1.37, 1.71) | < 0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.50 ± 0.85 | 2.94 (2.29, 3.79) | < 0.001 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.51 ± 0.33 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.06) | < 0.001 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.63±1.00 | 3.94 (3.06, 5.08) | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.21 ± 9.87 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 129.82 ± 17.86 | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | < 0.001 |
Age at menarche (y) | 16.20 ± 1.83 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.846 |
Age at menopause (y) | 49.68 ± 4.11 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.772 |
Duration of reproductive years (y) | 33.49 ± 4.39 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.849 |
Alcohol drinker, n (%) | 0.451 | ||
Never | 548 (70.62%) | 1.0 | |
Current | 220 (28.35%) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.12) | |
Former | 8 (1.03%) | 0.96 (0.23, 4.05) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.620 | ||
Never | 772 (99.5%) | 1.0 | |
Current | 4 (0.5%) | 0.56 (0.06, 5.44) | |
FDR | 0.348 | ||
No | 687 (88.5%) | 1.0 | |
Yes | 89 (11.5%) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.28) | |
Physical activity | 0.765 | ||
No | 599 (77.2%) | 1.0 | |
Yes | 177 (22.8%) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | |
pregnancy losses | 0.121 | ||
0 | 230 (29.6%) | 1.0 | |
1 | 287 (37.0%) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.96) | |
2 | 166 (21.4%) | 0.79 (0.52, 1.19) | |
≥3 | 93 (12.0%) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.64) | |
Parity | < 0.001 | ||
1 | 217 (28.0%) | 1.0 | |
2 | 283 (36.5%) | 1.86 (1.25, 2.77) | |
3 | 179 (23.1%) | 3.01 (1.96, 4.62) | |
≥4 | 97 (12.5%) | 3.19 (1.92, 5.29) | |
Educational attainment. | 0.042 | ||
Illiteracy | 137 (17.65%) | 1.0 | |
Primary school | 273 (35.18%) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.91) | |
Middle school | 264 (34.02%) | 0.52 (0.34, 0.79) | |
High school | 91 (11.73%) | 0.61 (0.36, 1.05) | |
College or above | 11 (1.42%) | 0.90 (0.26, 3.08) |
Variable | Parity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ≥4 | P for trend | |
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
Crude | 1 | 1.86 (1.25, 2.77) | 3.01(1.96, 4.62) | 3.19 (1.92, 5.29) | < 0.001 |
Model 1 | 1 | 1.51 (0.99, 2.30) | 2.12 (1.30, 3.46) | 2.10 (1.18, 3.75) | 0.004 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.52(0.98, 2.37) | 2.14(1.26, 3.64) | 2.13(1.13, 4.01) | 0.009 |
Model 3 | 1 | 1.40 (0.89, 2.20) | 2.00 (1.16, 3.44) | 1.87 (0.96, 3.62) | 0.025 |
Model 4 | 1 | 1.37 (0.86,2.16) | 1.91 (1.10, 3.32) | 1.70 (0.87, 3.33) | 0.054 |
Parity | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | |
Abdominal obesity | ||||||||
1 | Refrence | Refrence | Refrence | Refrence | ||||
2 | 1.58 (1.11, 2.27) | 0.012 | 1.68 (1.14, 2.46) | 0.009 | 1.45 (0.93, 2.24) | 0.099 | 1.33 (0.83, 2.14) | 0.234 |
3 | 2.57 (1.71, 3.87) | < 0.001 | 2.83 (1.76, 4.54) | < 0.001 | 2.54 (1.46, 4.40) | 0.001 | 2.06 (1.13, 3.77) | 0.019 |
≥4 | 4.46 (2.61, 7.61) | < 0.001 | 4.99 (2.72, 9.17) | < 0.001 | 4.25 (2.11, 8.56) | < 0.001 | 3.08 (1.42, 6.66) | 0.004 |
P for trend | 1.63 (1.40, 1.90) | < 0.001 | 1.70 (1.41, 2.05) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.31, 2.02) | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.15, 1.86) | 0.002 |
High FPG | ||||||||
1 | Refrence | Refrence | Refrence | |||||
2 | 1.32 (0.90, 1.92) | 0.153 | 1.20 (0.80, 1.79) | 0.385 | 1.15 (0.75, 1.76) | 0.516 | 1.18 (0.77, 1.81) | 0.460 |
3 | 1.54 (1.01, 2.33) | 0.043 | 1.31 (0.81, 2.11) | 0.276 | 1.22 (0.72, 2.07) | 0.450 | 1.27 (0.75, 2.16) | 0.375 |
≥4 | 1.38 (0.83, 2.28) | 0.210 | 1.14 (0.64, 2.03) | 0.664 | 1.04 (0.55, 1.97) | 0.911 | 1.10 (0.57, 2.11) | 0.777 |
P for trend | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 0.081 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 0.531 | 1.03 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.806 | 1.05 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.672 |
High Bp | ||||||||
1 | Refrence | Refrence | Refrence | |||||
2 | 1.46 (1.02, 2.08) | 0.040 | 1.16 (0.79, 1.70) | 0.460 | 1.01 (0.67, 1.52) | 0.966 | 1.02 (0.67, 1.53) | 0.942 |
3 | 2.13 (1.42, 3.18) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (0.91, 2.30) | 0.117 | 1.16 (0.70, 1.93) | 0.559 | 1.20 (0.72, 2.00) | 0.489 |
≥4 | 2.60 (1.58, 4.26) | < 0.001 | 1.65 (0.94, 2.90) | 0.084 | 1.27 (0.68,2.37) | 0.461 | 1.31 (0.69, 2.49) | 0.401 |
P for trend | 1.40 (1.21, 1.62) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.00, 1.42) | 0.049 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.33) | 0.395 | 1.10 (0.90, 1.35) | 0.332 |
Elevated TG | ||||||||
1 | Refrence | Refrence | Refrence | |||||
2 | 1.49 (1.04, 2.14) | 0.031 | 1.06 (0.72, 1.57) | 0.755 | 1.03 (0.68, 1.57) | 0.873 | 1.00 (0.66, 1.52) | 0.990 |
3 | 1.48 (0.99, 2.22) | 0.054 | 0.84 (0.52, 1.34) | 0.463 | 0.88 (0.53, 1.47) | 0.619 | 0.83 (0.49, 1.40) | 0.482 |
≥4 | 1.34 (0.82, 2.17) | 0.242 | 0.67 (0.38, 1.19) | 0.175 | 0.71 (0.38, 1.34) | 0.294 | 0.65 (0.34, 1.24) | 0.191 |
P for trend | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 0.134 | 0.87(0.73, 1.04) | 0.126 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) | 0.264 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 0.169 |
low HDL-C | ||||||||
1 | Refrence | Refrence | Refrence | |||||
2 | 1.64 (1.08, 2.49) | 0.019 | 1.48 (0.95, 2.30) | 0.083 | 1.41 (0.88, 2.26) | 0.156 | 1.37 (0.85, 2.21) | 0.190 |
3 | 1.48 (0.93, 2.35) | 0.096 | 1.24 (0.73, 2.11) | 0.422 | 1.13 (0.63, 2.01) | 0.690 | 1.10 (0.61, 1.97) | 0.756 |
≥4 | 1.47 (0.85, 2.56) | 0.168 | 1.20 (0.64, 2.25) | 0.577 | 1.01 (0.50, 2.05) | 0.978 | 0.96 (0.47, 1.97) | 0.910 |
P for trend | 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) | 0.152 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 0.745 | 0.98(0.78, 1.22) | 0.831 | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 0.741 |