Skip to main content
Erschienen in: BMC Geriatrics 1/2016

Open Access 01.12.2016 | Research Article

The association of multimorbidity and disability in a community-based sample of elderly aged 80 or older in Shanghai, China

verfasst von: Peng Su, Hansheng Ding, Wei Zhang, Guangfeng Duan, Yitong Yang, Rong Chen, Zengjie Duan, Lixia Du, Chunyan Xie, Chunlin Jin, Chaoqun Hu, Zixue Sun, Junrui Long, Lingling Gong, Wenhua Tian

Erschienen in: BMC Geriatrics | Ausgabe 1/2016

Abstract

Background

Both multimorbidity and activities of daily living (ADL) disability and instrument activities of daily living (IADL) disability are common among elderly individuals. ADL/IADL disability may reduce individuals’ capacities for independent living and quality of life. This study aimed to examine the association between multimorbidity and ADL/IADL disability.

Methods

A multi-stage cluster sample of 2058 residents aged 80 or older was investigated in Shanghai, China. Multimorbidity was defined as the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases with ten common chronic conditions under consideration. Subjects who responded that they “need partial or full assistance” to any ADL/IADL items were defined as having ADL/IADL disability. We examined the association of multimorbidity with ADL/IADL disability, adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics by using logistic regression.

Results

Of respondents, 23.23 % had ADL disability, 37.90 % had IADL disability, and 49.17 % had multimorbidity. After adjusted socio-demographic characteristics, a graded association was showed between ADL disability and the quantity of chronic conditions: odds ratio (OR) for 1 condition, 1.53(95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.04-2.24); OR for 2 conditions, 2.06(95 % CI, 1.43-2.96); OR for 3 conditions, 3.23(95 % CI, 2.14-4.86); OR for 4 or more conditions, 5.61(95 % CI, 3.26-9.66). Similar associations were also observed between the quantity of chronic conditions and IADL disability.

Conclusions

The quantity of chronic conditions had relatively strong association with both ADL and IADL disability. Initiating prevention of additional chronic conditions and interventions on clusters of diseases may decrease the potential risk of ADL/IADL disability. Additionally, more attention should been given to the older low-income women living with relatives/non-relatives with multimorbidity.
Abkürzungen
ADL
Activities of daily living
CI
Confidence interval
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
IADL
Instrument activities of daily living
OR
Odds ratio

Background

Populations around the world are rapidly aging, and “healthy well” must be a global priority [1]. However, middle-income countries face more challenge of aging, since an unprecedented upward shift in life expectancy are witnessed among these countries [2]. According to data published by National Bureau of Statistics of China, 10.06 % of the total population were over 65 in 2014. But in Shanghai, this proportion was even up to 18.80 %. The change of age structure has important public health implications regarding the economic and social costs of chronic diseases [3, 4].
Studies have suggested that chronic diseases may result in disability in the elderly. Although disability can be defined in a number of ways, the activities of daily living (ADL) and instrument activities of daily living (IADL) are considered the most common ways [5]. Uddin et al. reported that hypertension was significantly associated with ADL/IADL disability [6], while Dunlop et al. found that older adults with diabetes or cerebrovascular disease were susceptible to have ADL/IADL disability [7].
As a result of increasing longevity, multiple comorbid conditions, or “multimorbidity”, have also become more common among elderly individuals [8, 9]. However, most previous studies focused on the association between a chronic disease and disability. Previous studies have demonstrated that multimorbidity is associated with negative health outcome, such as poor quality of life, disability, and mortality [1012]. Even several studies suggested that the quantity of chronic diseases may be more closely associated with ADL disability among elderly adults [1214]. Ralph et al. found the prevalence of ADL disability was graded increased with the quantity of chronic diseases [13]. Unfortunately, there were only three IADL included in Ralph study, so as to it definitely decreased power to imply the association between multimorbidity and IADL disability.
Most of previous studies were conducted in high-income countries, but social demographic status has been found strongly associated with the prevalence of multimorbidity and disability, regardless of whether social demographic status is measured by age, race, or area-based deprivation [13, 15]. There is a lack of a better understanding of the relationship between multimorbidity and disability among Asian elderly populations, as Asian was more susceptive to ADL disability compared with other races [13].
Since the proportion of elderly individuals aged 80 or older would increase as the aging process, and those people were more easily affected by chronic diseases [16]. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the potential association between multimorbidity and ADL/IADL disability of elderly community-dwelling residents aged 80 years or older in Shanghai, China. We hypothesize that a positive graded association exists between the quantity of chronic conditions and likelihood of both ADL and IADL disability.

Methods

Data sources

This study used data of a large-scale survey initiated by Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission from March to September 2013. This survey was designed as a multi-stage cluster study representative of the elderly population in Shanghai, China. In total, 8525 residents were investigated from 15 communities. Face-to-face interviews were conducted at participants’ homes by the staff of each surveyed neighborhood committee, each of which was trained by professional investigators from the workshop. Each participant completed the questionnaire independently. Detailed description of study, sample design, and quality control process is provided elsewhere [17]. In this study, we focused on individuals aged 80 or older, finally, 2058 residents aged 80 or older were included as our target population excluding those with missing data on ADL/IADL or chronic diseases.
All participants or their family members signed an informed consent (except for the illiterate, who only provided oral consent) and the study protocol received approval by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Medical and Technology Information Institute.

Outcome variables

Our primary outcome variable of interest was ADL disability, as measured by self-report and investigators’ observation and judgment: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring (getting in and out of bed or chair), eating, and getting around the home [13, 18]. As a secondary outcome variable, we examined IADL disability: using telephone, shopping, preparing meals, housekeeping (such as washing dishes or making the bed), doing laundry, using transport, medical care (such as taking medicines or pills) and financial management (such as budgeting, writing checks, paying rent and bills, and going to banks) [19]. Subjects who responded that they “need partial or full assistance” to any ADL/IADL items were defined as having ADL/IADL disability, while those who responded that they were “independent” in all ADL/IADL items were defined as no disability [13, 20, 21].

Chronic conditions and multimorbidity

As most publications, multimorbidity is defined as the simultaneous presence of two or more chronic diseases in this study [8, 2224]. On the spot, we used a questionnaire to collected data, and about the chronic diseases, we prepared a list of 17 common chronic diseases for help. According to the order of the list, we usually used two questions to certify the status of a certain chronic disease. For example, firstly, we would ask the participant “Do you suffer from hypertension?” If the participant answered “Yes”, then we would ask the second question “Is this result based on doctor diagnosed?” If the answer to the second question was still “Yes”, we concluded that this participant suffered from hypertension. In order to avoid missing chronic diseases information, finally, we would ask the participant “Do you suffer from any other chronic disease?” For this analysis, ten chronic conditions were included, namely hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, cataract, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fracture, arthritis, and chronic kidney disease. Chronic conditions statuses, based on doctor’s diagnosis, were obtained through face-to-face interview.

Social demographics

Social demographics included age, gender, income and living arrangement. Respondents were categorized into four age groups: 80 to 84, 85 to 89, 90 to 94, and 95 or older. Income was grouped into two categories: low (≤100 % of Shanghai basic cost of living allowances in 2013), and moderate (>100 % of the standard). Living arrangement was categorized as five groups: living alone, with spouse only, with spouse and children, with children only, and with other relatives/non-relatives.

Statistical analysis

Analyses were performed using SAS statistical package 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., 2007). After calculating descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis was used to examine the association of each socio-demographic factors and chronic diseases status with ADL/IADL disability in unadjusted models. Then, we used multiple logistic regression models to examine the association between multimorbidity and ADL/IADL disability after adjusting age, gender, income, and living arrangement.

Results

Sample characteristics

This study included 2058 participants. Overall, 23.23 % of respondents reported ADL disability and 37.90 % reported IADL disability. As Table 1 showed, more than half individuals were women aged 80 to 84, and 96.60 % had moderate income. The percentage of population living with children only was 38.19 %, followed by living with spouses only (29.66 %) and living alone (21.23 %). Of this group individuals, 62.00 % had hypertension, 30.56 % coronary heart disease, 19.92 % diabetes, 14.09 % cataract, 11.18 % cerebrovascular disease, 6.03 % arthritis, 2.43 % fracture, 2.33 % dementia, 1.85 % chronic kidney disease, and 1.85 % COPD. Totally, 77.99 % participants reported at least one diagnosed condition, and 49.17 % reported multimorbidity.
Table 1
Characteristics of community-dwelling individuals in 2013 in Shanghai, China
Characteristics
N (%)
Age, y
 80–84
1198 (58.21)
 85–89
578 (28.09)
 90–94
217 (10.54)
 95+
65 (3.16)
Gender
 Male
867 (42.13)
 Female
1191 (57.87)
Incomea
 Moderate
1849 (96.60)
 Low
65 (3.40)
Living arrangement
 Living alone
428 (21.23)
 With spouse only
598 (29.66)
 With spouse and children
161 (7.99)
 With children only
770 (38.19)
 With other relatives/non-relatives
59 (2.93)
Number of Chronic Diseases
 0
453 (22.01)
 1
593 (28.81)
 2
632 (30.71)
 3
284 (13.8)
 4+
96 (4.66)
Multimorbidity
2012 (49.17)
ADL disability
478 (23.23)
IADL disability
780 (37.90)
Abbreviations: N number, y year
aIncome was grouped into two categories: low (≤100 % of Shanghai basic cost of living allowances in 2013), and moderate (>100 % of the standard)

Associations between ADL/IADL disability and multimorbidity

As Table 2 showed, in unadjusted models, having multimorbidity was significantly associated with ADL disability, but not those having 1 condition. After adjusting age, sex, income, all four groups were significantly and independently associated with ADL disability (OR (odds ratio) for 1 condition group = 1.53, 95 % CI (confidence intervals) =1.04-2.24; OR for 2 conditions group = 2.06, 95 % CI = 1.43-2.96; OR for 3 conditions group = 3.23, 95 % CI = 2.14-4.86; OR for 4+ conditions group = 5.61, 95 % CI = 3.26-9.66).
Table 2
Association between multimorbidity and activities of daily living disability for community-dwelling individuals in 2013 in Shanghai, Chinaa
Characteristics
N (%)
Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)
p
Adjusted OR (95 % CI)
p
Age, y
 80–84
176 (8.55)
1 [Reference]
 85–89
162 (7.87)
2.26 (1.78-2.88)
<.001
2.00 (1.53-2.61)
<.001
 90–94
104 (5.05)
5.34 (3.92-7.29)
<.001
5.23 (3.66-7.48)
<.001
 95+
36 (1.75)
7.21 (4.31-12.06)
<.001
7.66 (4.14-14.19)
<.001
Gender
 Male
175 (8.50)
1 [Reference]
 Female
303 (14.72)
1.35 (1.09-1.67)
.005
1.17 (0.91-1.5)
.23
Incomeb
 Moderate
417 (21.79)
1 [Reference]
 Low
26 (1.36))
2.29 (1.38-3.81)
.001
1.11 (0.62-1.99)
.73
Living arrangement
 Living alone
60 (2.98)
1 [Reference]
 With spouse only
101 (5.01)
1.25 (0.88-1.76)
.21
1.70 (1.15-2.50)
.007
 With spouse and children
39 (1.93)
1.96 (1.25-3.08)
.003
2.39 (1.46-3.91)
<.001
 With children only
230 (11.41)
2.61 (1.91-3.57)
<.001
2.28 (1.61-3.21)
<.001
 With other relatives/non-relatives
33 (1.64)
7.78 (4.35-13.93)
<.001
6.07 (3.18-11.59)
<.001
Number of Chronic Diseases
 0
64 (3.11)
1 [Reference]
 1
109 (5.30)
1.37 (0.98-1.92)
.07
1.53 (1.04-2.24)
.03
 2
154 (7.48)
1.96 (1.42-2.7)
<.001
2.06 (1.43-2.96)
<.001
 3
107 (5.20)
3.67 (2.57-5.25)
<.001
3.23 (2.14-4.86)
<.001
 4+
44 (2.14)
5.14 (3.18-8.32)
<.001
5.61 (3.26-9.66)
<.001
Abbreviations: N number, y year, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aAdjusted for age, gender, income and living arrangement
bIncome was grouped into two categories: low (≤100 % of Shanghai basic cost of living allowances in 2013), and moderate (>100 % of the standard)
As Table 3 showed, in unadjusted models, all groups were significantly associated with IADL disability. After adjusting age, sex, income, the association is still significant and independent (OR for 1 condition group = 1.51, 95 % CI =1.10-2.08; OR for 2 conditions group = 2.16, 95 % CI = 1.58-2.94; OR for 3 conditions group = 2.96, 95 % CI = 2.05-4.26; OR for 4+ conditions group = 5.51, 95 % CI = 3.23-9.4).
Table 3
Association between multimorbidity and instrument activities of daily living disability for community-dwelling individuals in Shanghai, Chinaa
Characteristics
N (%)
Unadjusted OR (95 % CI)
p
Adjusted OR (95 % CI)
p
Age, y
 80–84
307 (14.92)
1 [Reference]
 85–89
276 (13.41)
2.65 (2.15-3.27)
<.001
2.41 (1.91-3.04)
<.001
 90–94
144 (7.00)
5.73 (4.2-7.81)
<.001
5.5 (3.82-7.91)
<.001
 95+
53 (2.58)
12.82 (6.76-24.31)
<.001
11.89 (5.48-25.82)
<.001
Gender
 Male
274 (13.31)
1 [Reference]
 Female
506 (24.59)
1.60 (1.33-1.92)
<.001
1.36 (1.09-1.7)
.009
Incomeb
 Moderate
689 (35.53)
1 [Reference]
 Low
46 (2.40)
4.16 (2.42-7.16)
<.001
1.94 (1.04-3.63)
.04
Living arrangement
 Living alone
98 (4.86)
1 [Reference]
 With spouse only
156 (7.74)
1.19 (0.89-1.59)
.04
1.83 (1.31-2.55)
<.001
 With spouse and children
67 (3.32)
2.4 (1.63-3.53)
<.001
3.37 (2.18-5.2)
<.001
 With children only
396 (19.64)
3.57 (2.73-4.65)
<.001
3.33 (2.47-4.5)
<.001
 With other relatives/non-relatives
43 (2.13)
9.05 (4.89-16.77)
<.001
8.05 (4.1-15.82)
<.001
Number of Chronic Diseases
 0
114 (5.54)
1 [Reference]
 1
191 (9.28)
1.41 (1.08-1.86)
.01
1.51 (1.10-2.08)
.01
 2
263 (12.78)
2.12 (1.63-2.76)
<.001
2.16 (1.58-2.94)
<.001
 3
150 (7.29)
3.33 (2.43-4.56)
<.001
2.96 (2.05-4.26)
<.001
 4+
62 (3.01)
5.42 (3.39-8.67)
<.001
5.51 (3.23-9.40)
<.001
Abbreviations: N number, y year, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aAdjusted for age, gender, income and living arrangement
bIncome was grouped into two categories: low (≤100 % of Shanghai basic cost of living allowances in 2013), and moderate (>100 % of the standard)

Associations between ADL/IADL disability and socio-demographic characteristics

Age was significantly associated with ADL disability in both unadjusted model and adjusted model, and the OR was raised sharply as the growth of the age. Difference by age for IADL disability was larger than ADL disability, but they were in the same direction. Female and low income were significantly associated with ADL/IADL disability in unadjusted models, but after adjusting socio-demographic characteristics, Female and low income were only significantly associated IADL disability. Compared with participants living alone, all other living arrangements were significantly associated with ADL/IADL disability, and those living with other relatives/non-relatives had the highest risk (OR for ADL disability = 6.07, 95 % CI = 3.18-11.59; OR for IADL disability = 8.05, 95 % CI = 4.1-15.82).

Discussion

As studies implied, the association between specific chronic diseases and ADL/IADL disability may vary, such as diabetes, hypertension, and dementia [8, 20, 25]. This study demonstrates a consistent and graded association between the quantity of chronic conditions and the likelihood of disability in either ADL or IADL, despite the heterogeneity of chronic conditions, or the severity of the conditions. Our findings were consistent with previous studies, and also were the supplement to these studies. In Arokiasamy’s study and Ralph’s studies, they both found that the association between chronic conditions and ADL disability was stronger as the increase of the quantity of chronic conditions [13, 23]. Unfortunately, as there was no IADL items included in Arokiasamy’s study, and only three IADL items were included in Ralph’s studies, the risk of the quantity of chronic conditions to IADL disability was not implied clearly. In our study, we included all eight IADL items, and firstly certified that the association between chronic conditions and IADL disability was similar to ADL disability. For example, OR of more than four chronic conditions for ADL disability = 5.61, and OR of more than four chronic conditions for IADL disability = 5.51.
A systematic review of studies on multimorbidity suggests different operational definitions of multimorbidity might influence the burden or impacts of multimorbidity [22]. But, the size and concrete chronic diseases were different between different researches. For example, in Ralph’s study, they included five common chronic diseases (arthritis, osteoporosis, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes) [13]; in Taylor’s study, they included 7 conditions (diabetes, asthma, COPD, cardio-vascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis and mental health) [24]; in Wister’s study, they included 19 physical chronic conditions (arthritis, asthma, back problems, blood pressure, bronchitis, cancer, cataracts, COPD, diabetes, emphysema, glaucoma, heart disease, migraine headaches, osteoporosis, stroke, thyroid condition, ulcers, and urinary incontinence) [8]. According to previous studies and group discussions, 10 chronic diseases were included in this study. And the prevalence of multimorbidity in our study was 49.17 %. In a systematic review, the prevalence of multimorbidity in older persons ranged from 55 to 98 %[26]. Therefore, the prevalence of multimorbidity was relatively low. There may be some reasons. Firstly, different studies used different definitions and even in using the same definition, the size and concrete chronic diseases may also different. In our study, we only included physical chronic conditions, but in some studies, mental health problems might be included. Secondly, the criteria of having chronic conditions or not was different. In this study, chronic conditions were determined by self-report (ever been told by a doctor). Therefore, those individuals, who had chronic conditions but not yet accepted the doctors’ diagnosis, were excluded from multimorbidity group.
In addition, primary health care general practitioners take most of the responsibility for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in China. Since the chronic conditions included in this study were treated for the most part by primary health care general practitioners. Findings from this study confirm the importance of developing and providing interventions for managing multimorbidity and preventing additional chronic conditions to reduce potential for ADL/IALD disability among elderly individuals in community settings. Based on our findings, we suggest that primary health care and public health practitioners should pay more attention on managing multimorbidity and preventing additional chronic conditions among community-dwelling elderly population.
In addition, other researches on patterns of chronic conditions also support the importance of recognizing multimorbidity in other aspects: firstly, multimorbidity is increasingly prevalent among older population all over the world [26]; secondly, multimorbidity patients represent an increasing proportion that are associated with increased health care cost and utilization [27]; thirdly, interventions that focus on clusters of diseases instead of a single disease are more efficient [13].
The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics was partly consisted with previous studies. As we all knew, advanced age is probably one of the most important factor related to functional decline, even some studies suggest the increase in relative risk of functional loss is about 2.0 for each 10-year increase in age [28]. However, in Formiga’s study, age lost the association with ADL disability in nonagenarian population [29]. In this study, we demonstrated a consistent and graded association between the increase of age and likelihood of disability in ADL/IADL just like the quantity of chronic conditions, and exponential relationship even displayed a dramatic increase among nonagenarian population. Different results may due to differences in sample sizes (282 vs. 97).
Living arrangement was associated with ADL/IADL disability in previous studies, this relationship also confirmed in this study [15]. Elderly people living alone appeared to have better functionality, and those living with other relatives/non-relatives have the highest risk of ADL/IADL disability. In adjusted models, gender and income were not significantly associated with ADL disability, but low-income women were more likely to have IADL disability. It is partly because the prevalence of IADL disability was generally higher than ADL in this group of individuals; additionally, disability in IADL might be a more sensitive predictor of disability than ADL [30].
This study has several strengths. Firstly, the prevalence of multimorbidity reported in this study was based on a list of chronic conditions that included the most common conditions among a large representative community sample; thus our findings provided representative fundamental data for horizontal comparison between different countries and regions. Secondly, our findings demonstrated consistent and graded association between likelihood of disability in ADL/IADL and the quantity of chronic conditions. These findings mean that the differences of the heterogeneity or severity of chronic conditions couldn’t conceal the impact of the quantity of chronic conditions. To primary health care and public health practitioners, these information reminded that the individuals with mild chronic conditions also should been pay more attention. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to focus on the association between multimorbidity and ADL/IADL disability among the community-dwelling oldest-old population, especially including all eight IADL items. Thirdly, we found the association between socio-demographic characteristics and ADL/IADL disability that the low-income women living with relatives/non-relatives were more likely to experience ADL/IADL disability. And these findings provided simple and useful information for primary health care general practitioners and public health workers to screen for those at high risk of ADL/IADL disability among the elderly. As health resources are precious and finite, they should be used more specifically and efficiently.
Our study has several limitations. Because the sample was cross-sectional, we were not able to identify the causation between multimorbidity and onset of ADL/IADL disability. However, our findings provide new data to support earlier researches that show multimorbidity may be an important factor of ADL disability, and our findings extend this association from ADL to IADL [13, 14]. Only limited socio-demographic characteristics were available. Some characteristics, such as education, marital status, that were clearly associated with ADL or IADL disability, were not included in this survey [31]. As the starting point of our study was that the health conditions or diseases had already formed, we regretted our inability to do further research on preventing chronic diseases, and the exact chronic prevention steps will be the next aim of our study.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that, the quantity of chronic conditions has relatively strong association with both ADL and IADL disability. Initiating prevention of additional chronic conditions and interventions on clusters of diseases may decrease the potential risk of ADL/IADL disability. Considering the age of the objective population, all these measures should been planned and in taken in advance. Additionally, more attention should been given to the older low-income women living with relatives/non-relatives with multimorbidity.

Acknowledgements

We thank the staff and participants of the survey initiated by Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission.

Funding

The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 71373279/G0308, 71073104/G0308, and Three-year Action Plan Project of Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission (No. 43). The sponsor had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

Availability of data and material

The data and materials will not be shared now. For the following reasons: this study is a part of the whole study, and the data and materials are still used in other sub-projects.

Authors’ contributions

All authors took part in the entire study and approved final manuscript. PS, HD, WZ and GD contributed to drafting, data interpretation, and study design. YY and RC were responsible for data analysis and interpretation. JL, CH, ZS, and ZD managed the data and performed the analysis. LD, CX, CJ, and LG contributed to conception and collected the data. WT critically reviewed, revised and supplemented the manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Not applicable.
This study protocol received approval by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Medical and Technology Information Institute. All participants or their family members signed an informed consent, except for the illiterate, who only provided oral consent.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Fried LP, Bandeen-Roche K, Kasper JD, Guralnik JM. Association of comorbidity with disability in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(1):27–37.CrossRefPubMed Fried LP, Bandeen-Roche K, Kasper JD, Guralnik JM. Association of comorbidity with disability in older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52(1):27–37.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. ST/ESA/SER.A/348. New York: United Nations; 2013. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). World Population Ageing 2013. ST/ESA/SER.A/348. New York: United Nations; 2013.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ebrahim S, Pearce N, Smeeth L, Casas JP, Jaffar S, Piot P. Tackling non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: is the evidence from high-income countries all we need? PLoS Med. 2013;10(1):e1001377.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ebrahim S, Pearce N, Smeeth L, Casas JP, Jaffar S, Piot P. Tackling non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: is the evidence from high-income countries all we need? PLoS Med. 2013;10(1):e1001377.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Miranda JJ, Kinra S, Casas JP, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: context, determinants and health policy. Tropical Med Int Health. 2008;13(10):1225–34.CrossRef Miranda JJ, Kinra S, Casas JP, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: context, determinants and health policy. Tropical Med Int Health. 2008;13(10):1225–34.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Barberger-Gateau P, Rainville C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. A hierarchical model of domains of disablement in the elderly: a longitudinal approach. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(7):308–17.CrossRefPubMed Barberger-Gateau P, Rainville C, Letenneur L, Dartigues JF. A hierarchical model of domains of disablement in the elderly: a longitudinal approach. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22(7):308–17.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Uddin MJ, Alam N, Sarma H, Chowdhury MA, Alam DS, Niessen L. Consequences of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, healthcare-seeking behaviors of patients, and responses of the health system: a population-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):547.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Uddin MJ, Alam N, Sarma H, Chowdhury MA, Alam DS, Niessen L. Consequences of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, healthcare-seeking behaviors of patients, and responses of the health system: a population-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):547.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunlop DD, Manheim LM, Sohn MW, Liu X, Chang RW. Incidence of functional limitation in older adults: the impact of gender, race, and chronic conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(7):964–71.CrossRefPubMed Dunlop DD, Manheim LM, Sohn MW, Liu X, Chang RW. Incidence of functional limitation in older adults: the impact of gender, race, and chronic conditions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(7):964–71.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wister AV, Levasseur M, Griffith LE, Fyffe I. Estimating multiple morbidity disease burden among older persons: a convergent construct validity study to discriminate among six chronic illness measures, CCHS 2008/09. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wister AV, Levasseur M, Griffith LE, Fyffe I. Estimating multiple morbidity disease burden among older persons: a convergent construct validity study to discriminate among six chronic illness measures, CCHS 2008/09. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Griffith L, Raina P, Wu H, Zhu B, Stathokostas L. Population attributable risk for functional disability associated with chronic conditions in Canadian older adults. Age Ageing. 2010;39(6):738–45.CrossRefPubMed Griffith L, Raina P, Wu H, Zhu B, Stathokostas L. Population attributable risk for functional disability associated with chronic conditions in Canadian older adults. Age Ageing. 2010;39(6):738–45.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadam UT, Croft PR. Clinical multimorbidity and physical function in older adults: a record and health status linkage study in general practice. Fam Pract. 2007;24(5):412–9.CrossRefPubMed Kadam UT, Croft PR. Clinical multimorbidity and physical function in older adults: a record and health status linkage study in general practice. Fam Pract. 2007;24(5):412–9.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Fortin M, Lapointe L, Hudon C, Vanasse A, Ntetu AL, Maltais D. Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004;2:51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fortin M, Lapointe L, Hudon C, Vanasse A, Ntetu AL, Maltais D. Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004;2:51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gijsen R, Hoeymans N, Schellevis FG, Ruwaard D, Satariano WA, van den Bos GA. Causes and consequences of comorbidity: a review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(7):661–74.CrossRefPubMed Gijsen R, Hoeymans N, Schellevis FG, Ruwaard D, Satariano WA, van den Bos GA. Causes and consequences of comorbidity: a review. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(7):661–74.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ralph NL, Mielenz TJ, Parton H, Flatley AM, Thorpe LE. Multiple chronic conditions and limitations in activities of daily living in a community-based sample of older adults in New York City, 2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E199.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ralph NL, Mielenz TJ, Parton H, Flatley AM, Thorpe LE. Multiple chronic conditions and limitations in activities of daily living in a community-based sample of older adults in New York City, 2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E199.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Tinetti ME, McAvay GJ, Chang SS, Newman AB, Fitzpatrick AL, Fried TR, Peduzzi PN. Contribution of multiple chronic conditions to universal health outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(9):1686–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tinetti ME, McAvay GJ, Chang SS, Newman AB, Fitzpatrick AL, Fried TR, Peduzzi PN. Contribution of multiple chronic conditions to universal health outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(9):1686–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang H, Chen K, Pan Y, Jing F, Liu H. Associations and impact factors between living arrangements and functional disability among older Chinese adults. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53879.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang H, Chen K, Pan Y, Jing F, Liu H. Associations and impact factors between living arrangements and functional disability among older Chinese adults. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53879.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang D, Zheng J, Kurosawa M, Inaba Y, Kato N. Changes in activities of daily living (ADL) among elderly Chinese by marital status, living arrangement, and availability of healthcare over a 3-year period. Environ Health Prev Med. 2009;14(2):128–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wang D, Zheng J, Kurosawa M, Inaba Y, Kato N. Changes in activities of daily living (ADL) among elderly Chinese by marital status, living arrangement, and availability of healthcare over a 3-year period. Environ Health Prev Med. 2009;14(2):128–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang W, Ding H, Su P, Duan G, Chen R, Long J, Du L, Xie C, Jin C, Hu C, et al. Does disability predict attempted suicide in the elderly? A community-based study of elderly residents in Shanghai, China. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(1):81–7.CrossRefPubMed Zhang W, Ding H, Su P, Duan G, Chen R, Long J, Du L, Xie C, Jin C, Hu C, et al. Does disability predict attempted suicide in the elderly? A community-based study of elderly residents in Shanghai, China. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(1):81–7.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Guralnik JM, LaCroix AZ. Assessing physical function in older populations. In: Wallace RB, Woolson RF, editors. Epidemiologic study of the elderly New Youk. NY: Oxford University Press; 1992. p. 159–81. Guralnik JM, LaCroix AZ. Assessing physical function in older populations. In: Wallace RB, Woolson RF, editors. Epidemiologic study of the elderly New Youk. NY: Oxford University Press; 1992. p. 159–81.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86.CrossRefPubMed Lawton MP, Brody EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969;9(3):179–86.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Wei L, Wu B. Racial and ethnic differences in obesity and overweight as predictors of the onset of functional impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(1):61–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wei L, Wu B. Racial and ethnic differences in obesity and overweight as predictors of the onset of functional impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(1):61–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang M, Hao Q, Luo L, Ding X, Wu H, Zhang Y, Dong B. Body mass index and disability in Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(4):303. e301-303.e306.CrossRefPubMed Yang M, Hao Q, Luo L, Ding X, Wu H, Zhang Y, Dong B. Body mass index and disability in Chinese nonagenarians and centenarians. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(4):303. e301-303.e306.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Fortin M, Stewart M, Poitras ME, Almirall J, Maddocks H. A systematic review of prevalence studies on multimorbidity: toward a more uniform methodology. Ann Fam Med. 2012;10(2):142–51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fortin M, Stewart M, Poitras ME, Almirall J, Maddocks H. A systematic review of prevalence studies on multimorbidity: toward a more uniform methodology. Ann Fam Med. 2012;10(2):142–51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Arokiasamy P, Uttamacharya U, Jain K, Biritwum RB, Yawson AE, Wu F, Guo Y, Maximova T, Espinoza BM, Rodriguez AS, et al. The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal? BMC Med. 2015;13:178.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Arokiasamy P, Uttamacharya U, Jain K, Biritwum RB, Yawson AE, Wu F, Guo Y, Maximova T, Espinoza BM, Rodriguez AS, et al. The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal? BMC Med. 2015;13:178.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor AW, Price K, Gill TK, Adams R, Pilkington R, Carrangis N, Shi Z, Wilson D. Multimorbidity - not just an older person’s issue. Results from an Australian biomedical study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:718.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Taylor AW, Price K, Gill TK, Adams R, Pilkington R, Carrangis N, Shi Z, Wilson D. Multimorbidity - not just an older person’s issue. Results from an Australian biomedical study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:718.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat An R, Shi Y. Body weight status and onset of functional limitations in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. Disabil Health J. 2015;8(3):336–44.CrossRefPubMed An R, Shi Y. Body weight status and onset of functional limitations in U.S. middle-aged and older adults. Disabil Health J. 2015;8(3):336–44.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen A, Meinow B, Fratiglioni L. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(4):430–9.CrossRefPubMed Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen A, Meinow B, Fratiglioni L. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(4):430–9.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rezaee ME, Pollock M. Prevalence and Associated Cost and Utilization of Multiple Chronic Conditions in the Outpatient Setting among Adult Members of an Employer-based Health Plan. Popul Health Manag. 2015;18(6):421–8. Rezaee ME, Pollock M. Prevalence and Associated Cost and Utilization of Multiple Chronic Conditions in the Outpatient Setting among Adult Members of an Employer-based Health Plan. Popul Health Manag. 2015;18(6):421–8.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Stuck AE, Walthert JM, Nikolaus T, Bula CJ, Hohmann C, Beck JC. Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48(4):445–69.CrossRefPubMed Stuck AE, Walthert JM, Nikolaus T, Bula CJ, Hohmann C, Beck JC. Risk factors for functional status decline in community-living elderly people: a systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48(4):445–69.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Formiga F, Ferrer A, Pérez-Castejon JM, Olmedo C, Pujol R. Risk factors for functional decline in nonagenarians: a one-year follow-up. Gerontology. 2007;53(4):211–7.CrossRefPubMed Formiga F, Ferrer A, Pérez-Castejon JM, Olmedo C, Pujol R. Risk factors for functional decline in nonagenarians: a one-year follow-up. Gerontology. 2007;53(4):211–7.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Spector WD, Katz S, Murphy JB, Fulton JP. The hierarchical relationship between activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(6):481–9.CrossRefPubMed Spector WD, Katz S, Murphy JB, Fulton JP. The hierarchical relationship between activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(6):481–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat McGee MA, Johnson AL, Kay DW. The description of activities of daily living in five centres in England and Wales. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Age Ageing. 1998;27(5):605–13.CrossRefPubMed McGee MA, Johnson AL, Kay DW. The description of activities of daily living in five centres in England and Wales. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Age Ageing. 1998;27(5):605–13.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
The association of multimorbidity and disability in a community-based sample of elderly aged 80 or older in Shanghai, China
verfasst von
Peng Su
Hansheng Ding
Wei Zhang
Guangfeng Duan
Yitong Yang
Rong Chen
Zengjie Duan
Lixia Du
Chunyan Xie
Chunlin Jin
Chaoqun Hu
Zixue Sun
Junrui Long
Lingling Gong
Wenhua Tian
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2016
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
BMC Geriatrics / Ausgabe 1/2016
Elektronische ISSN: 1471-2318
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-016-0352-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2016

BMC Geriatrics 1/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.