Background
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory condition that principally affects the spine and sacroiliac joints but is also associated with peripheral arthritis plus various extra-articular features such as enthesitis, iritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. There are two sub-groups – radiographic axSpA, also known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and non-radiographic axSpA – which have been shown to have similar clinical manifestations and disease activity measures [1]. AxSpA typically has its onset early in adulthood [2] and can have a significant impact on aspects of quality of life including disability and work status [3]. Until recently, treatment has largely been limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physiotherapy, while disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), though effective in other inflammatory arthritides, have shown little efficacy in axSpA. The introduction of anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) biologic therapies has been associated with significantly improved outcomes, including improvements in pain, stiffness and fatigue [4, 5]. Anti-TNF therapy was initially recommended in the United Kingdom (UK) for patients with radiographic axSpA who were unresponsive to NSAIDs and who met specific disease severity criteria [6] and the extension of this indication to non-radiographic axSpA is being considered [7].
Research has highlighted the importance of genetics in axSpA, in particular the HLA-B27 allele [2]. However, many important genetic pathways remain unknown and their relationships to the development of axSpA unconfirmed. Genome-wide genetic association studies are currently underway in international collaborations to elucidate these pathways and the roles they play in axSpA pathogenesis. Although data from randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of biologic therapy in axSpA have been highly informative, there remain a number of unresolved issues, since RCTs are conducted typically on more highly selected populations than are representative of routine clinical practice [8].
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Pharmacological management in rheumatology, including the use of disease-suppressive agents, is associated with adverse side effects in a proportion of patients. In addition, longer term complications, such as malignancy, are unlikely to be detected in the relatively short follow-up period of RCTs. Immunosuppressive therapy, in particular, is considered to be a potential risk factor for both malignancy and life-threatening infection. The use of azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, for example, is associated with an increased risk of lymphoproliferative malignancies in patients with rheumatoid diseases [9‐11]. Immunosuppressed patients are also at risk of serious infections such as from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pneumocystis carinii and fungal infections [12].
Informed prescribing of biologic agents requires knowledge of the magnitude of risk of such longer-term adverse events. To date, most of the safety information regarding anti-TNF therapy has come from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is problematic to extrapolate from one condition to another: RA patients generally have older age at onset than axSpA patients, have a significant burden of co-morbidity, have a longer history of medication use and have often received polypharmacy including many other immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids [2, 13‐15]. In terms of benefit, the impact of biologic therapy on employment maintenance and long-term quality of life is of great significance for patients and real-world data are needed in this respect. Furthermore, the ability to identify those who are most likely to benefit from a particular treatment is crucial in delivering cost-effective care. In order to provide axSpA-specific data on the long term safety and benefit of biologic therapy, we are conducting a nationwide prospective cohort study: the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register in Ankylosing Spondylitis (BSRBR-AS).
Methods/Design
Cohort population
Participants are required to meet the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) criteria for radiographic or non-radiographic axSpA, i.e they must satisfy at least one of the following: i) the modified New York criteria for AS [16]; ii) the imaging-based ASAS definition of axSpA [17]; or iii) the “clinical” ASAS definition of axSpA [17]. At the time of recruitment they are required to be naïve to biologic therapy. Individuals starting an “eligible” biologic therapy comprise the “biologic” cohort and those not starting a biologic therapy join the “non-biologic” cohort. The eligible drug list currently comprises adalimumab (Humira), etanercept (Enbrel) and certolizumab pegol (Cimzia). Participants must be aged at least 16 years and be willing to give informed consent for follow-up including access to medical records. Study exclusion criteria are: i) otherwise eligible patients who are starting a biologic therapy not on the eligible drug list and ii) inability to communicate in English. However, once recruited to the study, participants are eligible to remain in the study irrespective of the subsequent pharmacological or non-pharmacological management of their condition. Recruitment can take place through participating National Health Service (NHS) hospitals across the UK.
Study procedures
Patients are informed about BSRBR-AS prior to their clinic appointment by means of a letter from their consultant rheumatologist and provided with an information sheet. When patients attend their routine clinic appointment, they are asked whether they would like to take part in the study. Consent is taken by the consultant rheumatologist or an appropriately trained member of the site research team. In exceptional circumstances, patients may complete the consent form at home and return it by post. Patients are ordinarily given at least 24 hours to consider the Patient Information Sheet and are given the opportunity to ask questions before deciding whether to take part.
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All participants are assessed at time of recruitment (baseline). Patients in the biologic cohort are followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months after their first dose of biologic therapy and then annually thereafter. Patients in the non-biologic cohort are followed up annually from study entry. This is in line with current UK clinical practice. Each follow-up involves the collection of clinical and self-report data as detailed in the section ‘data collection and management’. Recruitment began in December 2012 and is currently scheduled to continue until December 2016 and follow-up will continue to the end of the study period (currently December 2017), which will provide up to 5 years follow-up for each participant. Assessment of endpoints will be achieved using a combination of physician and patient report and record linkage to routinely collected health data.
Data collection and management
Clinical data are collected by site clinicians, research nurses or appropriate delegate at routine clinical appointments. All data are entered onto the electronic Case Report Form (eCRF).
The following clinical measures are recorded:
i)
Eligibility
ii)
Targeted medical history, blood pressure, weight and height
iii)
Active phase reactants (serum C reactive protein (CRP) or if not available erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR))
v)
Extra-articular disease features
vi)
Pregnancy status of patient or partner
The following self-report measures are collected:
i)
Demographic information
ii)
Current smoking status and alcohol consumption
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Other measures including:
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○ Chalder fatigue scale [26]
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○ Estimation of Sleep Problems [27]
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○ Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [28]
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○ Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific Health Problem (WPAI: SHP) [29]
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○ American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2011 research criteria for fibromyalgia [30]
Health economics
The health economics analysis will involve the construction of cost and quality of life profiles, based on EQ-5D-5L and SF-6D (derived from SF-12), for different axSpA health states. Costs will include the number of visits to NHS hospitals for inpatient treatment, day-case procedures and outpatient services associated with the condition and related side-effects, recorded from routine records, valued using standard national sources such as NHS Reference Costs [31]. Quality of life profiles will be estimated from patient self-report, and valued using published UK tariffs. The estimated cost and quality of life profiles will facilitate the development of economic models to assess the cost-effectiveness of biologic therapy versus non-biologic therapy. A unique feature of these profiles is that they will be developed from real-life registry data, and so are more likely to be generalisable to NHS patients than previously published estimates.
Pharmacovigilance and safety reporting
Clinically confirmed Serious Adverse Events related to biologic therapies on the eligible drug list are reported to the relevant pharmaceutical company.
Data analysis and statistics
The study was powered on the primary objective – an ability to determine a doubling of the risk of serious infection, i.e infection resulting in hospitalisation or death, among axSpA patients treated with biologics compared to the non-biologic cohort. Analysis of this primary endpoint will be based on comparing the risks of events over time using Cox proportional hazards regression [32], taking into account differences between groups such as potential confounders and disease modifying effects. We will control for medication switching in the analysis.
Available data from a meta-analysis of persons enrolled in trials suggest that the baseline risk of serious infection is 1.0 per 100 person years in those not randomised to biologic therapy and that there is an approximate doubling in risk in those receiving biologics [33]. Noting that adverse events will be more common in routine practice we have powered the study on a baseline risk of 1.6 cases per 100 person-years. The power calculation is taken as a time-to-event analysis and is based on an expected ratio of 35 biologic patients to every 65 non-biologic patients. Assuming we wish to be able to detect a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 2 in the biologic cohort compared to the non-biologic cohort, i.e. an event rate of 3.2 per 100 person years, the number of events required for 80 % power is 7.9/(0.65 * 0.35 * log (HR) ^ 2) = 73 events [34], which will be provided by 1184 and 2216 person-years of observation in the biologic and non-biologic cohorts respectively. Considering alternative outcomes, not necessarily related to safety, but also for example treatment response, improvements in symptoms and quality of life, power increases to >95 % for baseline hazards of 3 per 100 person-years in detecting a HR of 2. For baseline hazards of 10 per 100 person-years the study has 95 % power to detect a HR of 1.5 while the study has 80 % power to detect a HR of 1.2 for baseline hazards of 30 per 100 person-years.
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Study management and oversight arrangements
The study is co-ordinated by a Study Management Group consisting of the study investigators. A study co-ordinator oversees the study and is accountable to the Chief Investigator. An International Advisory Committee advises on maximising the usefulness of the register for research purposes and on potential collaborations, harmonising opportunities for data collection with other international studies. A Data Monitoring Committee is convened by the British Society for Rheumatology (BSR). The register and data belong to the BSR and oversight of this register (and other registers of the BSR) is undertaken by the BSR Registers Committee. The committee membership comprises BSR clinical affairs staff, representatives from BSR members and from the study investigators.
Research governance
This is an observational cohort study and clinical trial registration was not required or obtained. The study was peer-reviewed as part of the process of applying for funds, competitively, to the BSR. Ethical approval was obtained from the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) Committee North East – County Durham and Tees Valley (Research Ethics Committee (REC) reference 11/NE/0374). Appropriate NHS Research and Development (R&D) approvals are obtained for each site prior to the commencement of study operations in that location. The BSR is the legal sponsor for the study and delegates certain functions to the University of Aberdeen. All clinical sites will only have access to local identifiable patient information. All patient identifiable study information will be kept confidential and in compliance with the Data Protection Act (1998).
Dissemination of findings
Dissemination activities in BSRBR-AS will comply with the BSR Publication Policy. Summaries of results will be made available for investigators to disseminate within their clinical areas and reports will be produced for the sponsor, REC and NHS R&D.
Discussion
This study represents one of only a small number of registers focused on biologic therapy among persons with axSpA. Such therapies have been shown to be effective in clinical trials in achieving ASAS 50 % response, in improving disease activity and function [35]. So why the need for a register? Firstly, trials are conducted on highly selected populations [8]. Specifically, trial populations tend to be younger and have fewer comorbidities than the general patient population. Trials focus on evaluating efficacy, are short-term and conducted on relatively small numbers of patients. In contrast, this register is recruiting patients with axSpA from centres throughout the UK. These include some centres with specific expertise in managing axSpA, but most are local hospitals responsible for managing all rheumatic diseases arising in patients within their local population. Secondly, eligibility for the register is determined, in terms of disease status, only in relation to having an eligible diagnosis and in being naïve to biologic therapy. Thus, patients are not excluded on the basis of multi-morbidity. Thirdly, patients will be followed up until the end of study, providing longer-term follow-up. This will then allow examination of both effectiveness, impact and safety of these therapies over the medium term.
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A novel aspect of the register is the inclusion of persons who meet only the clinical arm of the ASAS criteria for axSpA, namely patients who are HLA-B27 positive and have 2 additional SpA features, but who do not meet the imaging arm of the ASAS criteria. This will allow the natural history of axSpA in this sub-group to be determined. Indeed, the lack of information on the natural history of non-radiographic axSpA was highlighted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in its ruling against widening indications for anti-TNF therapy beyond radiographically confirmed axSpA [36]. The current register is the second under the auspices of the BSR. The first, the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register in Rheumatoid Arthritis (BSRBR-RA), was established over 10 years ago. It uses a similar design as BSRBR-AS and has provided important evidence on safety of anti-TNF therapy in that population. For example, the addition of anti-TNF therapy to DMARDs did not alter the risk of cancer in RA patients selected for anti-TNF therapy [37]; a significantly increased risk of shingles and a doubling in risk of septic arthritis was observed in those treated with anti-TNF therapy but an observed increased risk of serious skin and soft tissue infections was not statistically significant [38, 39] and there was no excess risk of venous thromboembolism [40]. Using BSRBR-RA data, Rituximab has been shown to be a more effective option than a second anti-TNF therapy for patients who have not responded to an initial anti-TNF therapy [41].
In 2015, the first ‘biosimilars’ for RA, axSpA and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were introduced to the market. A biosimilar is a biological medicine manufactured to be similar to an existing ‘reference’ biological medicine, with no meaningful differences in terms of safety or efficacy. Although pre-market authorisation includes comparisons against the reference medicine, this typically involves small scale trials and they are not undertaken for all indications of the reference product. There is also little evidence on the safety and efficacy of switching to biosimilars – and it is thought that many patients may have their therapy switched in order to reduce costs to the NHS. The BSR has therefore recommended strongly that all patients starting or switching to biosimilar agents should be registered with the appropriate biologics register. The current study will seek to capture such information on participating patients within BSRBR-AS, thus expanding the evidence base for these agents [42].
Acknowledgements
Oversight of the study is provided by the BSR Registers Committee of which GJM and GTJ are members, together with investigators from BSRBR-RA, representatives from the BSR clinical affairs section and BSR independent members, currently, Alex MacGregor (University of East Anglia), Elaine Dennison (University of Southampton), Jon Packham (Keele University) and patient representatives Ailsa Bosworth and Debbie Cook. We acknowledge the contribution of the International Advisory Group members Desireé van der Heijde (Netherlands), Matthew Brown (Australia) and Walter Maksymowych (Canada). We thank Neil Basu (University of Aberdeen) for his role with regards to pharmacovigilance and the Robertson Centre for Biostatistics (University of Glasgow) for data management services. Author KTM is currently at the Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
BSRBR-AS is funded by the BSR, which in turn receives funding from the manufacturers of the biologic therapies included in this study (currently AbbVie, Pfizer and UCB). Pharmaceutical companies providing funds to BSR do not have a role in the oversight of the study, but they do receive advance notice of publications on which they are able to comment. They do not have access to the data collected but can request analyses of the data, for which additional funds are provided. GJM chairs a Pfizer competitive grant committee for which he receives an honorarium. GJM and GTJ have received separate funding from AbbVie and Pfizer to study spondyloarthritis in the Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis (SIRAS) study. LK has received an unrestricted educational grant from UCB. AK has received research funding from Abbvie and Pfizer as well as speaker/chairman fees and payments for attending advisory boards from Abbvie, Pfizer and UCB. The remaining authors have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
MSB, the BSRBR-AS study analyst, wrote the first draft of the manuscript which was then revised by GJM (Chief Investigator) and comments subsequently made by all authors. The protocol of the study was originally written by GJM, EAJ, LK, AK, KTM, RDS, PM and GTJ, while EP and CZ have been involved in making revisions to the original protocol. PM designed and oversees the health economic aspects of the study. All authors approved the submission. GJM is the guarantor.