Background
Methods
The Building Wealth and Health Network Randomized Controlled Trial (Network RCT)
Network RCT research design
Population
Randomization procedures
Data collection procedures
Network RCT program design
Full Intervention
Partial intervention
Control group
Primary outcomes
Measurements | Scales | References | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics and socio-economic status | |||
Demographics | Gender, age, residential zip code, immigration status, race and ethnicity, marital status, sexual orientation, educational levels | N/A | Baseline only |
Current employment | Self-report whether currently working | N/A | Baseline/follow-up |
Career Readiness | |||
Learning Needsa
| Washington State Learning Needs Screening Tool 13-item survey | Washington State Division of Employment and Social Services, 1997 [111] | Baseline only |
Employment Hope | Derived from the Employment Hope Scale 9-item survey | Baseline/follow-up | |
Self-Efficacy | General Self-Efficacy Scale 10-item survey | Schwarzer, et al. 1995 [74] | Baseline/follow-up |
Family economic hardship | |||
Food Insecurity | U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module | Baseline/follow-up | |
Energy Insecurity | Derived from Children’s HealthWatch Survey | Cook, et al. 2008 [1] | Baseline/follow-up |
Housing Insecurity | Derived from Children’s HealthWatch Survey | Cutts, et al. 2011 [77] | Baseline/follow-up |
Financial Behavior | |||
Financial capabilitya
| Financial Capability Scale, Developed at University of Wisconsin Center for Financial Security | Collins, et al. 2013 [112] | Baseline/follow-up |
Financial Behavior, Knowledge, and Self-efficacya
| 4-section, 28-item survey | Danes, et al. 1999 [113] | Baseline/follow-up |
Entrepreneurship and Savvya
| 16-item survey question developed by Network study group | N/A | Baseline/follow-up |
Physical and mental health related questions | |||
Adult’s Health | |||
Caregiver’s General Health | Self-rated physical health, self-rated physical health compared to the previous 3 months | N/A | Baseline/follow-up |
Depression | 10-item short version of CES-D scale | Baseline/follow-up | |
Substance Use | Alcohol abuse questions derived from Audit-C, drug abuse questions derived from DAST-10 screening test | Baseline/follow-up | |
Youngest Child’s Health | |||
Caregiver report of child’s health history | Derived from NHANES III survey | National Center for Health Statistics, 1990 [97] | Baseline/follow-up |
Child Development | Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status survey | Glascoe, 1998 [84] | Baseline/follow-up |
Exposure to Adversity and Violence | |||
Interaction with criminal justice | 8-item survey | Baseline only | |
Exposure to community violence | Survey of Exposure to Community Violence 14-item survey | Richters, et al. 1990 [90] | Baseline only |
Childhood adversity | Adverse Childhood Experiences 10-item survey | Felitti, et al. 1998 [89] | Baseline only |
Social connection | |||
Social Supporta
| Social Support Network Scale 12-item survey | Block, et al. 2000 [117] | Baseline/follow-up |
Social Capitala
| Modified from Internet Social Capital Scales 20-item survey question | Williams, D. 2006 [118] | Baseline/follow-up |
Program Evaluation | |||
Network Satisfaction | 7-item survey developed by Network study group | N/A | Follow-up only |
Career readiness
Family economic hardship and physical and mental health
Exposure to adversity and violence and criminal justice system
Statistical methods
Results
Demographics
Group Assignment | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Control Group | Partial Intervention | Full Intervention | Significance | |||||
N = 103 |
N = 31 |
N = 35 |
N = 37 | ||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
p-value | |
Child’s age (months) Missing = 8 | 30.4 | 18.7 | 30.9 | 16.0 | 29.1 | 17.8 | 31.3 | 21.5 | 0.80a
|
Caregiver’s age (years) | 25.4 | 5.2 | 26.4 | 4.3 | 24.6 | 5.6 | 25.3 | 5.5 | 0.07a
|
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| |
Caregiver’s gender | 0.65b
| ||||||||
Male | 6 | 5.83 | 1 | 3.2 | 3 | 8.6 | 2 | 5.4 | |
Female | 97 | 94.2 | 30 | 96.8 | 32 | 91.4 | 35 | 94.6 | |
Immigration status | 0.64b
| ||||||||
US born | 101 | 98.1 | 36 | 97.3 | 34 | 97.1 | 31 | 100.0 | |
Foreign born | 2 | 1.94 | 1 | 2.7 | 1 | 2.9 | 0 | ||
Race/Ethnicity | 0.11b
| ||||||||
Hispanic | 5 | 4.9 | 3 | 9.7 | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 2.7 | |
Black non Hispanic | 91 | 88.4 | 25 | 80.7 | 30 | 85.7 | 36 | 97.3 | |
White non Hispanic | 2 | 1.9 | 0 | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | |||
Other | 5 | 4.9 | 3 | 9.7 | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | ||
Sexual orientation | 0.52b
| ||||||||
Heterosexual or straight | 86 | 83.5 | 24 | 77.4 | 29 | 82.9 | 33 | 89.2 | |
Gay or lesbian | 3 | 2.9 | 1 | 3.2 | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | ||
Bisexual | 14 | 13.6 | 6 | 19.4 | 4 | 11.4 | 4 | 10.8 | |
Marital status | 0.73b
| ||||||||
Married | 1 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.7 | |||
Separated | 4 | 3.9 | 0 | 2 | 5.7 | 2 | 5.4 | ||
Never married | 86 | 83.5 | 27 | 87.1 | 28 | 80.0 | 31 | 83.8 | |
Living with partner | 12 | 11.7 | 4 | 12.9 | 5 | 14.3 | 3 | 8.1 | |
Education | 0.82b
| ||||||||
Some high school or grade school | 30 | 29.1 | 7 | 22.6 | 11 | 31.4 | 12 | 32.4 | |
High school graduate or GED | 35 | 34.0 | 11 | 35.5 | 14 | 40.0 | 10 | 27.0 | |
Technical school or some college and above | 38 | 36.9 | 13 | 41.9 | 10 | 28.6 | 15 | 40.5 | |
Employment | 0.47b
| ||||||||
Unemployed | 97 | 94.2 | 36 | 97.3 | 33 | 94.3 | 28 | 0.3 | |
Employed | 6 | 5.8 | 1 | 2.7 | 2 | 5.7 | 3 | 9.7 | |
Banking | 0.43▲ | ||||||||
Have an open bank account | 35 | 34.0 | 13 | 41.9 | 12 | 34.3 | 10 | 27.0 | |
Do not have an open bank account | 68 | 66.0 | 18 | 58.1 | 23 | 65.7 | 27 | 73.0 |
Career readiness
Employment Hope | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|
When working or looking for a job, I am respectful towards who I am. | 9.7 | 1.0 |
I am worthy of working in a good job. | 9.7 | 1.0 |
I am capable of working in a good job. | 9.8 | 0.7 |
I have the strength to overcome any obstacles when it comes to working. | 9.4 | 1.2 |
I am going to be working in a career job. | 9.2 | 1.7 |
I feel energized when I think about future achievement with my job. | 9.3 | 1.5 |
I am aware of what my skills are to be employed in a good job. | 9.5 | 1.3 |
I am aware of what my resources are to be employed in a good job. | 9.0 | 1.7 |
I am able to utilize my skills to move toward career goals. | 9.2 | 1.6 |
I am able to utilize my resources to move toward career goals. | 9.0 | 1.7 |
I am on the road toward my career goals. | 8 | 2.7 |
I am in the process of moving forward reaching my goals. | 8.7 | 2.0 |
Even if I am not able to achieve my financial goals right away, I will find a way to get there. | 9.4 | 1.3 |
My current path will take me to where I need to be in my career. | 8.5 | 2.3 |
General Self-Efficacy | 31.1 | 4.9 |
I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough. | 3.5 | 0.6 |
If someone is against me, I can find ways to get what I want. | 2.5 | 1.0 |
It is easy for me to stick to my aims and reach my goals. | 3.2 | 0.8 |
I am confident that I could deal with unexpected events. | 3.1 | 0.7 |
Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle unforeseen situations that I don’t expect. | 3.1 | 0.8 |
I can solve most problems if I put in the necessary effort. | 3.4 | 0.7 |
I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities. | 3.0 | 0.9 |
When I am faced with a problem, I can usually find several solutions. | 3.0 | 0.8 |
If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution. | 3.1 | 0.8 |
I can usually handle whatever comes my way. | 3.2 | 0.7 |
Family economic hardship and health and wellbeing
Hardship | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Food security status | ||
Food secure | 45 | 43.7 |
Low food secure | 25 | 24.3 |
Very low food secure | 33 | 32.0 |
Housing security | ||
Housing secure | 36 | 35.0 |
Housing Insecure | 67 | 65.0 |
Energy security | ||
Energy or moderate energy secure | 71 | 68.9 |
Severe energy insecure | 32 | 31.1 |
Physical and Mental Health | ||
Caregiver’s Health | Number | Percent |
Adult self-rated health | ||
Excellent or good | 68 | 66.0 |
Fair or poor | 35 | 34.0 |
Adult self-report depression (CES-D) | ||
Depression | 59 | 57.3 |
No depression | 44 | 42.7 |
Child’s Health | ||
Adult-rated child’s health | ||
Excellent or good | 81 | 78.6 |
Fair or poor | 22 | 21.3 |
Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status | ||
No significant developmental concern | 71 | 70.3 |
One significant developmental concern | 16 | 15.8 |
More than one significant developmental concern | 11 | 10.9 |
Exposure to adversity and violence and interaction with criminal justice
Adult’s adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
0 ACE | 15 | 14.6 |
1-3 ACEs | 48 | 46.6 |
≥ 4 ACEs | 40 | 38.8 |
Individual adverse childhood experience | ||
Emotional Abuse | 38 | 36.9 |
Physical Abuse | 28 | 27.2 |
Sexual Abuse | 18 | 17.5 |
Emotional Neglect | 37 | 35.9 |
Physical Neglect | 18 | 17.5 |
Parents Separated/Divorced | 73 | 70.9 |
Mother Abused | 22 | 21.4 |
Household Substance Abuse | 44 | 42.7 |
Household Mental Illness | 20 | 19.4 |
Household Incarceration | 32 | 31.1 |
Survey of Exposure to Community Violence | ||
Exposure to Violence | Number | Percent |
Ever been picked-up, arrested, or taken away by the police | 45 | 43.7 |
Ever been threatened with serious physical harm by someone | 43 | 41.7 |
Ever been slapped, punched, or hit by someone | 62 | 60.2 |
Ever been beaten up or mugged | 31 | 30.1 |
Ever been attacked or stabbed with a knife | 18 | 17.5 |
Ever been shot with a gun | 7 | 6.8 |
Witnessing of violence | ||
Ever saw someone else getting beaten | 61 | 60.4 |
Ever heard the sound of gunfire near home | 88 | 86.3 |
Ever saw a seriously wounded person after an incident of violence | 66 | 64.7 |
Ever saw someone else being attacked or stabbed with a knife | 38 | 36.9 |
Ever saw someone else get shot with a gun | 52 | 51.0 |
Ever saw a dead person somewhere in the community (besides wakes and funerals) | 49 | 48.0 |
Ever saw someone being killed by another person | 28 | 27.2 |
Ever heard about someone being killed by another person | 82 | 80.4 |
Interaction with Criminal Justice System | Number | Percent |
Did you ever spend time in a youth correctional institution like a training school or reform school? | 15 | 14.6 |
Mean | SD | |
If “yes” to above: Altogether, how much time did you spend there?
| 2.2 | 1.0 |
Number | Percent | |
Did you ever spend time in an adult correctional institution like a county, state or federal jail or prison? | 15 | 14.6 |
Mean | SD | |
If “yes” to above: Altogether, how much time did you serve in this adult institution?
| 1.3 | 0.05 |
Number | Percent | |
Did the father of your child spend any time in jail or prison? | 50 | 48.5 |
Did the mother of your child spend any time in jail or prison? | 1 | 1.0 |