Background
Methods
Measures
Classification of NVP, severity of symptoms
Impact on domestic, social and occupational functioning and family planning
Measures of global quality of life
Potentially confounding factors
PUQEa
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
p-valueb
| |
N = 712 n (%) |
N = 62 n (%) |
N = 439 n (%) |
N = 210 n (%) | ||
Parity | |||||
0 previous live births | 382 (53.7) | 38 (61.3) | 241 (54.9) | 103 (49.0) | 0.185 |
≥ 1 previous live births | 327 (45.9) | 24 (38.7) | 197 (44.9) | 106 (50.5) | |
Age, years | |||||
Under 25 | 145 (20.4) | 11 (17.7) | 87 (19.8) | 46 (21.9) | 0.443 |
25–29 | 273 (38.3) | 27 (43.5) | 157 (35.8) | 89 (42.4) | |
30–39 | 281 (39.5) | 23 (37.1) | 187 (42.6) | 71 (33.8) | |
Over 40 | 13 (1.8) | 1 (1.6) | 8 (1.8) | 4 (1.9) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) c
| |||||
Underweight | 33 (4.6) | 2 (3.2) | 23 (5.2) | 8 (3.8) | 0.615 |
Normal weight | 421 (59.1) | 44 (71.0) | 253 (57.6) | 124 (59.0) | |
Overweight | 139 (19.5) | 10 (16.1) | 86 (19.6) | 42 (20.0) | |
Obese | 118 (16.6) | 6 (9.7) | 76 (17.3) | 36 (17.1) | |
Smoking | |||||
No | 684 (96.1) | 61 (98.4) | 422 (96.1) | 200 (95.2) | 0.557 |
Yes | 27 (3.8) | 1 (1.6) | 16 (3.6) | 10 (4.8) | |
Use of folic acid | |||||
Before and/or during pregnancy | 673 (94.8) | 57 (91.9) | 419 (95.7) | 197 (93.8) | 0.270 |
No | 37 (5.2) | 5 (8.1) | 19 (4.3) | 13 (6.2) | |
Marital status | |||||
Married/cohabitating | 661 (92.8) | 55 (88.7) | 408 (92.9) | 197 (93.8) | 0.363 |
Not married/cohabiting | 51 (7.2) | 7 (11.3) | 31 (7.1) | 13 (6.2) | |
Education d
| |||||
Primary or secondary | 219 (30.8) | 16 (25.8) | 127 (28.9) | 76 (36.2) | 0.230 |
Bachelor degree | 292 (41.0) | 25 (40.3) | 183 (41.7) | 84 (40.0) | |
Master degree | 170 (23.9) | 20 (32.3) | 110 (25.1) | 40 (19.0) | |
Other | 30 (4.2) | 1 (1.6) | 19 (4.3) | 10 (4.8) | |
Work situation | |||||
Student | 57 (8.0) | 6 (9.7) | 35 (8.0) | 16 (7.6) | 0.458 |
Employed | 570 (80.1) | 51 (82.3) | 351 (80.0) | 168 (80.0) | |
Unemployed | 53 (7.4) | 1 (1.6) | 32 (7.3) | 19 (9.0) | |
Other | 32 (4.5) | 4 (6.5) | 21 (4.8) | 7 (3.3) |
Statistical analyses
Results
PUQE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
N = 712 n (%) |
N = 62 n (%) |
N = 439 n (%) |
N = 210 n (%) |
p-valuea
| |
Heartburn and reflux problems | 458 (64.3) | 36 (58.1) | 270 (61.5) | 151 (71.9) |
0.02
|
Headache | 441 (61.9) | 29 (46.8) | 277 (63.1) | 134 (63.8) |
0.04
|
Constipation | 431 (60.5) | 45 (72.6) | 267 (60.8) | 118 (56.2) | 0.07 |
Common cold | 274 (38.4) | 25 (40.3) | 175 (39.9) | 73 (34.8) | 0.43 |
Pain in back, neck or pelvic | 469 (65.8) | 41 (66.1) | 297 (67.7) | 130 (61.9) | 0.35 |
Sleep problems | 450 (63.2) | 33 (53.2) | 282 (64.2) | 134 (63.8) | 0.24 |
Urinary tract infection | 114 (15.9) | 7 (11.3) | 67 (15.3) | 39 (18.6) | 0.33 |
Other | 91 (12.8) | 9 (14.5) | 60 (13.7) | 22 (10.5) | 0.48 |
Any chronic illness | 345 (48.5) | 21 (33.9) | 221 (50.3) | 103 (49.0) | 0.051 |
Feelings of depression due to NVP | |||||
Never | 61 (8.6) | 18 (29.0) | 37 (8.4) | 6 (2.9) |
<0.001
|
Seldom | 121 (17.0) | 22 (35.5) | 82 (18.7) | 17 (8.1) | |
Sometimes | 323 (45.4) | 19 (30.6) | 211 (48.1) | 93 (44.3) | |
Most of the time | 187 (26.3) | 3 (4.8) | 101 (23.0) | 82 (39.0) | |
Always | 20 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.8) | 12 (5.7) |
QOLS | PUQE | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Mild | Moderate | Severe |
p-valuea
| |
Mean of total score (95% CI) | Mean of total score (95% CI) | Mean of total score (95% CI) | Mean of total score (95% CI) | ||
Total study population (n = 712) | |||||
QOLS score | 76.3 (74.5–78.0) | 80.1 (75.7–84.4) | 75.3 (73.7–77.0) | 73.4 (71.0–75.8) |
0.03
|
Pregnant at time of participation (n = 447) | |||||
QOLS score | 72.0 (70.4–73.7) | 80.3 (74.9–85.8) | 72.5 (70.6–74.4) | 67.2 (63.7–70.8) |
< 0.001
|
Pregnant and experiencing NVP at time of participation (n = 286) | |||||
QOLS score | 68.1 (66.0–70.2) | 73.3 (68.9–77.6) | 67.0 (64.4–69.5) | 63.6 (56.2–71.0) |
< 0.001
|
New mother at time of participation (n = 264) | |||||
QOLS score | 80.5 (78.5–82.5) | 79.4 (72.2–86.6) | 81.3 (78.8–83.8) | 79.6 (75.9–83.2) | 0.69 |
Univariate models | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) |
p-value | Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) |
p-value | Unstandardized regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) |
p-value | |
Severity of NVP | ||||||
Mild | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Moderate | –7.8 (–13.3,–2.4) |
0.005
| –6.7 (–12.0,–1.4) |
0.014
| –5.9 (–11.2,–0.5) |
0.032
|
Severe | –13.1 (–19.1,–7.0) |
<0.001
| –11.7 (–17.6,–5.7) |
<0.001
| –10.9 (–16.9,–4.9) |
<0.001
|
Parity | ||||||
0 previous live births | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
≥ 1 previous live births | –4.7 (–7.9,–1.4) |
0.005
| –6.6 (–10.0,–3.1) |
<0.001
| –6.7 (–10.2,–3.2) |
<0.001
|
Age, years | 0.3 (–0.1, 0.6) | 0.100 | 0.2 (–0.2, 0.6) | 0.299 | 0.2 (–0.2, 0.6) | 0.320 |
Body Mass Index (BMI) a
| ||||||
Underweight | –4.1 | 0.2 | –2.4 (–10.5, 5.8) | 0.565 | –1.7 (–9.9, 6.4) | 0.677 |
Normal weight | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Overweight | –2.7 | 0.1 | –3.6 (–7.8, 0.5) | 0.087 | –4.0 (–8.2, 0.1) | 0.056 |
Obese | –3.7 |
0.045
| –5.6 (–10.1,–1.1) |
0.014
| –5.5 (–9.9,–1.0) |
0.016
|
Smoking | ||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Yes | 2.2 (–6.4, 10.7) | 0.617 | 6.0 (–2.5, 14.4) | 0.166 | 5.9 (–2.5, 14.3) | 0.168 |
Use of folic acid | ||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Yes, before and/or during pregnancy | 1.8 (–5.5, 9.0) | 0.634 | –1.4 (–8.4, 5.6) | 0.696 | –1.1 (–8.1, 5.9) | 0.762 |
Marital status | ||||||
Married/cohabitating | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Not married/cohabiting | –6.0 (–11.9,–0.1) |
0.046
| –6.8 (–12.6,–1.0) |
0.021
| –6.9 (–12.7,–1.1) |
0.019
|
Education b
| ||||||
Primary or secondary | –8.5 (–12.9,–4.1) |
<0.001
| –6.1 (–11.0,–1.2) |
0.014
| –6.1 (–11.0,–1.2) |
0.015
|
Bachelor degree | –6.4 (–10.5,–2.3) |
0.002
| –5.1 (–9.2,–1.0) |
0.015
| –5.0 (–9.1,–0.8) |
0.018
|
Master degree | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Other | –14.2 (–22.3,–6.1) |
0.001
| –13.0 (–21.2,–4.8) |
0.002
| –12.8 (–21.0,–4.6) |
0.002
|
Work situation | ||||||
Student | –4.1 (–10.3, 2.1) | 0.198 | –2.6 (–8.8, 3.6) | 0.407 | –3.3 (–9.5, 2.9) | 0.290 |
Employed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
Unemployed | –3.3 (–10.2, 3.6) | 0.344 | 3.3 (–3.9, 10.5) | 0.366 | 4.2 (–3.0, 11.4) | 0.256 |
Other | 0.9 (–6.7, 8.5) | 0.815 | 2.9 (–4.4, 10.3) | 0.436 | 4.4 (–3.0, 11.8) | 0.245 |
Number of short term illnesses | ||||||
≤ 2 | Ref. | – | – | Ref. | ||
3–4 | –4.2 (–8.4, 0.1) | 0.056 | –3.2 (–7.3, 1.0) | 0.133 | ||
≥ 5 | –6.2 (–10.7,–1.8) |
0.007
| –5.5 (–9.9,–1.1) |
0.014
| ||
Chronic disease | ||||||
No | Ref. | – | – | Ref. | ||
Yes | –2.2 (–5.5, 1.1) | 0.184 | –2.2 (–5.4, 1.1) | 0.187 | ||
Adjusted R square
| 0.10 | 0.11 |
PUQE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Totalb
| Mild | Moderate | Severe |
p-valuea
| |
N = 712 n (%) |
N = 62 n (%) |
N = 439 n (%) |
N = 210 n (%) | ||
1. Taking care of household chores | |||||
No impact | 29 (4.1) | 14 (22.6) | 14 (3.2) | 1 (0.5) |
<0.001
|
Minor impact | 150 (21.1) | 37 (59.7) | 103 (23.5) | 10 (4.8) | |
Major impact | 533 (74.9) | 11 (17.7) | 322 (73.3) | 199 (94.8) | |
2. Social life | |||||
No impact | 44 (6.2) | 18 (29.0) | 23 (5.2) | 3 (1.4) |
<0.001
|
Minor impact | 155 (21.8) | 34 (54.8) | 103 (23.5) | 17 (8.1) | |
Major impact | 513 (72.1) | 10 (16.1) | 313 (71.3) | 190 (90.5) | |
3. Relationship with partner c, n=682
| |||||
No impact | 134 (19.6) | 23 (38.3) | 77 (18.2) | 34 (17.1) |
<0.001
|
Minor impact | 306 (44.9) | 32 (53.3) | 193 (45.7) | 80 (40.2) | |
Major impact | 242 (35.5) | 5 (8.3) | 152 (36.0) | 85 (42.7) | |
4. Ability to care for children d, n=351
| |||||
No impact | 31 (8.8) | 10 (32.3) | 16 (7.7) | 5 (4.5) |
<0.001
|
Minor impact | 97 (27.6) | 17 (54.8) | 67 (32.2) | 13 (11.6) | |
Major impact | 223 (63.5) | 4 (12.9) | 125 (60.1) | 94 (83.9) | |
5. Work capacity e, n=671
| |||||
No impact | 28 (4.2) | 8 (13.8) | 20 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) |
<0.001
|
Minor impact | 147 (21.9) | 40 (69.0) | 95 (23.2) | 12 (5.9) | |
Major impact | 496 (73.9) | 10 (17.2) | 294 (71.9) | 191 (94.1) | |
6. Sick leave due to NVP f, n=649
| |||||
No | 221 (34.1) | 50 (84.7) | 153 (38.8) | 18 (9.2) |
<0.001
|
Yes | 428 (65.9) | 9 (15.3) | 241 (61.2) | 178 (90.8) | |
7. Considered to terminate the pregnancy due to NVP | |||||
No | 608 (85.5) | 62 (100.0) | 393 (89.5) | 153 (72.9) |
<0.001
|
Yes | 100 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | 44 (10.0) | 56 (26.7) | |
Unsure | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | |
8. Consider not to get pregnant again | |||||
No | 333 (46.8) | 54 (87.1) | 233 (53.1) | 46 (21.9) |
<0.001
|
Yes | 353 (49.6) | 6 (9.7) | 188 (42.8) | 159 (75.7) | |
Unsure | 25 (3.5) | 2 (3.2) | 18 (4.1) | 5 (2.4) |