Background
Author, Year | Population, setting | Design | Comorbidities | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ferrari, 2013 [15] | 200 consecutive male and female CH patients from Italian headache clinic | Cross-sectional survey study | 60% were current, 21% former, 19% never smokers. | No change in headache noted in those who had stopped smoking. |
Kudrow, 1976 [16] | 140 male and female CH patients vs. controls from a California headache clinic and healthy outpatients | Cross-sectional chart review | Men with CH had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of peptic ulcer disease compared with controls. No increased risk of coronary artery disease was demonstrated. | |
Lambru, 2010 [17] | 200 male CH patients and 200 migraine controls from Italian headache clinic | Cross-sectional chart review | Prevalence of traumatic head injuries 38.5% in those with CH vs. 23% in controls (OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.3 to 4.9). Prevalence of alcohol use was 74.5% and cigarette smoking 75% in those with CH. | Only males included in this study. |
Liang, 2013 [18] | 673 male and female CH patients from a Taiwanese National Health Database | Retrospective cohort study with 2.5 year median follow-up duration | 3.6% developed depression over study period. Adjusted HR 5.6% vs. controls but not different from those with migraine; number of bouts/year of CH a risk factor for depression. | Study limited to patients diagnosed by neurologist and prescribed standard CH drugs; excluding those with previous psychiatric diagnoses (104 of original 777; 13%). |
Pietrini, 2005 [19] | 60 consecutive male and female CH patients seen at an Italian headache center | Cross-sectional, based on study examination | 35% had hypertension, defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 on average of 3 blood pressure readings. | The authors concluded that the prevalence of hypertension in this group was within expected range given age and sex. |
Robbins, 2012 [20] | 49 consecutive male and female CH patients seen in a New York headache clinic over a 3.5 year period | Cross-sectional chart review | Prevalence of depression (PHQ ≥ 1 0) was 6.3% in episodic CH, 11.8% in chronic CH; Anxiety (GAD-7 ≥ 10) prevalence was 15.6% in episodic CH and 11.8% in chronic CH. Prevalence of hypertension was 14%, current or former cigarette smoking was 65.3% and GERD was 8%. | |
Rossi, 2012 [21] | 210 consecutive male and female CH patients from two Italian headache centers | Cross-sectional interview and anonymous survey data | 92.5% of male CH patients and 85.4% of female CH patients reported current or past use of tobacco, statistically significantly higher than prevalence in general population. | Self reported data on substance use. |
Rozen, 2012 [22] | 1134 US male and female CH patients responding to an internet survey | Cross-sectional survey (internet) | Prevalence of depression was 24%, suicidal ideation was reported by 55%, sleep apnea by14%, restless leg syndrome by 11%, asthma by 9%. 73% were current or former smokers; 51% had been smoking at the time CH began. 65% used alcohol but only 3% reported a history of alcohol abuse. The prevalence of coronary problems was low: 1% had a history of myocardial infarction, 0.3% bypass surgery and 1% stent placement. Peptic ulcer disease was reported by 5%, diabetes by 3% and epilepsy by 1%. | Unlikely to be a representative sample of patients with CH due to self-selected nature of participants. Diagnosis not medically verified. Respondents compared with the US population in general rather than matched controls. Data should be interpreted cautiously. |
Van Alboom, 2009 [9] | 85 male and female CH patients from 4 Belgian neurology clinics | Cross-sectional chart review | 45% had been diagnosed with migraine, 23% with sinusitis, tooth/jaw problems 23%, trigeminal neuralgia 16%. | Average diagnostic delay was reported to be 44 months. |
Voiticovschi –Iosob, 2014 [23] | 144 male and female Italian and Eastern European patients with episodic cluster headache | Cross-sectional (diagnostic interview and survey) | 16% of CH patients had previously been diagnosed with sinusitis; 4.2% with dental disorders. | Average delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis in this sample was 5.3 years. 10.4% had consulted an otolaryngologist and 2.8% a dentist. |
Xie, 2013 [24] | 26 male and female CH patients identified by survey in tertiary Chinese headache clinic | Cross-sectional (diagnostic interview) | 14/26 (54%) were current smokers, 19.2% former and 26.9% nonsmokers. | The reported prevalence of smoking in those with CH is in line with that in the general population of Chinese men. According to 2010 data, 53% of Chinese men and 2.4% of women are smokers. |
Zidverc-Trajkovic, 2011 [8] | 130 consecutive male and female CH patients and 982 with migraines in a specialty headache clinic | Cross-sectional chart review | Prevalence of anxiety or depression in CH was 4.6%, chronic sinusitis 3.6% diabetes mellitus 3.8%. |
Methods
Definite
n = 75 | Control
n = 152 | Unconfirmed
n = 22 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age in years (range) | 43.4 (20–74) | 44 (20–74) | ||
Proportion of males | 80% | 80% | 45% | |
Comorbidity | % | % | % |
p value definite v controls Pearson chi-square |
Attention deficit disorder | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0.4 |
Anxiety | 7 | 8 | 18 | 0.7 |
Arthritis/Rheumatologic condition | 15 | 11 | 14 | 0.4 |
Asthma | 7 | 7 | 0 | 1 |
Back pain/Spine condition | 17 | 14 | 14 | 0.56 |
Celiac disease | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cigar smoking | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0.17 |
Cigarette smoking | 64 | 32 | 31 | 0.00077*** |
Congenital disease | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0.08 |
COPD | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Cardiovascular disease | 15 | 16 | 36 | 0.85 |
Dental/TMJ | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0.04* |
Depression | 17 | 7 | 23 | 0.03* |
Deviated septum | 7 | 1 | 5 | 0.03* |
Diabetes | 0 | 9 | 5 | 0.002** |
Divorce | 13 | 7 | 14 | 0.16 |
Endocrine | 8 | 3 | 9 | 0.12 |
Alcohol abuse | 17 | 8 | 5 | 0.054 |
Alcohol moderate | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0.31 |
Fibromyalgia | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 |
GERD | 8 | 10 | 9 | 0.62 |
GI procedures | 7 | 8 | 0 | 0.79 |
Glaucoma/Ocular | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 |
Head trauma | 5 | 1 | 9 | 0.1 |
Hematologic | 3 | 7 | 14 | 0.19 |
Hyperlipidemia | 25 | 25 | 32 | 1 |
Hypertension | 15 | 22 | 18 | 0.2 |
Irritable bowel syndrome | 4 | 1 | 14 | 0.17 |
Infectious | 5 | 4 | 9 | 0.73 |
Malignancy | 9 | 16 | 14 | 0.13 |
Marijuana | 8 | 4 | 9 | 0.23 |
Musculoskeletal/Ortho | 7 | 16 | 5 | 0.046* |
Nephrolithiasis | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0.08 |
Ob/Gyn | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0.73 |
Obesity | 3 | 7 | 9 | 0.19 |
Other GI | 9 | 24 | 5 | 0.004** |
Other Headache | 5 | 3 | 5 | 0.47 |
Other Neurologic | 4 | 7 | 9 | 0.35 |
Other Pain, e.g. fibromyalgia | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0.47 |
Other Psychiatric disorder | 7 | 5 | 14 | 0.55 |
Other sleep | 3 | 5 | 5 | 0.47 |
Other Substance abuse | 3 | 4 | 9 | 0.7 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 4 | 1 | 9 | 0.17 |
Renal | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0.31 |
Restless legs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Seizure disorder | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
Sinus problems | 5 | 8 | 9 | 0.39 |
Skin conditions | 4 | 19 | 5 | 0.0008*** |
Sleep apnea | 9 | 5 | 5 | 0.27 |
Suicide attempt | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.32 |
Tendinitis | 7 | 3 | 5 | 0.19 |
Trigeminal neuralgia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Urologic | 5 | 10 | 5 | 0.18 |
Vascular malformation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 |
Violent trauma | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.16 |