Background
Methods
Design, setting and participants
Measurements
Descriptives of the study population
Course
Putative prognostic factors
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptives of study population
Total population (n = 239) | Subgroup Baseline duration < 3 mo (n = 133)a | Subgroup Baseline duration ≥3 mo (n = 101)a |
p-value
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Number of participants (%)b | %b | %b | |
Participant characteristics | ||||
Gender (female), n (%) | 177 (74) | 79.7 | 68.3 | 0.047 |
Age(years),mean (sd) | 35.5 (13.3) | 30.9 (12.17) | 44.1 (11.2) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (sd) | 23.9 (3.37) | 23.4 (3.27) | 24.5 (3.37) | 0.026 |
Paid work, n (%) | 149 (62) | 39.8 | 91.1 | < 0.001 |
Student status, n (%) | 89 (38) | 60.2 | 8.9 | |
Scientific staff, n (%) | 60 (42.3) | 49.1 | 38.2 | 0.205 |
Support staff, n (%) | 82 (57.7) | 50.9 | 61.9 | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | |||
Unmarried/ living alone, n (%) | 68 (28) | 49.5 | 19.7 | |
Married/ living together, n (%) | 110 (46) | 47.7 | 72.4 | |
Widow/ divorced, n (%) | 9 (4) | 2.8 | 7.9 | |
Unknown, n (%) | 52 (22) | |||
Children in the household | 0.312 | |||
No, n (%) | 163 (68) | 89.7 | 82.9 | |
Yes, one or more, n (%) | 24 (10) | 10.3 | 17.1 | |
Unknown, n (%) | 52 (22) | |||
Health behaviour | ||||
Currently smoking | 0.063 | |||
No, I have never smoked, n (%) | 119 (50) | 72.0 | 53.9 | |
No, but I used to smoke now and then n (%), | 22 (9.2) | 11.2 | 13.2 | |
No, but I used to smoke every day, n (%) | 24 (10) | 10.3 | 17.1 | |
Yes, I smoke now and then, n (%) | 3 (1) | 1.9 | 1.3 | |
Yes, I smoke every day, n (%) | 16 (7) | 4.7 | 14.5 | |
Unknown, n (%) | 55 (23) | – | – | |
Alcohol consumption | 0.134 | |||
No, never or seldom, n (%) | 50 (21) | 27.1 | 27.6 | |
Yes, now and then (< 3 drinks/week), n (%) | 89 (37) | 53.3 | 40.8 | |
Yes, > 3 drinks/ week, n (%) | 45 (19) | 19.6 | 31.6 | |
Unknown, n (%) | 55 (23) | – | – | |
Complaint characteristics | ||||
Duration of current episode | – | – | – | |
< 1 month, n (%) | 112 (46.9) | |||
1–3 months, n (%) | 21 (8.8) | |||
3–6 months, n (%) | 19 (7.9) | |||
> 6 months n (%) | 82 (34.3) | |||
Unknown | 5 | |||
History of CANS | < 0.001 | |||
No, n (%) | 22 (9.2) | 19.4 | 9.3 | |
Yes, one time before, n (%) | 17 (7.1) | 20.9 | 3.1 | |
Yes, more times before, n (%) | 125 (52.3) | 59.7 | 87.6 | |
Discomfort of complaints | < 0.001 | |||
No discomfort, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 1.4 | 0.0 | |
Regularly, n (%) | 120 (50.2) | 86.8 | 61.6 | |
Almost continuously, n (%) | 46 (19.2) | 11.8 | 38.4 | |
Baseline scores of outcome measures | ||||
Complaints intensity in previous week (VAS) [0–10] mean (sd) | 4.05 (2.28) | 3.7 | 4.5 | 0.019 |
median [range] | 4 [0–8] | |||
Disability (DASH) [0–100] mean (sd) | 15.05 (12.5) | 11.7 (10.5) | 19.5 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
median [range] | 13.36 [0.00–58.62] | |||
Impact on participation and autonomy (IPA), | ||||
Autonomy indoors [0–4], mean (sd) | 0.18 (0.33) | 0.15 (0.30) | 0.23 (0.37) | 0.085 |
Family role [0–4] mean (sd), | 0.51 (0.59) | 0.38 (0.46) | 0.66 (0.65) | 0.001 |
Autonomy outdoors [0–4], mean (sd) | 0.58 (0.62) | 0.47 (0.53) | 0.69 (0.69) | 0.019 |
Social life and relationships [0–4], mean (sd) | 0.45 (0.48) | 0.41 (0.45) | 0.50 (0.52) | 0.214 |
Work and education [0–4], mean (sd) | 0.86 (0.71) | 0.71 (0.69) | 1.03 (0.68) | 0.005 |
Physical activity in leisure time | ||||
Sports participation (yes),n (%) | 117 (49) | 48.9 | 42.0 | 0.297 |
NNGB (yes), n (%) | 239 (100) | 64.7 | 63.0 | 0.794 |
VDU use > 2 h/day (yes), n (%) | 73 (31.5) | 42.9 | 16.2 | < 0.001 |
Heavy physical load (0–8), mean (sd) | 3.05 (1.6) | 2.47 (1.3) | 2.92 (1.6) | 0.217 |
Static physical load (0–2), mean (sd) | 1.41 (0.6) | 1.31 (0.5) | 1.50 (0.6) | 0.463 |
Psychosocial characteristics | ||||
Social support, (SOS) [1–5], mean (sd) | 4.69 (0.5) | 4.20 (0.6) | 3.81 (0.59) | < 0.001 |
Catastrophizing, (PCS) [0–52], mean (sd) | 9.81 (8.4) | 9.07 (8.4) | 10.61 (8.4) | 0.229 |
Fear avoidance, (FABQ) | ||||
Physical Activity subscale [0–24], mean (sd) | 8.81 (5.5) | 7.86 (5.4) | 9.99 (5.5) | 0.011 |
Work subscale [0–42], mean (sd) | 15.43 (7.9) | 14.64 (6.8) | 15.89 (8.7) | 0.428 |
Work variables for working population (n = 149) | ||||
Full-time work, n (%) | 111 (74.5) | 66.0 | 72.5 | 0.412 |
Working less than 3 y in current job, n (%) | 41 (27.5) | 43.4 | 24.2 | 0.016 |
Work-related complaints (yes), n (%) | 127 (85.2) | 88.3 | 87.4 | 0.859 |
Sickness absence related to CANS | 0.185 | |||
No, n (%) | 135 (93.1) | 98.1 | 90.2 | |
Yes, < 1 mo, n (%) | 8 (5.5) | 1.9 | 7.6 | |
Yes, ≥ 1 mo, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 0 | 2.2 | |
Physical workload, (short version PWQ) | ||||
Heavy physical load [7–14], mean (sd) | 7.20 (0.7) | 7.13 (0.4) | 7.26 (0.84) | 0.346 |
Static repetitive load [8–16], mean (sd) | 13.65 (2.1) | 13.72 (2.4) | 13.68 (1.8) | 0.929 |
Psychosocial factors for working population, (JCQ) | ||||
Psychological job demands [5–20], mean (sd) | 11.3 (3.0) | 11.7 (3.1) | 11.0 (2.9) | 0.231 |
Decision authority ([3–12]), mean (sd) | 9.5 (1.8) | 9.3 (1.6) | 9.3 (1.8) | 0.246 |
Skill discretion [6–24], mean (sd) | 18.9 (3.0) | 18.9 (3.1) | 18.9 (2.9) | 0.996 |
Co-worker support [4–16], mean (sd) | 11.5 (3.3) | 11.9 (3.6) | 11.2 (3.1) | 0.268 |
Supervisor support [4–16], mean (sd) | 13.2 (2.1) | 13.6 (2.2) | 13.0 (2.09) | 0.176 |
Course of CANS
Baseline scores, mean (sd) | 1 year scores, mean (sd) |
p-value
| |
---|---|---|---|
Total population | |||
Autonomy indoors [0–4] (sd) | 0.18 (0.33) | 0.20 (0.35) | .626 |
Family role [0–4] (sd) | 0.51 (0.59) | 0.49 (0.58) | .822 |
Autonomy outdoors [0–4] (sd) | 0.58 (0.62) | 0.47 (0.49) | .095 |
Social life and relationships [0–4] (sd) | 0.45 (0.48) | 0.45 (0.51) | .968 |
Work and education [0–4] (sd) | 0.86 (0.71) | 0.77 (0.65) | .265 |
Subgroup duration of complaints < 3 mo | |||
Autonomy indoors [0–4] (sd) | 0.15 (0.30) | 0.13 (0.26) | .748 |
Family role [0–4] (sd) | 0.38 (0.46) | 0.35 (0.43) | .701 |
Autonomy outdoors [0–4] (sd) | 0.47 (0.54) | 0.38 (0.41) | .211 |
Social life and relationships [0–4] (sd) | 0.41 (0.45) | 0.38 (0.51) | .713 |
Work and education [0–4] (sd) | 0.71 (0.69) | 0.63 (0.64) | .473 |
Subgroup duration of complaints ≥3 mo | |||
Autonomy indoors [0–4] (sd) | 0.23 (0.37) | 0.28 (0.42) | .465 |
Family role [0–4] (sd) | 0.66 (0.66) | 0.66 (0.69) | .990 |
Autonomy outdoors [0–4] (sd) | 0.69 (0.69) | 0.56 (0.56) | .227 |
Social life and relationships [0–4] (sd) | 0.50 (0.52) | 0.51 (0.51) | .852 |
Work and education [0–4] (sd) | 1.03 (0.69) | 0.92 (0.63) | .355 |
Selection effects
T1 Responders (n = 180)a | T1 Non-responders (n = 56)a |
p-value
| T2 Responders (n = 170)a | T2 Non-responders (n = 67)a |
p-value
| T3 Responders (n = 162)a | T3 Non-responders (n = 77)a |
p-value
| T4 Responders (n = 165)a | T4 Non-responders (n = 74)a |
p-value
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |||||
Health state (baseline scores) | ||||||||||||
Complaints intensity in previous week (NRS) [0–10] mean (sd) | 4.18 (2.3) | 3.48 (2.2) | 0.119 | 4.06 (2.3) | 4.0 (2.3) | 0.905 | 4.13 (2.2) | 3.71 (2.16) | 0.307 | 4.05 (2.27) | 4.03 (2.31) | 0.954 |
Disability (DASH) [0–100] mean (sd) | 15.3 (12.5) | 12.6 (12.5) | 0.393 | 15.4 (12.7) | 12.3 (10.8) | 0.234 | 14.9 (12.6) | 15.5 (12.3) | 0.808 | 14.6 (12.1) | 16.9 (14.1) | 0.339 |
Impact participation and autonomy (IPA), | ||||||||||||
Autonomy indoors [0–4] mean (sd) | 0.21 (0.36) | 0.95 (0.12) | 0.065 | 0.18 (0.32) | 0.21 (0.41) | 0.657 | 0.16 (0.31) | 0.18 (0.27) | 0.879 | 0.16 (0.30) | 0.32 (0.41) | 0.065 |
Family role [0–4] mean (sd) | 0.50 (0.57) | 0.60 (0.79) | 0.545 | 0.52 (0.55) | 0.44 (0.83) | 0.714 | 0.49 (0.54) | 0.59 (0.50) | 0.522 | 0.46 (0.53) | 0.74 (0.82) | 0.095 |
Autonomy outdoors [0–4] mean (sd) | 0.57 (0.62) | 0.71 (0.58) | 0.413 | 0.57 (0.59) | 0.61 (0.86) | 0.844 | 0.53 (0.59) | 0.59 (0.47) | 0.752 | 0.55 (0.60) | 0.68 (0.68) | 0.373 |
Social life and relationships [0–4], mean (sd) | 0.45 (0.48) | 0.43 (0.57) | 0.879 | 0.50 (0.48) | 0.28 (0.45) | 0.096 | 0.48 (0.50) | 0.55 (0.55) | 0.621 | 0.46 (0.48) | 0.36 (0.44) | 0.323 |
Work and education [0–4] mean (sd) | 0.87 (0.71) | 0.80 (0.67) | 0.757 | 0.89 (0.70) | 0.59 (0.73) | 0.119 | 0.86 (0.71) | 0.96 (0.59) | 0.622 | 0.82 (0.69) | 0.83 (0.69) | 0.801 |
Duration of complaints at baseline | 0.246 | 0.371 | 0.151 | 0.697 | ||||||||
< 3 mo | 105 (58.3) | 28 (51.9) | 95 (55.9) | 38 (59.4) | 96 (60.0) | 37 (50.0) | 94 (57.7) | 39 (54.9) | ||||
≥ 3 mo | 75 (41.7) | 26 (48.1) | 75 (44.1) | 26 (40.6) | 64 (40.0) | 37 (50.0) | 69 (42.3) | 32 (45.1) | ||||
History of CANS | 0.208 | 0.151 | 0.062 | 0.264 | ||||||||
No | 20 (15.3) | 2 (6.1) | 20 (15.5) | 31 (88.6) | 16 (13.9) | 6 (12.2) | 15 (12.8) | 7 (14.9) | ||||
Yes, one time before | 15 (11.5) | 2 (6.1) | 15 (11.6) | 2 (5.7) | 16 (13.9) | 1 (2.0) | 15 (12.8) | 2 (4.3) | ||||
Yes, more times before | 96 (73.3) | 29 (87.9) | 94 (72.9) | 31 (88.6) | 83 (72.2) | 47 (85.7) | 87 (74.4) | 38 (80.9) | ||||
Frequency of discomfort of complaints | 0.729 | 0.862 | 0.581 | 0.792 | ||||||||
No discomfort | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
Regularly | 94 (70.7) | 26 (76.5) | 93 (71.5) | 27 (73.0) | 81 (69.8) | 39 (76.5) | 84 (71.2) | 36 (73.5) | ||||
Almost continuously | 38 (28.6) | 8 (23.5) | 36 (27.7) | 10 (27.0) | 34 (29.3) | 12 (23.5) | 33 (28.0) | 13 (26.5) | ||||
Personal factors | ||||||||||||
Gender (female) | 133 (73.5) | 44 (78.6) | 0.555 | 127 (74.7) | 50 (74.6) | 0.990 | 121 (75.6) | 56 (72.7) | 0.631 | 123 (75.5) | 54 (73.0) | 0.683 |
Age (years), mean (sd) | 36.1 (13.4) | 33.5 (12.9) | 0.193 | 36.8 (13.5) | 32.2 (12.4) | 0.014 | 35.9 (13.4) | 34.4 (13.1) | 0.421 | 36.5 (13.8) | 33.3 (11.8) | 0.069 |
Paid work | 119 (65.7) | 28 (50.0) | 0.050 | 114 (67.1) | 33 (49.3) | 0.017 | 102 (63.7) | 45 (58.4) | 0.430 | 103 (63.2) | 44 (59.5) | 0.583 |
Student status | 62 (34.3) | 28 (50.0) | 56 (32.9) | 34 (50.7) | 58 (36.3) | 32 (41.6) | 60 (36.8) | 30 (40.5) | ||||
Marital status | 0.175 | 0.102 | 0.728 | 0.878 | ||||||||
Unmarried/ living alone | 58 (34.9) | 10 (55.6) | 54 (34.2) | 14 (53.8) | 57 (37.7) | 11 (33.3) | 56 (36.8) | 12 (37.5) | ||||
Married/ living together | 99 (59.6) | 8 (44.4) | 95 (60.1) | 12 (46.2) | 86 (57.0) | 21 (63.3) | 88 (57.9) | 19 (59.4) | ||||
Widow/ divorced | 9 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 8 () | 1 (3.0) | 8 (5.3) | 1 (3.1) | ||||
Children in the household | 0.574 | 0.753 | 0.333 | 0.005 | ||||||||
No | 144 (86.7) | 16 (88.9) | 138 (87.3) | 22 (84.6) | 133 (88.1) | 27 (81.8) | 137 (90.1) | 23 (71.9) | ||||
Yes, one or more | 22 (13.3) | 2 (11.1) | 20 (12.7) | 4 (15.4) | 18 (11.9) | 6 (18.2) | 15 (9.9) | 9 (28.1) | ||||
Sports participation (yes) | 81 (45.0) | 27 (50.0) | 0.623 | 77 (45.6) | 31 (47.7) | 0.441 | 78 (49.1) | 30 (40.0) | 0.195 | 74 (45.7) | 34 (47.2) | 0.827 |
Meet Dutch Norm of Healthy Living (yes) | 112 (62.2) | 37 (68.5) | 0.495 | 110 (65.1) | 39 (60.0) | 0.282 | 102 (64.2) | 47 (62.7) | 0.826 | 103 (63.9) | 46 (63.9) | 0.964 |
Participation | ||||||||||||
Sick leave due to CANS | 0.036 | 0.360 | 0.044 | 0.357 | ||||||||
Yes, < 1 mo | 4 (3.4) | 4 (14.3) | 5 (4.4) | 3 (9.1) | 4 (3.9) | 4 (8.9) | 4 (3.9) | 4 (9.1) | ||||
Yes, ≥ 1 mo | 1 (0.8) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (2.3) | ||||
No | 114 (77.6) | 23 (82.1) | 108 (94.7) | 29 (87.9) | 98 (96.1) | 39 (86.7) | 98 (95.1) | 39 (88.6) | ||||
Full-time work, n (%) | 86 (68.8) | 18 (64.3) | 0.811 | 83 (68.6) | 22 (66.7) | 0.833 | 71 (67.9) | 32 (68.1) | 0.984 | 76 (71.0) | 28 (60.9) | 0.217 |
Working in current job, | 0.373 | 0.929 | 0.465 | 0.813 | ||||||||
< 3 y | 45 (36.0) | 7 (25.0) | 41 (34.2) | 11 (33.3) | 38 (35.8) | 14 (29.8) | 37 (34.6) | 15 (32.6) | ||||
≥ 3 y | 80 (64.0) | 21 (75.0) | 79 (65.8) | 22 (66.7) | 68 (64.2) | 33 (70.2) | 70 (65.4) | 31 (67.4) | ||||
Work-related complaints (yes) | 108 (89.3) | 21 (80.8) | 0.318 | 104 (89.7) | 25 (80.6) | 0.147 | 93 (89.4) | 36 (83.7) | 0.337 | 94 (89.5) | 35 (83.3) | 0.301 |