Background
Methods
Samples
Country | Survey | Sample characteristics | Field dates | Age rangeb
| Sample size | Response rate (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part 1 | Part 2 subsample | ||||||
Low/lower-middle income countriesa
| |||||||
Colombia | NSMH | All urban areas of the country (approximately 73% of the total national population) | 2003 | 18–65 | 4426 | 2381 | 87.7 |
Iraq | IMHS | Nationally representative | 2006–2007 | 18+ | 4332 | 4332 | 95.2 |
Nigeria | NSMHW | 21 of the 36 states in the country, representing 57% of the national population. The surveys were conducted in Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa and Efik languages | 2002–2003 | 18+ | 6752 | 2143 | 79.3 |
Peru | EMSMP | Five urban areas of the country (approximately 38% of the total national population) | 2004–2005 | 18–65 | 3930 | 1801 | 90.2 |
PRC Beijing/Shanghai | B-WMH S-WMH | Beijing and Shanghai metropolitan areas | 2002–2003 | 18+ | 5201 | 1628 | 74.7 |
PRC Shen Zhen | Shenzhen | Shen Zhen metropolitan area. Included temporary residents as well as household residents | 2006–2007 | 18+ | 7132 | 2475 | 80.0 |
Ukraine | CMDPSD | Nationally representative | 2002 | 18+ | 4725 | 1720 | 78.3 |
Upper-middle income countriesa
| |||||||
Brazil | São Paulo Megacity | São Paulo metropolitan area | 2005–2007 | 18+ | 5037 | 2942 | 81.3 |
Bulgaria | NSHS | Nationally representative | 2003–2007 | 18+ | 5318 | 2233 | 72.0 |
Colombia (Medellin)c
| MMHHS | Medellin metropolitan area | 2011–2012 | 18–65 | 3261 | 1673 | 97.2 |
Lebanon | LEBANON | Nationally representative | 2002–2003 | 18+ | 2857 | 1031 | 70.0 |
Mexico | M-NCS | All urban areas of the country (approximately 75% of the total national population) | 2001–2002 | 18–65 | 5782 | 2362 | 76.6 |
Romania | RMHS | Nationally representative | 2005–2006 | 18+ | 2357 | 2357 | 70.9 |
South Africa | SASH | Nationally representative | 2003–2004 | 18+ | 4315 | 4315 | 87.1 |
High income countriesa
| |||||||
Australia | SMHWB | Nationally representative | 2007 | 18–85 | 8463 | 8463 | 60.0 |
Belgium | ESEMeD | Nationally representative | 2001–2002 | 18+ | 2419 | 1043 | 50.6 |
France | ESEMeD | Nationally representative | 2001–2002 | 18+ | 2894 | 1436 | 45.9 |
Germany | ESEMeD | Nationally representative | 2002–2003 | 18+ | 3555 | 1323 | 57.8 |
Italy | ESEMeD | Nationally representative | 2001–2002 | 18+ | 4712 | 1779 | 71.3 |
Japan | WMHJ | Eleven metropolitan areas | 2002–2006 | 20+ | 4129 | 1682 | 55.1 |
New Zealand | NZMHS | Nationally representative | 2003–2004 | 18+ | 12790 | 7312 | 73.3 |
Northern Ireland | NISHS | Nationally representative | 2004–2007 | 18+ | 4340 | 1986 | 68.4 |
Poland | EZOP | Nationally representative | 2010–2011 | 18–64 | 10081 | 4000 | 50.4 |
Portugal | NMHS | Nationally representative | 2008–2009 | 18+ | 3849 | 2060 | 57.3 |
Spain | ESEMeD | Nationally representative | 2001–2002 | 18+ | 5473 | 2121 | 78.6 |
Spain (Murcia) | PEGASUS-Murcia | Murcia region | 2010–2012 | 18+ | 2621 | 1459 | 67.4 |
The Netherlands | ESEMeD | Nationally representative | 2002–2003 | 18+ | 2372 | 1094 | 56.4 |
USA | NCS-R | Nationally representative | 2002–2003 | 18+ | 9282 | 5692 | 70.9 |
Total | 142,405 | 74,843 | |||||
Weighted average response rate (%) | 69.4 |
Measures
Mental disorders
Impairment
Treatment
Demographic factors
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence
Country | Lifetime prevalence | 12-month prevalence | 30-day prevalence | 12-month prevalence of SAD among lifetime cases | 30-day prevalence of SAD among 12-month cases | Sample size used | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | ||
Low/lower-middle income countries | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 62.6 | 2.5 | 52.0 | 3.4 | 36,498 |
Colombia | 5.0 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 58.0 | 4.6 | 54.9 | 6.1 | 4426 |
Iraq | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 86.0 | 7.5 | 72.0 | 6.9 | 4332 |
Nigeria | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 96.3 | 3.9 | 83.3 | 11.7 | 6752 |
Peru | 2.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 54.2 | 3.2 | 35.5 | 6.8 | 3930 |
PRC China | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 66.6 | 11.9 | 52.8 | 13.7 | 5201 |
PRC Shen Zhen | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 76.5 | 6.0 | 29.3 | 9.9 | 7132 |
Ukraine | 2.6 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 59.9 | 4.9 | 62.3 | 7.8 | 4725 |
Upper-middle income countries | 2.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 72.4 | 2.1 | 61.4 | 2.6 | 28,927 |
Brazil | 5.6 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 70.8 | 4.5 | 67.5 | 5.2 | 5037 |
Bulgaria | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 74.7 | 7.0 | 58.9 | 9.4 | 5318 |
Colombia (Medellin) | 4.6 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 82.7 | 3.8 | 58.3 | 6.5 | 3261 |
Lebanon | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 67.0 | 7.0 | 61.3 | 9.4 | 2857 |
Mexico | 2.9 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 69.4 | 4.0 | 53.4 | 4.9 | 5782 |
Romania | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 74.7 | 8.3 | 60.1 | 12.2 | 2357 |
South Africa | 2.8 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 68.7 | 5.8 | 64.4 | 5.6 | 4315 |
High income countries | 5.5 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 57.3 | 1.0 | 53.1 | 1.2 | 76,980 |
Australia | 8.5 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 49.8 | 2.9 | 44.7 | 3.3 | 8463 |
Belgium | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 59.8 | 7.2 | 58.4 | 13.5 | 2419 |
France | 4.3 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 59.3 | 5.2 | 71.8 | 6.7 | 2894 |
Germany | 2.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 60.4 | 6.0 | 63.7 | 7.7 | 3555 |
Italy | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 60.0 | 5.4 | 52.8 | 8.6 | 4712 |
Japan | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 51.9 | 8.1 | 68.4 | 9.3 | 4129 |
New Zealand | 9.5 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 56.0 | 1.8 | 52.5 | 2.5 | 12,790 |
Northern Ireland | 6.0 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 65.8 | 2.9 | 63.4 | 4.6 | 4340 |
Poland | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 63.4 | 3.8 | 55.1 | 4.5 | 10,081 |
Portugal | 4.7 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 67.1 | 3.9 | 54.2 | 4.8 | 3849 |
Spain | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 56.3 | 6.9 | 58.6 | 12.4 | 5473 |
Spain (Murcia) | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 67.7 | 11.0 | 74.4 | 10.3 | 2621 |
The Netherlands | 2.6 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 50.8 | 9.3 | 73.9 | 8.1 | 2372 |
USA | 12.1 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 58.8 | 1.7 | 48.9 | 1.9 | 9282 |
All countries combined | 4.0 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 60.2 | 0.8 | 54.5 | 1.0 | 142,405 |
WHO regionsa
| |||||||||||
Region of the Americas | 6.4 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 62.8 | 1.3 | 53.1 | 1.6 | 31,718 |
African region | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 71.1 | 5.5 | 66.7 | 5.3 | 11,067 |
Western Pacific region | 5.5 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 54.5 | 1.5 | 49.4 | 1.9 | 37,715 |
Eastern Mediterranean region | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 74.2 | 5.7 | 66.0 | 6.1 | 7189 |
Western European region | 3.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 62.4 | 1.8 | 62.3 | 2.5 | 32,235 |
Eastern European region | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 64.7 | 2.7 | 58.6 | 3.7 | 22,481 |
Comparison between countriesb
| χ2
27 = 78.6*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 46.3*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 25.7*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 3.3*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 2.4*, P < 0.001 | ||||||
Comparison between low, middle, and high income country groupsb
| χ2
2 = 387.5*, P < 0.001 | χ2
2 = 224.2*, P < 0.001 | χ2
2 = 121.7*, P < 0.001 | χ2
2 = 21.3*, P < 0.001 | χ2
2 = 4.5*, P = 0.01 | ||||||
Comparison between WHO regionsb
| χ2
5 = 207.5*, P < 0.001 | χ2
5 = 118.4*, P < 0.001 | χ2
5 = 53.2*, P < 0.001 | χ2
5 = 6.1*, P < 0.001 | χ2
5 = 5.2*, P < 0.001 |
Age of onset
Country | Ages at selected percentiles | Lifetime prevalence of SAD | Projected risk at age 75 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 90 | 95 | 99 | % | SE | % | SE | |
Low/lower-middle income countries | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 57 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
Colombiaa
| 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 26 | 31 | 39 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 5.3 | 0.5 |
Iraq | 7 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 36 | 36 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
Nigeria | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
Perua
| 9 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 27 | 34 | 41 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.3 |
PRC China | 8 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 37 | 37 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
PRC Shen Zhen | 5 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 26 | 31 | 41 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
Ukraine | 7 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 37 | 57 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 0.3 |
Upper-middle income countries | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 36 | 49 | 67 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.2 |
Brazil | 5 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 29 | 41 | 54 | 5.6 | 0.4 | 6.1 | 0.4 |
Bulgaria | 8 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 24 | 31 | 38 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
Colombia (Medellin)a
| 5 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 31 | 41 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.5 |
Lebanon | 6 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 26 | 30 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.4 |
Mexicoa
| 6 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 26 | 40 | 54 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0.3 |
Romania | 10 | 13 | 14 | 21 | 36 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0.4 |
South Africa | 11 | 13 | 16 | 26 | 49 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 4.7 | 1.2 |
High income countries | 5 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 29 | 42 | 59 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 0.1 |
Australia | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 37 | 46 | 68 | 8.5 | 0.4 | 9.6 | 0.5 |
Belgium | 5 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 25 | 36 | 36 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.4 |
France | 7 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 31 | 45 | 57 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 0.5 |
Germany | 7 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 35 | 50 | 62 | 62 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5 |
Italy | 5 | 7 | 13 | 15 | 20 | 28 | 36 | 56 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
Japan | 5 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 29 | 43 | 48 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
New Zealand | 5 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 17 | 27 | 38 | 57 | 9.5 | 0.3 | 10.4 | 0.4 |
Northern Ireland | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 40 | 49 | 54 | 6.0 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 0.5 |
Polandb
| 5 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
Portugal | 5 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 29 | 43 | 61 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 5.2 | 0.5 |
Spain | 5 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 19 | 22 | 48 | 48 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
Spain (Murcia) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 |
The Netherlands | 5 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 29 | 41 | 49 | 52 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 0.5 |
USA | 5 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 23 | 32 | 51 | 12.1 | 0.4 | 13.0 | 0.5 |
All countries combined | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 31 | 44 | 62 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 0.1 |
WHO regions | ||||||||||||
Region of the Americas | 5 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 26 | 36 | 52 | 6.4 | 0.2 | 6.9 | 0.2 |
African region | 7 | 13 | 15 | 23 | 47 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
Western Pacific region | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 33 | 46 | 66 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 6.1 | 0.2 |
Eastern Mediterranean region | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 26 | 36 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 |
Western European region | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 36 | 45 | 61 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 |
Eastern European region | 5 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 24 | 38 | 58 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
Impairment
Country | Proportion with severe role impairment (SDS score: 7–10) | Number of 12-month cases | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Home | Work | Relationship | Social | Anya
| |||||||
% | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | ||
Low/lower-middle income countriesc,d,e,g
| 9.3 | 1.6 | 14.1 | 2.4 | 18.0 | 2.6 | 21.2 | 2.8 | 34.3 | 3.2 | 349 |
Colombiac,d,e,g,h
| 8.1 | 2.3 | 18.1 | 5.2 | 22.5 | 4.9 | 32.3 | 5.0 | 43.2 | 5.3 | 133 |
Iraqf
| 18.0 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 5.4 | 31.6 | 12.7 | 22.7 | 8.3 | 48.0 | 12.6 | 28 |
Nigeria | 7.8 | 7.8 | 28.2 | 15.7 | 24.1 | 13.9 | 24.1 | 13.9 | 36.3 | 17.4 | 9 |
Peru | 13.7 | 4.7 | 13.4 | 5.2 | 11.7 | 4.0 | 20.6 | 7.7 | 33.0 | 7.9 | 51 |
PRC China | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 17.4 | 12.1 | 26.9 | 13.0 | 16 |
PRC Shen Zhen | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 6.1 | 3.5 | 9.4 | 4.2 | 45 |
Ukrained,h
| 11.5 | 4.1 | 18.4 | 5.6 | 23.1 | 5.8 | 12.2 | 4.7 | 33.0 | 6.4 | 67 |
Upper-middle income countriesc,d,e,f,g
| 12.7 | 1.8 | 17.0 | 2.5 | 28.5 | 2.2 | 28.5 | 2.2 | 39.3 | 2.6 | 601 |
Brazilc,d,e,g
| 13.9 | 4.0 | 20.5 | 6.1 | 25.8 | 3.5 | 27.7 | 3.9 | 36.7 | 4.7 | 186 |
Bulgariad,f
| 5.3 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 23.2 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 4.7 | 25.8 | 10.8 | 27 |
Colombia (Medellin)c,d,e,f,g
| 12.5 | 4.0 | 19.8 | 4.6 | 33.5 | 6.1 | 33.6 | 6.0 | 43.2 | 6.1 | 110 |
Lebanond,e,f,g
| 14.1 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 5.5 | 43.7 | 10.0 | 33.8 | 9.8 | 45.8 | 9.6 | 35 |
Mexicod,e,f,g
| 7.3 | 2.0 | 11.9 | 3.2 | 23.4 | 3.7 | 28.1 | 4.2 | 35.2 | 4.4 | 134 |
Romania | 26.0 | 10.9 | 31.5 | 11.9 | 40.4 | 12.9 | 32.0 | 11.0 | 56.2 | 9.8 | 22 |
South Africad
| 16.6 | 5.2 | 17.9 | 6.0 | 27.4 | 6.1 | 28.1 | 5.9 | 43.6 | 8.1 | 87 |
High income countriesc,d,e,f,g,h
| 11.0 | 0.7 | 16.8 | 0.8 | 23.6 | 1.0 | 29.8 | 1.1 | 37.7 | 1.1 | 2510 |
Australiac,d,e,f,g,h
| 17.2 | 2.7 | 24.3 | 2.8 | 37.2 | 3.9 | 43.1 | 4.2 | 50.1 | 4.0 | 381 |
Belgiumc,d,e
| 9.6 | 6.9 | 28.1 | 10.7 | 37.0 | 13.1 | 38.4 | 8.8 | 54.9 | 8.3 | 28 |
Francee,g
| 9.9 | 5.1 | 11.0 | 4.3 | 17.5 | 4.0 | 24.0 | 5.3 | 32.9 | 5.9 | 72 |
Germanyc,d,e,g
| 4.0 | 3.0 | 14.1 | 4.9 | 20.0 | 5.9 | 28.0 | 7.9 | 42.2 | 7.9 | 58 |
Italyf
| 15.9 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 3.9 | 23.3 | 6.0 | 17.1 | 6.3 | 33.1 | 6.9 | 53 |
Japanc,d
| 6.5 | 5.9 | 26.2 | 8.3 | 20.4 | 8.0 | 25.7 | 9.4 | 37.8 | 8.8 | 25 |
New Zealandc,d,e,f,g,h
| 6.1 | 1.1 | 12.3 | 1.3 | 18.8 | 1.9 | 26.7 | 2.1 | 32.5 | 2.1 | 720 |
Northern Irelandd,e,g,h
| 19.6 | 2.7 | 24.7 | 3.0 | 31.4 | 3.4 | 41.4 | 4.3 | 52.3 | 4.1 | 183 |
Poland | 14.2 | 4.6 | 21.3 | 4.8 | 18.6 | 4.5 | 21.4 | 5.2 | 32.4 | 5.6 | 91 |
Portugalc,d,e,g
| 7.2 | 2.1 | 13.4 | 2.5 | 15.8 | 2.7 | 19.4 | 3.2 | 25.1 | 3.9 | 124 |
Spain | 8.2 | 5.4 | 15.6 | 7.3 | 21.2 | 9.8 | 17.0 | 8.2 | 26.3 | 10.5 | 33 |
Spain (Murcia)c,d,e,f,g
| 25.8 | 8.9 | 41.7 | 12.7 | 67.2 | 11.0 | 62.4 | 6.8 | 71.6 | 9.4 | 33 |
The Netherlandsc
| 41.9 | 11.2 | 56.8 | 12.7 | 46.8 | 13.9 | 56.1 | 11.1 | 63.6 | 12.0 | 30 |
USAc,d,e,f,g,h
| 10.9 | 1.3 | 15.4 | 1.4 | 22.6 | 1.6 | 28.8 | 1.4 | 36.5 | 1.7 | 679 |
All countries combinedc,d,e,f,g,h
| 11.1 | 0.7 | 16.5 | 0.8 | 23.9 | 0.9 | 28.6 | 0.9 | 37.6 | 1.0 | 3460 |
WHO regions | |||||||||||
Region of the Americasc,d,e,f,g,h
| 11.0 | 1.0 | 16.5 | 1.4 | 23.7 | 1.3 | 29.0 | 1.3 | 37.5 | 1.5 | 1293 |
African Regiond,e
| 15.6 | 4.7 | 19.1 | 5.6 | 27.0 | 5.6 | 27.6 | 5.4 | 42.7 | 7.4 | 96 |
Western Pacific regionc,d,e,f,g,h
| 8.1 | 1.0 | 14.2 | 1.1 | 21.4 | 1.6 | 28.7 | 1.8 | 34.9 | 1.8 | 1187 |
Eastern Mediterranean Regiond,e,f,g
| 15.8 | 5.4 | 8.4 | 3.9 | 38.4 | 7.9 | 28.9 | 7.0 | 46.8 | 7.7 | 63 |
Western European Regionc,d,e,f,g,h
| 14.4 | 1.7 | 20.2 | 2.0 | 26.7 | 2.0 | 31.4 | 2.2 | 41.7 | 2.4 | 614 |
Eastern European Regionc,d,h
| 13.2 | 2.6 | 18.3 | 3.1 | 23.4 | 3.6 | 17.6 | 3.1 | 34.2 | 3.7 | 207 |
Comparison between countriesb
| χ2
27 = 2.3*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 2.9*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 3.0*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 2.8*, P < 0.001 | χ2
27 = 2.6*, P < 0.001 | ||||||
Comparison between low, middle, and high income country groupsb
| χ2
2 = 1.0, P = 0.371 | χ2
2 = 0.6, P = 0.561 | χ2
2 = 4.7*, P = 0.008 | χ2
2 = 4.1*, P = 0.016 | χ2
2 = 0.8, P = 0.463 | ||||||
Comparison between WHO regionsb
| χ2
5 = 2.9*, P = 0.013 | χ2
5 = 2.3*, P = 0.042 | χ2
5 = 1.5, P = 0.180 | χ2
5 = 2.7*, P = 0.020 | χ2
5 = 1.5, P = 0.175 |
Socio-demographic correlates
Correlates | 30-day Social Anxiety Disordera
| Lifetime Social Anxiety Disorderb
| 12-month Social Anxiety Disorder among lifetime casesc
| 30-day Social Anxiety Disorder among 12-month casesc
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
Age-cohort | ||||||||
18-29 | 3.2* | (2.6-3.9) | 3.6* | (3.2-4.0) | ||||
30-44 | 2.8* | (2.3-3.4) | 2.9* | (2.6-3.2) | ||||
45-59 | 2.5* | (2.0-3.1) | 2.4* | (2.1-2.6) | ||||
60+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Age-cohort differenced
| χ2
3 = 145.4*, P < .001 | χ2
3 = 547.3*, P < .001 | ||||||
Age of onset | ||||||||
Early | 1.5* | (1.2-1.8) | 1.0 | (0.7-1.2) | ||||
Early-average | 1.4* | (1.1-1.7) | 0.9 | (0.7-1.2) | ||||
Late-average | 1.1 | (0.9-1.3) | 0.9 | (0.8-1.2) | ||||
Late | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Age of onset differenced
| χ2
3 = 15.4*, P = 0.002 | χ2
3 = 0.5, P = 0.926 | ||||||
Time since onset (Continuous) | 0.98* | (0.98-0.99) | 1.01* | (1.00-1.01) | ||||
χ2
1 = 63.1*, P < .001 | χ2
1 = 5.0*, P = 0.025 | |||||||
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 1.7* | (1.5-1.9) | 1.3* | (1.2-1.4) | 1.3* | (1.2-1.5) | 1.2* | (1.0-1.4) |
Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Gender differenced
| χ2
1 = 65.3*, P < .001 | χ2
1 = 61.5*, P < .001 | χ2
1 = 15.7*, P < .001 | χ2
1 = 5.9*, P = 0.015 | ||||
Employment status | ||||||||
Student | 1.4* | (1.1-1.9) | 1.2 | (1.0-1.4) | 1.1 | (0.8-1.6) | 2.1* | (1.4-3.0) |
Homemaker | 1.5* | (1.3-1.7) | 1.2* | (1.1-1.3) | 1.4* | (1.1-1.7) | 1.4* | (1.1-1.8) |
Retired | 0.6* | (0.5-0.8) | 0.9 | (0.7-1.0) | 1.0 | (0.7-1.3) | 0.9 | (0.6-1.3) |
Other | 1.8* | (1.5-2.1) | 1.5* | (1.3-1.6) | 2.0* | (1.6-2.6) | 1.0 | (0.8-1.3) |
Employed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Employment status differenced
| χ2
4 = 81.8*, P < .001 | χ2
4 = 63.6*, P < .001 | χ2
4 = 36.9*, P < .001 | χ2
4 = 20.4*, P < .001 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Never married | 1.2* | (1.1-1.4) | 1.4* | (1.3-1.5) | 1.3* | (1.1-1.6) | 1.0 | (0.8-1.2) |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.5* | (1.3-1.7) | 1.3* | (1.2-1.5) | 1.4* | (1.1-1.6) | 1.0 | (0.8-1.3) |
Currently married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Marital status differenced
| χ2
2 = 26.6*, P < .001 | χ2
2 = 75.7*, P < .001 | χ2
2 = 18.4*, P < .001 | χ2
2 = 0.2, P = 0.887 | ||||
Education level | ||||||||
No education | 1.3 | (0.8-2.2) | 0.8 | (0.6-1.2) | 5.6* | (2.2-14.4) | 1.2 | (0.6-2.6) |
Some primary | 1.8* | (1.3-2.4) | 1.1 | (0.9-1.3) | 3.0* | (2.1-4.3) | 1.7* | (1.1-2.8) |
Finished primary | 1.5* | (1.2-2.0) | 1.2 | (1.0-1.4) | 2.0* | (1.4-2.8) | 1.1 | (0.7-1.8) |
Some secondary | 1.4* | (1.1-1.7) | 1.2* | (1.1-1.3) | 1.6* | (1.3-2.0) | 1.0 | (0.8-1.4) |
Finished secondary | 1.0 | (0.8-1.2) | 1.1 | (1.0-1.2) | 1.3* | (1.1-1.6) | 0.8 | (0.6-1.0) |
Some college | 1.0 | (0.8-1.2) | 1.1 | (1.0-1.2) | 1.3* | (1.0-1.6) | 0.8 | (0.6-1.0) |
Finished college | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Education level differenced
| χ2
6 = 33.6*, P < .001 | χ2
6 = 16.2*, P = 0.013 | χ2
6 = 54.1*, P < .001 | χ2
6 = 14.8*, P = 0.022 | ||||
Household income | ||||||||
Low | 1.4* | (1.2-1.7) | 1.1* | (1.0-1.2) | 1.6* | (1.3-1.9) | 1.4* | (1.0-1.8) |
Low-average | 1.3* | (1.0-1.5) | 1.0 | (0.9-1.1) | 1.4* | (1.1-1.7) | 1.3 | (1.0-1.7) |
High-average | 1.1 | (0.9-1.3) | 1.0 | (0.9-1.1) | 1.1 | (0.9-1.4) | 1.1 | (0.9-1.4) |
High | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Household income differenced
| χ2
3 = 19.4*, P < .001 | χ2
3 = 10.5*, P = 0.015 | χ2
3 = 23.1*, P < .001 | χ2
3 = 6.9, P = 0.077 | ||||
Ne
| 142,405 | 6,081,561 | 5758 | 3460 |
Comorbidity
SAD cases with comorbid disorders | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mood disordera
| Anxiety disorderb
| Impulse control disorderc
| Substance use disorderd
| Any mental disordere
| ||||||
% | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | % | SE | |
Lifetime comorbidityf
| ||||||||||
Lifetime | 47.0 | 1.0 | 59.8 | 1.0 | 19.3 | 0.8 | 26.7 | 0.8 | 78.8 | 0.8 |
12-month | 49.8 | 1.2 | 64.9 | 1.2 | 21.9 | 1.1 | 27.0 | 1.0 | 81.8 | 1.0 |
12-month comorbidityg
| ||||||||||
12-month | 33.4 | 1.1 | 52.7 | 1.2 | 12.7 | 0.9 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 66.9 | 1.2 |
Temporal priority of SADh
| ||||||||||
Lifetime | 71.8 | 1.1 | 35.4 | 1.2 | 49.8 | 2.3 | 80.9 | 1.3 | 40.4 | 1.1 |
12-month | 69.1 | 1.5 | 31.4 | 1.4 | 48.8 | 2.3 | 79.7 | 1.6 | 35.2 | 1.2 |
Treatment
Sector of treatment | Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) categorya
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild impairment | Moderate impairment | Severe impairment | Any impairment | |||||||||
(Score: 1–3) | (Score: 4–6) | (Score: 7–10) | ||||||||||
% | SE | Comparison between countriesb
| % | SE | Comparison between countriesb
| % | SE | Comparison between countriesb
| % | SE | Comparison between countriesb
| |
Specialty mental healthc
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | 10.7 | 6.0 | χ2 = 1.4, P = 0.25 | 5.2 | 2.4 | χ2 = 3.4*, P = 0.03 | 6.3 | 2.3 | χ2 = 33.4*, P < 0.001 | 7.8 | 1.9 | χ2 = 32.6*, P < 0.001 |
Upper-middle income | 13.9 | 4.2 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 15.3 | 3.0 | 13.2 | 1.7 | ||||
High income | 19.2 | 2.0 | 12.6 | 1.4 | 34.4 | 1.7 | 23.3 | 0.9 | ||||
All countries combined | 17.5 | 1.7 | 11.7 | 1.1 | 27.7 | 1.4 | 19.8 | 0.8 | ||||
General medicald
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | – | – | χ2 = 14.4*, P < 0.001 | 9.9 | 3.7 | χ2 = 5.1*, P = 0.01 | 7.0 | 2.4 | χ2 = 44.8*, P < 0.001 | 7.8 | 1.7 | χ2 = 65.6*, P < 0.001 |
Upper-middle income | 13.8 | 3.9 | 12.3 | 3.1 | 15.0 | 2.8 | 13.7 | 1.7 | ||||
High income | 28.8 | 2.2 | 20.9 | 1.9 | 39.0 | 1.9 | 30.8 | 1.1 | ||||
All countries combined | 23.9 | 1.8 | 17.8 | 1.5 | 31.0 | 1.5 | 25.2 | 0.9 | ||||
Health caree
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | 12.4 | 6.0 | χ2 = 8.6*, P < 0.001 | 15.0 | 4.1 | χ2 = 3.3*, P = 0.04 | 12.7 | 3.2 | χ2 = 43.7*, P < 0.001 | 14.5 | 2.6 | χ2 = 54.3*, P < 0.001 |
Upper-middle income | 23.6 | 4.6 | 22.6 | 3.4 | 26.0 | 3.6 | 23.7 | 1.9 | ||||
High income | 36.7 | 2.3 | 26.7 | 2.0 | 54.6 | 1.9 | 40.9 | 1.1 | ||||
All countries combined | 32.0 | 2.0 | 24.5 | 1.6 | 44.6 | 1.6 | 34.9 | 0.9 | ||||
Human servicesf
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | – | – | χ2 = 5.1*, P = 0.01 | – | – | χ2 = 0.3, P = 0.76 | 3.5 | 1.7 | χ2 = 5.1*, P = 0.01 | 3.4 | 1.3 | χ2 = 2.5, P = 0.08 |
Upper-middle income | 4.5 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 1.1 | ||||
High income | 7.7 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 5.7 | 0.5 | ||||
All countries combined | 6.5 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 0.7 | 5.1 | 0.5 | ||||
CAMg
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | – | – | – | – | – | χ2 = 14.3*, P < 0.001 | – | – | χ2 = 12.5*, P < 0.001 | 1.6 | 0.6 | χ2 = 26.9*, P < 0.001 |
Upper-middle income | – | – | 2.7 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.7 | ||||
High income | 9.1 | 1.7 | 5.2 | 0.9 | 8.5 | 1.0 | 7.8 | 0.6 | ||||
All countries combined | 7.3 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 6.6 | 0.8 | 6.1 | 0.5 | ||||
Non-health careh
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | – | – | χ2 = 6.3*, P < 0.001 | – | – | χ2 = 0.2, P = 0.80 | 4.7 | 1.8 | χ2 = 11.9*, P < 0.001 | 4.5 | 1.4 | χ2 = 15.1*, P < 0.001 |
Upper-middle income | 5.0 | 2.4 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 5.6 | 1.3 | ||||
High income | 13.7 | 1.9 | 7.6 | 1.1 | 13.6 | 1.3 | 11.7 | 0.7 | ||||
All countries combined | 11.3 | 1.5 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 9.8 | 0.6 | ||||
Any treatmenti
| ||||||||||||
Low/lower-middle income | 15.9 | 6.1 | χ2 = 9.2*, P < 0.001 | 20.2 | 4.9 | χ2 = 2.0, P = 0.13 | 15.3 | 3.4 | χ2 = 44.5*, P < 0.001 | 18.0 | 2.7 | χ2 = 52.3*, P < 0.001 |
Upper-middle income | 26.6 | 4.7 | 24.6 | 3.5 | 27.2 | 3.7 | 25.7 | 2.1 | ||||
High income | 41.8 | 2.5 | 29.5 | 2.0 | 57.1 | 1.9 | 44.2 | 1.1 | ||||
All countries combined | 36.6 | 2.1 | 27.4 | 1.7 | 46.9 | 1.6 | 38.0 | 1.0 |