Perhaps the most well studied signaling pathways regulated by V-ATPase is Notch. This can be attributed to the fact that Notch signaling depends on the endolysosomal pathway for its activation, maintenance and degradation of key pathway mediators [
61‐
63]. V-ATPase maintains cellular pH balance and plays an important role in endocytosis, protease activation and protein degradation. Specifically,
a2V (V-ATPase subunit- V
Oa2) was previously localized to early endosomes - the site for receptor endocytosis [
8]. Following ligand binding, Notch receptor takes the endocytic route and is cleaved by proteases for activation. Later, the receptors are degraded in the lysosome [
63]. In Drososphila, mutations in Vps25, a component of ESCRT machinery that regulates endosomal sorting of signaling receptors, causes accumulation of the Notch receptor in endosomes and enhances Notch signaling [
64]. In a study analyzing drosophila mutations of Hrs, another component of ESCRT, Notch accumulates in endosomes but does not cause ectopic activation of Notch signaling [
65]. The loss of autophagy leads to activation of the Notch signaling in the Drosophila ovarian follicle cells due to disruption of Notch degradation [
66]. Contrary to these reports, an independent study found that mutations in Rabconnection-3 disrupt the proton-pumping activity of V-ATPase and accumulate Notch in late endosomes after S2 cleavage, thereby reducing Notch Signaling in Drosophila and mammalian cells [
67]. These findings were followed by reports in Drosophila further indicating that through the acidification of endolysosomal pathway, V-ATPase is required for the activation of Notch in endosomes as well as for the degradation of Notch in lysosomes [
68]. During mammalian development, expression of a dominant negative subunit of V-ATPase in neural precursors reduced Notch signaling and depleted neural stem cells leading to neuronal differentiation [
69]. Recently, studies in astrocytes in the retina of Nuc1 mutated rats were shown to dysregulate Notch signaling. The reduction in Notch signaling was due to mutated βA3/A1-crystallin, which regulates V-ATPase activity resulting in impaired endosomal acidification and γ-secretase activity thereby affecting the rate of Notch receptor processing [
70]. This is an interesting finding considering that the role of V-ATPase in vision in now emerging [
26]. Together these findings indicate that the regulation of Notch signaling by V-ATPase can have both positive and negative outcomes depending on the cellular localization of V-ATPase activity affected (endosomes vs lysosomes) and the dependence of Notch receptor processing on the endosomal pathway [
71,
72]. Although the V-ATPase and Notch crosstalk has been investigated in the context of V-ATPase dependent endolysosomal acidification affecting Notch signaling, a recent report suggests that regulation could also be vice-versa. Specifically, the authors suggest that Presinilin1 (PS1), a component of the γ-secretase enzyme complex responsible for cleavage of Notch receptor and β-amyloid peptide physically interacts with the V
Oa1 isoform of V-ATPase and targets it from the endoplasmic reticulum to the lysosomes [
73]. Our studies have identified that V-ATPase regulates Notch Signaling in breast cancer [
74] and mammary gland development [
75].
a2V is expressed on the surface of proliferating mammary epithelial cells and Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) cells, indicating its role in cell proliferation during normal development and disease. In TNBC,
a2V inhibition enhances Notch Signaling by blocking lysosomal and autophagic degradation of Notch receptor [
74]. Loss of
a2V in mouse mammary gland leads to abnormal Notch activation and impairs ductal morphogenesis, causing lactation defects [
75]. Notch signaling is activated during preterm labor induced by infection with PGN + poly (I:C), resulting in upregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and its inhibition improves in-utero survival of live fetuses. Further in preterm labor induced by inflammatory response to LPS injection, up-regulation of Notch-related inflammation and down-regulation of angiogenesis factors was observed [
76]. In both infection and inflammatory preterm labor models, we were able to rescue the phenotype by treating with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSI) [
77]. This paves a way for important future direction especially since GSI is an efficient inhibitor of Notch Signaling and is currently in clinical trials for several cancers. With this, the V-ATPase and Notch crosstalk emerges to be important during normal development and indiseases like Alzheimers and various cancers [
78].