Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Epidemiology 3/2016

11.03.2016 | ESSAY

The design of empirical studies: towards a unified view

verfasst von: David R. Cox

Erschienen in: European Journal of Epidemiology | Ausgabe 3/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

A broad review is given of the general principles underlying study design with emphasis on applications in medical and epidemiological contexts. The main theme of the paper is that, while the distinction between interventionist studies, that is experiments, and purely observational ones is important, there are many common threads. A wide range of specific applications are used in outline to illustrate the discussion.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cornfield J, et al. Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and discussion of some questions. Int J Epidemiol. 2009; 38:1175–91. Reproduced with discussion from 1959 paper in J Nat Cancer Inst. Cornfield J, et al. Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and discussion of some questions. Int J Epidemiol. 2009; 38:1175–91. Reproduced with discussion from 1959 paper in J Nat Cancer Inst.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Student. The Lanarkshire milk experiment. Biometrika. 1931; 23:398-406. Student. The Lanarkshire milk experiment. Biometrika. 1931; 23:398-406.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox DR, Wermuth N. Multivariate dependencies. London: Chapman and Hall; 1996. Cox DR, Wermuth N. Multivariate dependencies. London: Chapman and Hall; 1996.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking. 50 years observation on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328:819.CrossRef Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking. 50 years observation on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004;328:819.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat The IPPPSH Collaborative Group. The international prospective primary preventive study in hypertension (IPPPSH); objectives and methods. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984; 27:379–91. The IPPPSH Collaborative Group. The international prospective primary preventive study in hypertension (IPPPSH); objectives and methods. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984; 27:379–91.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Vandenbroucke JP, Pardoel VPAM. An autopsy of epidemiological methods: the case of ‘poppers’ in the early epidemic of AIDS. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:455–7.PubMed Vandenbroucke JP, Pardoel VPAM. An autopsy of epidemiological methods: the case of ‘poppers’ in the early epidemic of AIDS. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129:455–7.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman NM, et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:518–26.CrossRefPubMed Rahman NM, et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:518–26.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox DR, et al. Quality of life assessment: can we keep it simple? (with discussion). J R Stat Soc A. 1992;155:353–93.CrossRef Cox DR, et al. Quality of life assessment: can we keep it simple? (with discussion). J R Stat Soc A. 1992;155:353–93.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Donnelly CA, et al. Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle. Nature. 2006;439:843–6.CrossRefPubMed Donnelly CA, et al. Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle. Nature. 2006;439:843–6.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Woodroffe R, et al. Effects of culling on badger Meles meles spatial organization and implications for control of the disease. J Appl Ecol. 2006;43:1–10.CrossRef Woodroffe R, et al. Effects of culling on badger Meles meles spatial organization and implications for control of the disease. J Appl Ecol. 2006;43:1–10.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson SK. Sampling. New York: Wiley; 1992. Thompson SK. Sampling. New York: Wiley; 1992.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher RA. Design of experiments. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; 1935 and subsequent editions. Fisher RA. Design of experiments. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; 1935 and subsequent editions.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox DR. Planning of experiments. New York: Wiley; 1958. Cox DR. Planning of experiments. New York: Wiley; 1958.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox DR, Reid N. The theory of the design of experiments. London: Chapman and Hall; 2000. Cox DR, Reid N. The theory of the design of experiments. London: Chapman and Hall; 2000.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Breslow NE, Day N. Statistical methods in cancer research, vol. 2, The analysis of case-cohort studies. Lyon: IARC; 1983. Breslow NE, Day N. Statistical methods in cancer research, vol. 2, The analysis of case-cohort studies. Lyon: IARC; 1983.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Breslow NE, Day N. Statistical methods in cancer research, vol. 1, The analysis of case–control studies. Lyon: IARC; 1980. Breslow NE, Day N. Statistical methods in cancer research, vol. 1, The analysis of case–control studies. Lyon: IARC; 1980.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Keogh RH, Cox DR. Case–control studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.CrossRef Keogh RH, Cox DR. Case–control studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Burgess S, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization. London: Chapman and Hall; 2015. Burgess S, Thompson SG. Mendelian randomization. London: Chapman and Hall; 2015.
Metadaten
Titel
The design of empirical studies: towards a unified view
verfasst von
David R. Cox
Publikationsdatum
11.03.2016
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
European Journal of Epidemiology / Ausgabe 3/2016
Print ISSN: 0393-2990
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7284
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0135-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2016

European Journal of Epidemiology 3/2016 Zur Ausgabe