Background
Methods
Study design, setting and sampling
Measurements
Health status
Adolescent food insecurity status
Household food insecurity status
Dietary diversity
Body mass index
Physical health
Other covariates
Data management and analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Characteristics | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Variables | ||
Religion | ||
Muslim | 1171 | 61.0 |
Orthodox | 633 | 33.0 |
Othersa
| 115 | 6.0 |
Sex | ||
Male | 996 | 51.9 |
Female | 923 | 48.1 |
Age, mean (SD) | 18.9 ± 1.4 | |
Educational status | ||
No schooling | 519 | 27.1 |
Primary | 760 | 39.6 |
Secondary and above | 640 | 33.3 |
Chronic food insecurity (Adolescents) | 268 | 14.0 |
Body mass index (n = 1800) | ||
Underweight | 655 | 36.4 |
Normal | 1114 | 61.9 |
Overweight | 31 | 1.7 |
Parent education (n = 1918) | ||
Illiterate | 832 | 43.4 |
Primary | 395 | 20.6 |
Secondary | 691 | 36.0 |
Household food insecurity Round1 | 1172 | 61.1 |
Household food insecurity Round2 | 1660 | 86.5 |
Chronic food insecurity (Households) | 1087 | 56.6 |
Household wealth status (n = 1894) | ||
Low | 632 | 33.4 |
Average | 636 | 33.6 |
High | 626 | 33.0 |
Female headed households | 342 | 17.8 |
Residence | ||
Urban | 672 | 35.0 |
Semi-urban | 551 | 28.7 |
Rural | 696 | 36.3 |
Magnitude of food insecurity and self-rated health
Stability of self-rated health, physical health & food security status
Variables | Time1a
| Time2a
| Time3a
| Kappab
| ICCc
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor SRH | 0.19(.39) | 0.35(.47) | 0.37(.48) | 0.12 | 0.14 |
Physical Health | 3.40(1.80) | 1.54(2.02) | 0.99(1.69) | 0.14 | 0.10 |
Multiple risk behaviors | 0.46(0.65) | 0 .45(.62) | 0.55(.85) | 0.07 | 0.13 |
Feeling tired | 0.38(.48) | 0.21(.40) | 0.19(.39) | 0.06 | 0.13 |
Had a difficulty/lack energy | 0.32(.47) | 0.16(.37) | 0.14(.35) | 0.12 | 0.13 |
Illness in the last 1 month | 0 .26(.44) | 0.14(.35) | 0.12(.32) | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Food insecure | 0.20(.40) | 0.48(.49) | 0.20(.40) | 0.10 | 0.13 |
Food insecurity and self-rated health
Model I | Model II | Model III | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure to FI | β | SE | β | SE | β | SE |
Food insecurity | 0.357** | 0.079 | 0.322** | 0.081 | 0.281** | 0.082 |
Time | 1.850** | 0.291 | 1.966** | 0.308 | 2.109** | 0.312 |
Time2
| −0.327** | 0.071 | −0.356** | 0.079 | −0.381** | 0.080 |
Socio Economic Positions | ||||||
Sex (female) | 0.195* | 0.082 | 0.189* | 0.083 | ||
Age(14–17)
| 0.082 | 0.105 | 0.084 | 0.117 | ||
Age(18–22)
| 0.214 | 0.175 | 0.166 | 0.191 | ||
Education-Primary | −0.380** | 0.113 | −0.377** | 0.113 | ||
Education-Secondary & above | −0.467** | 0.131 | −0.467** | 0.131 | ||
Female headed household | 0.015 | 0.111 | 0.039 | 0.119 | ||
Parental education | ||||||
Primary | −0.063 | 0.116 | −0.065 | 0.114 | ||
Secondary & above | −0.091 | 0.117 | −0.121 | 0.117 | ||
Wealth status | −0.030 | 0.059 | −0.064 | 0.063 | ||
Rural residence | −0.242* | 0.122 | −0.308* | 0.127 | ||
Religiosity index | −0.164** | 0.042 | −0.168** | 0.041 | ||
Risk factors and Social support | ||||||
Multiple risk factors | 0.114* | 0.050 | ||||
Smokers in the household | 0.268* | 0.119 | ||||
Chronic HH food insecure | −0.109 | 0.088 | ||||
Dietary diversity score | −0.054 | 0.041 | ||||
Had social network & Support | 0.061 | 0.043 | ||||
Underweight | −0.035 | 0.084 | ||||
Overweight | −0.565 | 0.328 | ||||
Physical health (illness) in the last one month | 0.521** | 0.091 | ||||
_Cons | −3.336** | 0.087 | −3.114** | 0.299 | −3.343** | 0.316 |
Variance (_Cons) | 1.038 | 0.155 | 0.951 | 0.141 | 0.866 | 0.137 |
ICC | 23.99 | 0.027 | 22.42 | 0.026 | 20.84 | 0.026 |
Fixed effects estimates | Model I | Model II | Model III | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure to FI | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE |
Food insecurity | 0.447** | 0.105 | 0.454** | 0.105 | 0.444** | 0.106 |
Time | 1.713** | 0.304 | 1.954** | 0.332 | 2.045** | 0.338 |
Time2
| −0.296** | 0.075 | −0.391** | 0.092 | −0.408** | 0.094 |
Socio Economic positions | ||||||
Age(14–17)
| 0.161 | 0.174 | 0.166 | 0.175 | ||
Age(18–22)
| 0.484 | 0.326 | 0.441 | 0.329 | ||
Education-Primary | −0.096 | 0.181 | −0.091 | 0.182 | ||
Education-Secondary & above | 0.052 | 0.251 | −0.050 | 0.253 | ||
Other Risk factors | ||||||
Multiple risk factors | 0.079 | 0.066 | ||||
Smokers in the household | 0.066 | 0.166 | ||||
Underweight | −0.076 | 0.123 | ||||
Overweight | −0.490 | 0.426 | ||||
Had illness in the last 1 month | 0.273* | 0.110 |
Interaction term
Variables | Random intercepts estimates | Fixed effect estimates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Random effects estimates | β | SE | B | SE |
Food insecurity | 0.846** | 0.224 | 1.035** | 0.272 |
Time | 0.712** | 0.068 | 0.682** | 0.095 |
Food insecurity*time | −0.228* | 0.103 | −0.235* | 0.126 |
Age14–17
| 0.065 | 0.104 | −0.084 | 0.163 |
Age18–22
| −0.090 | 0.166 | −0.276 | 0.283 |
Education-Elementary | −0.366** | 0.113 | −0.123 | 0.180 |
Education-Secondary and above | −0.483** | 0.130 | −0.082 | 0.249 |
Risk factors | 0.104* | 0.049 | 0.065 | 0.066 |
Someone smoke in the Household | 0.334** | 0.117 | 0.155 | 0.164 |
Underweight | −0.034 | 0.084 | −0.069 | 0.122 |
Overweight | −0.588 | 0.328 | −0.509 | 0.422 |
Physical health (Illness) | 0.466** | 0.089 | 0.222* | 0.110 |
Head of the HH (Female) | 0.043 | 0.111 | ||
Gender (female) | 0.178* | 0.083 | ||
Parent Education (Primary) | −0.076 | 0.115 | ||
Parent education (Secondary & above) | −0.123 | 0.116 | ||
Wealth index | −0.044 | 0.063 | ||
Rural | −0.156* | 0.041 | ||
Religiosity index | −0.154** | 0.042 | ||
Chronic food insecure HH | −0.127 | 0.089 | ||
Diet diversity | −0.046 | 0.041 | ||
Social support | 0.060 | 0.043 | ||
_Cons | −2.254 | 0.225 | ||
Variance (_Cons) | 0.859 | 0.136 | ||
ICC | 20.7 | 0.026 |