Introduction
Methods
Study design
Participants
Measures
Statistical methods
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features
Variable | Groups | Comparison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patients (n = 194) | Controls (n = 326) | Test statistics |
Df
| p value | |
Age in yearsa,b | 35.9 ± 12.8 | 32.9 ± 11.8 | Z = 2.30 | 0.021 | |
Female genderc | 126 (64.9) | 196 (60.1) | χ2 = 1.20 | 1 | 0.273 |
Regular psychiatric medicationc | 68 (35.1) | 8 (2.5) | χ2 = 73.25 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Educationc | – | – | χ2 = 57.51 | 3 | < 0.001 |
University | 46 (23.7) | 115 (35.3) | – | – | |
Secondary school | 67 (34.5) | 138 (42.3) | – | – | |
Vocational training | 54 (27.8) | 35 (10.7) | – | – | |
Compulsory school and other | 27 (13.9) | 38 (11.7) | – | – | |
Marital statusc | – | – | χ2 = 11.98 | 2 | 0.003 |
Single | 113 (58.2) | 199 (61) | – | – | |
Married | 58 (29.9) | 114 (35) | – | – | |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 23 (11.9) | 13 (4) | – | – | |
Employmentc | – | – | χ2 = 67.91 | 2 | < 0.001 |
Full-/part-time employment | 80 (41.2) | 184 (56.4) | |||
In education/study/vocational training | 53 (27.3) | 126 (38.7) | |||
Unemployed | 61 (31.4) | 16 (4.9) | |||
Income in eurosc | – | – | χ2 = 19.85 | 3 | < 0.001 |
< 1000 | 83 (42.8) | 99 (30.4) | |||
1000–2000 | 60 (30.9) | 81 (24.8) | |||
2000–4000 | 44 (22.7) | 106 (32.5) | |||
> 4000 | 7 (3.6) | 40 (12.3) | |||
City size of residence in n of inhabc,d | – | – | χ2 = 2.987 | 2 | 0.225 |
< 10,000 | 62 (32.0) | 105 (32.2) | |||
10,000–130,000 (eg. Innsbruck) | 109 (56.2) | 165 (50.6) | |||
> 130,000 | 23 (11.9) | 56 (17.2) |
Mental health disorder of patients (n = 194) | N/(%)a |
---|---|
Somatoform disorder | 106/(54.6) |
Major depressive syndrome | 75/(38.7) |
Other depressive syndrome | 35/(18.0) |
Panic syndrome | 36/(18.6) |
Other anxiety syndrome | 46/(23.7) |
Alcohol abuse | 32/(16.5) |
Binge eating disorder | 24/(12.4) |
Bulimia nervosa | 10/(5.2) |
Others | 2 (0.4) |
Comparison of PA in different environments between patients and HC
Variable | Groups | Comparison | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Patients (N = 194) Mean ± SD | Controls (N = 326) Mean ± SD | Test statistics | p valueb | |
RS -13 score | 57.3 ± 16.8 | 72.8 ± 9.0 | t = − 13.70 | < 0.001 |
WHOQOL-BREFa score in points | ||||
Total | 13.4 ± 2.9 | 16.9 ± 1.6 | Z = − 13.27 | < 0.001 |
Physical | 13.5 ± 3.6 | 17.8 ± 1.6 | Z = − 14.01 | < 0.001 |
Psychological | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 16.6 ± 2.0 | Z = − 13.21 | < 0.001 |
Social | 12.6 ± 4.2 | 15.7 ± 2.9 | Z = − 8.24 | < 0.001 |
Environmental | 15.4 ± 2.7 | 17.4 ± 1.7 | Z = − 8.33 | < 0.001 |
PA in MET min/week | ||||
Overall | 5931.0 ± 6805.6 | 6702.1 ± 6449.0 | Z = − 2.63 | 0.009 |
Alpine | 1927.8 ± 3212.6 | 2733.4 ± 3120.7 | Z = − 4.74 | < 0.001 |
Outdoor | 1007.2 ± 1578.2 | 1285.0 ± 1739.4 | Z = − 3.22 | < 0.001 |
Indoor | 2996.0 ± 5170.0 | 2683.7 ± 3927.7 | Z = + 1.88 | 0.060 |
Comparison of resilience and QOL in patients and HC
Correlation between PA, resilience and QOL
PA alpine | PA outdoor | PA indoor | |
---|---|---|---|
Controls (
n
= 326)
| |||
RS-13 score | |||
r | 0.18** | 0.08 | 0.09 |
pa | 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.10 |
WHOQOL-BREF scoreb | |||
Total | |||
r | 0.16** | 0.08 | 0.04 |
p | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.48 |
Physical health | |||
r | 0.11** | 0.06 | 0.03 |
p | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.65 |
Psychological | |||
r | 0.13** | 0.07 | 0.02 |
p | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.78 |
Social relationships | |||
r | 0.12** | 0.07 | 0.04 |
p | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.52 |
Environmental | |||
r | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
p | 0.23 | 0.63 | 0.56 |
Patients (
n
= 194)
| |||
RS-13 score | |||
r | 0.35*** | 0.11 | 0.14 |
p | < 0.001 | 0.12 | 0.06 |
WHOQOL-BREF scoreb | |||
Total | |||
r | 0.31*** | 0.15* | 0.16* |
p | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
Physical health | |||
r | 0.36*** | 0.14 | 0.18** |
p | < 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
Psychological | |||
r | 0.28*** | 0.06 | 0.15** |
p | < 0.001 | 0.38 | 0.04 |
Social relationships | |||
r | 0.20** | 0.19** | 0.15** |
p | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
Environmental | |||
r | 0.23*** | 0.10 | 0.09 |
p | < 0.001 | 0.17 | 0.22 |