Background
Methods
Design
Participants
Procedure
Interviews
Data analysis
Results
Reasons for wanting to quit smoking during pregnancy
Factor | Description | Incentivised Group | Non-Incentivised Group |
---|---|---|---|
Concern for Baby
| Being pregnant and concerned about the possible consequences of smoking on the baby |
✓
|
✓
|
Feeling pressured
|
Internal Pressure. Experiencing guilt for smoking while pregnant and feeling pressure from self not to do so |
✓
|
✓
|
External Pressure. Experiencing pressure from others not to smoke |
✓
|
✓
| |
Financial issues
|
Expense of smoking. Not affording to smoke and wanting to save money |
✓
|
✓
|
Financial Incentives. Wanting to get the vouchers |
✓
|
N/A
| |
Concern for self
| Concern about the illnesses and physical damage (including damage to appearance) caused by smoking, about consequences on existing health problems (e.g. asthma) and wanting to increase energy levels |
✓
|
✓
|
Concern for existing children
| Being concerned about the consequences of smoking on the health of existing children, wanting to reduce the possibility of them becoming smokers because of exposure to smoking, and wanting to avoid causing children distress due to personal smoking-related health problems |
✓
|
✓
|
Factors perceived as influencing the quit attempt
Perceived facilitators
Factor | Description | Incentivised Group | Non-Incentivised Group |
---|---|---|---|
Endogenous
| |||
Awareness of the consequences of smoking & quitting
|
On the baby's health. Having knowledge or experience of the consequences of smoking on the unborn baby and thinking of potential harms |
✓
|
✓
|
On resources. Thinking that smoking leads to a waste of money and quitting efforts and experiencing the benefits of quitting on money and time |
✓
|
✓
| |
On personal health. Thinking of the consequences of smoking on health and experiencing the physical benefits of quitting |
✓
|
✓
| |
Dispositional factors
|
Personality. Possessing traits associated with an increased ability to maintain focus and persist with efforts |
✓
|
✓
|
Motivational strength. Wanting to quit and being focused on quitting |
✓
|
✓
| |
Mood. Being in a positive mood |
✓
|
✓
| |
Low addiction
|
Lack of Cravings. Not experiencing cravings for cigarettes and smoking |
✓
|
✓
|
Exogenous
| |||
Availability of support
|
i) Having friends, family and colleagues provide encouragement, praise, concurrent quitting, and prohibition of smoking or exposure to smoke |
✓
|
✓
|
Lack of exposure to smoke
| Lack of smoking in immediate environment and deliberately avoiding smoking situations |
✓
|
✓
|
Lack opportunity to smoke
| Decreased opportunities to smoke due to prohibition of smoking in certain places and around certain people, embarrassment of smoking in public, existence of health issues or preoccupation with other matters |
✓
|
✓
|
Stop Smoking Services
|
Receiving support& advice. Being provided with support by speaking to smoking cessation counsellors and receiving information and advice |
✓
|
✓
|
NRT. Receiving NRT |
✓
|
✓
| |
Receiving feedback. Getting feedback on progress, either verbally from members of the services, or by viewing improved CO levels |
✓
|
×
| |
Being monitored. Having CO levels checked by the Stop-Smoking Services |
✓
|
×
| |
Financial incentives
| Getting the vouchers |
✓
|
N/A
|
Perceived inhibitors
Factor | Description | Incentivised Group | Non-Incentivised Group |
---|---|---|---|
Endogenous
| |||
Disregarding the consequences of smoking & quitting
|
On the baby's health. Discounting the harm of smoking because of having experienced disconfirming situations. Also discounting harm because of reduced cigarette consumption or because of inability to visualise baby and disregarding the benefits of quitting at advanced pregnancy stage |
✓
|
✓
|
On personal health. Blocking out personal health concerns and disregarding harms of smoking due to lack of relevant experience or by dissociating self from smokers with health problems |
✓
|
✓
| |
Dispositional
factors
|
Personality. Possessing traits associated with a decreased ability to maintain focus and an increased likelihood of giving in to temptations |
✓
|
✓
|
Lack of motivation. Not really wanting to quit because of enjoying smoking or not considering quitting important |
✓
|
✓
| |
Mood. Being in a negative mood |
✓
|
✓
| |
Perceived benefits
of smoking
|
To deal with stress. Thinking that smoking helps with stress and using it to calm nerves down |
✓
|
✓
|
To deal with boredom. Smoking when bored |
✓
|
✓
| |
To control weight. Thinking that smoking helps control weight and that quitting would result in weight-gain |
✓
|
✓
| |
For social inclusion. Feeling left out when not smoking and using smoking for social inclusion |
✓
|
✓
| |
Addiction
|
Habit & Associations. Associating smoking with certain times of the day and being used to smoking in certain contexts |
✓
|
✓
|
Cravings. Experiencing cravings for cigarettes and smoking |
✓
|
✓
| |
Exogenous
| |||
Lack of social support
| Not receiving encouragement or praise, being told not to smoke and not having non-smoker peers to set example |
✓
|
✓
|
Exposure to smoke
| Being exposed to smoke in the immediate environment |
✓
|
✓
|
Availability of cigarettes & opportunity to smoke
| Smoking in situations that allow doing so, such as in the absence of certain people or when cigarettes are accessible |
✓
|
✓
|
Stop Smoking Services
|
Lack of Support& Advice. Being judged, not being listen to, not being given sufficient explanations and advise, not being followed-up and lacking attention and individualised support |
✓
|
✓
|
NRT provision problems. Not receiving the appropriate NRT |
×
|
✓
| |
Lack of expertise. Lack of experience regarding smoking cessation in general and during pregnancy |
×
|
✓
| |
Accessibility issues. Service not being local, waiting long to get an appointment or getting appointments at inconvenient times |
✓
|
✓
| |
Financial incentives
| Problems with getting the vouchers |
✓
|
N/A
|