Background
Methods
Participants
Measures
Independent variables
Dependent variable and control variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Variables | Total | Urban(n = 614) | Rural(n = 411) |
χ
2
/F
|
P
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | |||
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 416 | 40.59 | 250 | 40.72 | 166 | 40.39 | 0.0109 | 0.9167 |
Female | 609 | 59.41 | 364 | 59.28 | 245 | 59.61 | ||
Age (years old) | ||||||||
15–29 | 117 | 11.41 | 69 | 11.24 | 48 | 11.68 | 4.8173 | 0.3066 |
30–39 | 115 | 11.22 | 73 | 11.89 | 42 | 10.22 | ||
40–49 | 171 | 16.68 | 100 | 16.29 | 71 | 17.27 | ||
50–59 | 198 | 19.32 | 107 | 17.43 | 91 | 22.14 | ||
≥ 60 | 424 | 41.37 | 265 | 43.16 | 159 | 38.69 | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Han nationality | 1016 | 99.12 | 606 | 98.70 | 410 | 99.76 | 3.1730 | 0.0749 |
Others | 9 | 0.88 | 8 | 1.30 | 1 | 0.24 | ||
Religion | ||||||||
Yes | 36 | 3.51 | 27 | 4.40 | 9 | 2.19 | 3.5372 | 0.0600 |
No | 989 | 96.49 | 587 | 95.60 | 402 | 97.81 | ||
Education | ||||||||
College or more | 104 | 10.15 | 98 | 15.96 | 6 | 1.46 | 191.1864 | <.0001 |
Senior high | 244 | 23.80 | 204 | 33.22 | 40 | 9.73 | ||
Junior high | 305 | 29.76 | 175 | 28.50 | 130 | 31.63 | ||
Primary or less | 372 | 36.29 | 137 | 22.31 | 235 | 57.18 | ||
Self-reported economic status | ||||||||
Good | 154 | 15.02 | 96 | 15.64 | 58 | 14.11 | 59.3292 | <.0001 |
Fair | 635 | 61.95 | 427 | 69.54 | 208 | 50.61 | ||
Bad | 236 | 23.02 | 91 | 14.82 | 145 | 35.28 | ||
Smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 217 | 21.17 | 117 | 19.06 | 100 | 24.33 | 4.1018 | 0.0428 |
No | 808 | 78.83 | 497 | 80.94 | 311 | 75.67 | ||
Drinking | ||||||||
Yes | 153 | 14.93 | 81 | 13.19 | 72 | 17.52 | 3.6248 | 0.0569 |
No | 872 | 85.07 | 533 | 86.81 | 339 | 82.48 | ||
Chronic disease status | ||||||||
Yes | 492 | 48.00 | 297 | 48.37 | 195 | 47.45 | 0.0845 | 0.7713 |
No | 533 | 52.00 | 317 | 51.63 | 216 | 52.55 | ||
Family structure | ||||||||
Alone | 51 | 4.98 | 32 | 5.21 | 19 | 4.62 | 49.4675 | <.0001 |
Couple | 222 | 21.66 | 168 | 27.36 | 54 | 13.14 | ||
Nuclear family | 318 | 31.02 | 204 | 33.22 | 114 | 27.74 | ||
Extended family | 434 | 42.34 | 210 | 34.20 | 224 | 54.50 | ||
Family function | ||||||||
(Total APGAR score) | 8.10 | 2.18 | 8.11 | 2.13 | 8.09 | 2.27 | 0.01 | 0.9372 |
Levels of family function | ||||||||
Good (APGAR score = 7–10) | 810 | 79.02 | 487 | 79.32 | 323 | 78.59 | 0.1951 | 0.9071 |
Fair (APGAR score = 4–6) | 171 | 16.68 | 102 | 16.61 | 69 | 16.79 | ||
Bad (APGAR score = 0–3) | 44 | 4.29 | 25 | 4.07 | 19 | 4.62 | ||
Mental health | ||||||||
(GHQ-12 score) | 2.92 | 2.64 | 2.44 | 2.34 | 3.65 | 2.89 | 54.81 | <.0001 |
Tendency of mental disorder | ||||||||
Yes (GHQ-12 score ≥4) | 354 | 34.54 | 161 | 26.22 | 193 | 46.96 | 46.7824 | <.0001 |
No (GHQ-12 score <4) | 671 | 65.46 | 453 | 73.78 | 218 | 53.04 |
Family structure | Urban | Rural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD |
F
|
P
| Mean | SD |
F
|
P
| |
Alone | 7.69 | 2.71 | 3.88 | 0.0092 | 8.95 | 1.61 | 1.68 | 0.1712 |
Couple | 8.54 | 1.88 | 7.63 | 2.62 | ||||
Nuclear family | 7.84 | 2.10 | 8.10 | 2.35 | ||||
Extended family | 8.08 | 2.19 | 8.13 | 2.18 |
Urban | Rural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Independent variables | ||||||
Family structure (ref = Extended family) | ||||||
Alone | −0.36(−1.16,0.44) | −0.41(−1.17,0.35) | −0.45(−1.19,0.29) | 0.86(−0.43,2.15) | 0.21(−0.99,1.41) | 0.19(−0.99,1.37) |
Couple | −0.06(−0.49,0.37) | 0.12(−0.31,0.55) | 0.10(−0.31,0.51) | −0.27(−1.07,0.53) | −0.40(−1.14,0.34) | −0.47(−1.21,0.27) |
Nuclear family | 0.06(−0.35,0.47) | 0.12(−0.29,0.53) | 0.16(−0.25,0. 57) | −0.56(−1.17,0.05) | −0.41(−0.998,0.18) | −0.47(−1.04,0.10) |
Family function (APGAR) | ||||||
−0.40(−0.48,-0.32)*** | −0.33(−0.41,-0.25)*** | −0.32 (−0.40,-0.24)*** | −0.38(−0.50,-0.26)*** | −0.25(−0.35,-0.15)*** | −0.25(−0.35,-1.52)*** | |
Control variables | ||||||
Gender (ref = Female) | ||||||
Male | −0.37(−0.70,-0.04) * | −0.11(−0.28,0.50) | −0.54(−1.07,-0.01) * | −0.50(−1.17,0. 17) | ||
Age(ref = ≥60 years old) | ||||||
15-29 | 0.35(−0.26,0.96) | 0.83(0.18,1.48)* | −0.83(−1.81,0.15) | −0.38(−1.40,0.64) | ||
30-39 | 0.14(−0.43,0.71) | 0.64(0.03,1.25)* | −0.14(−1,12,0.84) | 0.32(−0.70,1.34) | ||
40-49 | 0.44(−0.11,0.99) | 0.89(0.32,1.46)** | −0.51(−1.29,0.27) | −0.15(−0.95,0.65) | ||
50-59 | 0.13(−0.36,0.62) | 0.40(−0.09,0.89) | 0.52(−0.17,1.21) | 0.67(−0.02,1.36) | ||
Education level (ref = Primary or less) | ||||||
Senior high or more | −0.55(−1.02,-0.08)* | −0.57(−1.04,-0.10)** | −0.94(−1.84,-0.04) * | −0.87(−1.75,0.01) | ||
Junior high | 0.14(−0.33,0.61) | −0.03(−0.50,0.44) | −0.14(−0.79,0.51) | −0.15(−0.78,0.48) | ||
Self-perceived economic status(ref = Bad) | ||||||
Good/Fair | −2.03(−2.50,-1.56)*** | −1.93(−2.38,-1.48)*** | −2.29(−2.80,-1.78)*** | −2.15(−2.66,-1.64)*** | ||
Tobacco smoking(ref = No) | ||||||
Yes | −0.36(−0.85,0.13) | 0.35(−0.38,1.08) | ||||
Alcohol drinking(ref = No) | ||||||
Yes | −0.26(−0.79,0.27) | d | −0.59(−1.32,0.14) | |||
Chronic disease status(ref = No) | ||||||
Yes | 0.82(0.45,1.19)*** | 0.81(0.26,1.36)** | ||||
R
2
| 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.32 |