Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 1/2016

11.05.2016

The effects of indoor and outdoor temperature on metabolic rate and adipose tissue – the Mississippi perspective on the obesity epidemic

verfasst von: J. B. Turner, A. Kumar, C. A. Koch

Erschienen in: Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders | Ausgabe 1/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Global warming, primarily caused by emissions of too much carbon dioxide, and climate change is a reality. This will lead to more extreme weather events with heatwaves and flooding. Some studies propose an association between thermal exposures and the prevalence of obesity with an increasing trend towards time spent in the thermal comfort zone. Longterm exposure to the thermal comfort zone can lead to a reduction of brown adipose tissue activity with an impact on energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Reduced seasonal cold exposure in combination with reduced diet-induced thermogenesis by a highly palatable high-fat and high-sugar diet and reduced physical activity contribute to the prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Krotkiewski M, Björntorp P, Sjöström L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest. 1983;72(3):1150–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Krotkiewski M, Björntorp P, Sjöström L, Smith U. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest. 1983;72(3):1150–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:763–78.PubMedCrossRef Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:763–78.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalgaard K, Landgraf K, Heyne S, Lempradl A, Longinotto J, Gossens K, et al. Trim28 haploinsufficiency triggers bi-stable epigenetic obesity. Cell. 2016;164(3):353–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dalgaard K, Landgraf K, Heyne S, Lempradl A, Longinotto J, Gossens K, et al. Trim28 haploinsufficiency triggers bi-stable epigenetic obesity. Cell. 2016;164(3):353–64.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015;518(7538):197–206.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015;518(7538):197–206.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Frühbeck G. Cross-talk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2016. doi:10.111/alpha.12686. Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Frühbeck G. Cross-talk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2016. doi:10.​111/​alpha.​12686.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Qiu S, Cai X, Sun Z, Schumann U, Zügel M, Steinacker JM. Chronic exercise training and circulating irisin in adults: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1577–88.PubMedCrossRef Qiu S, Cai X, Sun Z, Schumann U, Zügel M, Steinacker JM. Chronic exercise training and circulating irisin in adults: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(11):1577–88.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsuchiya Y, Ando D, Takamatsu K, Goto K. Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise. Metabolism. 2015;64(9):1042–50.PubMedCrossRef Tsuchiya Y, Ando D, Takamatsu K, Goto K. Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise. Metabolism. 2015;64(9):1042–50.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee P, Linderman JD, Smith S, Brychta RJ, Wang J, Idelson C, et al. Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. Cell Metab. 2014;19(2):302–9.PubMedCrossRef Lee P, Linderman JD, Smith S, Brychta RJ, Wang J, Idelson C, et al. Irisin and FGF21 are cold-induced endocrine activators of brown fat function in humans. Cell Metab. 2014;19(2):302–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Andresen M, Gazmuri JT, Marín A, Regueira T, Rovegno M. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute brain injuries. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Andresen M, Gazmuri JT, Marín A, Regueira T, Rovegno M. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute brain injuries. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23:42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Dodd GT, Decherf S, Loh K, Simonds SE, Wiede F, Ballarnd E, et al. Leptin and insulin act on POMC neurons to promote the browning of white fat. Cell. 2015;160(1–2):88–104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dodd GT, Decherf S, Loh K, Simonds SE, Wiede F, Ballarnd E, et al. Leptin and insulin act on POMC neurons to promote the browning of white fat. Cell. 2015;160(1–2):88–104.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurylowicz A, Jonas M, Lisik W, Jonas M, Wicik ZA, Wierzbicki Z, et al. Obesity is associated with a decrease in expression but not with the hypermethylation of thermogenesis-related genes in adipose tissue. J Transl Med. 2015;13:31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kurylowicz A, Jonas M, Lisik W, Jonas M, Wicik ZA, Wierzbicki Z, et al. Obesity is associated with a decrease in expression but not with the hypermethylation of thermogenesis-related genes in adipose tissue. J Transl Med. 2015;13:31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Kameya T, Kawai Y, et al. Age-related decrease in cold-activated brown adipose tissue and accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(9):1755–60.CrossRef Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Kameya T, Kawai Y, et al. Age-related decrease in cold-activated brown adipose tissue and accumulation of body fat in healthy humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(9):1755–60.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis TR. Chamber cold acclimatization in man. Rep US Army Med Res Lab. 1961;19(475):1–8. Davis TR. Chamber cold acclimatization in man. Rep US Army Med Res Lab. 1961;19(475):1–8.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Saeki K, Obayashi K, Kurumatani N. Obesity and indoor cold exposure: a cross-sectional analysis of population-based study (The HEIJO-KYO Cohort). Poster 608. Boston: The Endocrine Society Meeting; 2016. Saeki K, Obayashi K, Kurumatani N. Obesity and indoor cold exposure: a cross-sectional analysis of population-based study (The HEIJO-KYO Cohort). Poster 608. Boston: The Endocrine Society Meeting; 2016.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Celi FS, Le TN, Ni B. Physiology and relevance of human adaptive thermogenesis response. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26(5):238–47.PubMedCrossRef Celi FS, Le TN, Ni B. Physiology and relevance of human adaptive thermogenesis response. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26(5):238–47.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bakker LE, Boon MR, van der Linden RA, Arias-Bouda LP, van Klinken JB, Smit F, et al. Brown adipose tissue volume in healthy lean south Asian adults compared with white Caucasians: a prospective, case-controlled observational study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(3):210–7.PubMedCrossRef Bakker LE, Boon MR, van der Linden RA, Arias-Bouda LP, van Klinken JB, Smit F, et al. Brown adipose tissue volume in healthy lean south Asian adults compared with white Caucasians: a prospective, case-controlled observational study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(3):210–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Costello JT, Baker PR, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;9, CD01078. Costello JT, Baker PR, Minett GM, Bieuzen F, Stewart IB, Bleakley C. Whole-body cryotherapy (extreme cold air exposure) for preventing and treating muscle soreness after exercise in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;9, CD01078.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Sommer F, Stahlman M, Ilkayeva O, Arnemo JM, Kindberg J, Josefsson J, et al. The gut microbiota modulates energy metabolism in the hibernating brown bear ursus arctos. Cell Rep. 2016;14(7):1655–61.PubMedCrossRef Sommer F, Stahlman M, Ilkayeva O, Arnemo JM, Kindberg J, Josefsson J, et al. The gut microbiota modulates energy metabolism in the hibernating brown bear ursus arctos. Cell Rep. 2016;14(7):1655–61.PubMedCrossRef
21.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinez Steele E, Baraldi LG, Louzada M, Moubarac JC, Mozaffarian D, Monteiro CA. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ. 6(3):e009892. Martinez Steele E, Baraldi LG, Louzada M, Moubarac JC, Mozaffarian D, Monteiro CA. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ. 6(3):e009892.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Yassour M, Lim MY, Yun HS, Tickle TL, Sung J, Song YM, et al. Subclinical detection of gut microbioal biomarkers of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yassour M, Lim MY, Yun HS, Tickle TL, Sung J, Song YM, et al. Subclinical detection of gut microbioal biomarkers of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Nielsen T, Falony G, Le Chatelier E, Sunagawa S, et al. Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2015;528(7581):262–6.PubMedCrossRef Forslund K, Hildebrand F, Nielsen T, Falony G, Le Chatelier E, Sunagawa S, et al. Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2015;528(7581):262–6.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Stumvoll M, Nurjhan N, Perriello G, Dailey G, Gerich JE. Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(9):550–4.PubMedCrossRef Stumvoll M, Nurjhan N, Perriello G, Dailey G, Gerich JE. Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(9):550–4.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Seifarth C, Schehleer B, Schneider HJ. Effectiveness of metformin on weight loss in non-diabetic individuals with obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013;121:27–31.PubMed Seifarth C, Schehleer B, Schneider HJ. Effectiveness of metformin on weight loss in non-diabetic individuals with obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013;121:27–31.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:731–7.CrossRef Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:731–7.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Malin SK, Kashvap SR. Effects of metformin on weight loss: potential mechanisms. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21:323–9.PubMedCrossRef Malin SK, Kashvap SR. Effects of metformin on weight loss: potential mechanisms. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21:323–9.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Kern P, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Physiological responses of ectotherms to daily temperature variation. J Exp Biol. 2015;218(Pt 19):3068–76.PubMedCrossRef Kern P, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Physiological responses of ectotherms to daily temperature variation. J Exp Biol. 2015;218(Pt 19):3068–76.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Beaman JE, White CR, Seebacher F. Evolution of plasticity: mechanistic link between development and reversible acclimation. Trends Ecol Evol. 2016;31(3):237–49.PubMedCrossRef Beaman JE, White CR, Seebacher F. Evolution of plasticity: mechanistic link between development and reversible acclimation. Trends Ecol Evol. 2016;31(3):237–49.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Sinclair BJ, Stinziano JR, Williams CM, Macmillan HA, Marshall KE, Storey KB. Real-time measurement of metabolic rate during freezing and thawing of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica: implications for overwinter energy use. J Exp Biol. 2013;216(Pt 2):292–302.PubMedCrossRef Sinclair BJ, Stinziano JR, Williams CM, Macmillan HA, Marshall KE, Storey KB. Real-time measurement of metabolic rate during freezing and thawing of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica: implications for overwinter energy use. J Exp Biol. 2013;216(Pt 2):292–302.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Saxton C. Effects of severe heat stress on respiration and metabolic rate in resting man. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1981;52(5):281–6.PubMed Saxton C. Effects of severe heat stress on respiration and metabolic rate in resting man. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1981;52(5):281–6.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates G, Gazey C, Cena K. Factors affecting heat illness when working in conditions of thermal stress. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1996;25(1):13–20. Bates G, Gazey C, Cena K. Factors affecting heat illness when working in conditions of thermal stress. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1996;25(1):13–20.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams JD, Ganio MS, Burchfield JM, Matthews AC, Werner RN, Chokbengboun AJ, et al. Effects of obesity on body temperature in otherwise-healthy females when controlling hydration and heat production during exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(1):167–76.PubMedCrossRef Adams JD, Ganio MS, Burchfield JM, Matthews AC, Werner RN, Chokbengboun AJ, et al. Effects of obesity on body temperature in otherwise-healthy females when controlling hydration and heat production during exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(1):167–76.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Westerterp-Plantenga MS, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Cilissen C, Top S. Energy metabolism in women during short exposure to the thermoneutral zone. Physiol Behav. 2002;75(1–2):227–35.PubMedCrossRef Westerterp-Plantenga MS, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Cilissen C, Top S. Energy metabolism in women during short exposure to the thermoneutral zone. Physiol Behav. 2002;75(1–2):227–35.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Valdés S, Maldonado-Araque C, García-Torres F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, et al. Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population. The Diabetes study Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(11):2328–32.CrossRef Valdés S, Maldonado-Araque C, García-Torres F, Goday A, Bosch-Comas A, Bordiú E, et al. Ambient temperature and prevalence of obesity in the Spanish population. The Diabetes study Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(11):2328–32.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Daly M. Association of ambient indoor temperature with body mass index in England. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(3):626–9.CrossRef Daly M. Association of ambient indoor temperature with body mass index in England. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(3):626–9.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Tainter ML, Stockton AB, Cutting WC. Dinitrophenol in the treatment of obesity. JAMA. 1935;105:332–7.CrossRef Tainter ML, Stockton AB, Cutting WC. Dinitrophenol in the treatment of obesity. JAMA. 1935;105:332–7.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Miranda EJ, McIntyre IM, Parker DR, Gary RD, Logan BK. Two deaths attributed to the use of 2,4-dinitrophenol. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30(3):219–22.PubMedCrossRef Miranda EJ, McIntyre IM, Parker DR, Gary RD, Logan BK. Two deaths attributed to the use of 2,4-dinitrophenol. J Anal Toxicol. 2006;30(3):219–22.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry RJ, Zhang D, Zhang XM, Boyer JL, Shulman GI. Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore reverses diabetes and steatohepatitis in rats. Science. 2015;347(6227):1253–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Perry RJ, Zhang D, Zhang XM, Boyer JL, Shulman GI. Controlled-release mitochondrial protonophore reverses diabetes and steatohepatitis in rats. Science. 2015;347(6227):1253–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Plummer C, Springer PJ, Marotta R, Chin J, Taylor G, Sharpe D, et al. Multiple symmetrical lipomatosis – a mitochondrial disorder of brown fat. Mitochondrion. 2013;13(4):269–76.PubMedCrossRef Plummer C, Springer PJ, Marotta R, Chin J, Taylor G, Sharpe D, et al. Multiple symmetrical lipomatosis – a mitochondrial disorder of brown fat. Mitochondrion. 2013;13(4):269–76.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Rak M, Bénit P, Chrétien D, Bouchereau J, Schiff M, El-Khoury R, et al. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(6):393–407.CrossRef Rak M, Bénit P, Chrétien D, Bouchereau J, Schiff M, El-Khoury R, et al. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(6):393–407.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaur S, Sachdev HP, Dwivedi SN, Lakshmy R, Kapil U. Prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst school children in Delhi, India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):592–6.PubMed Kaur S, Sachdev HP, Dwivedi SN, Lakshmy R, Kapil U. Prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst school children in Delhi, India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):592–6.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Rohilla R, Rajput M, Rohilla J, Malik M, Garg D, Verma M. Prevalence and correlates of overweight/obesity among adolescents in an Urban City of North India. Family Med Prim Care. 2014;3(4):404–8. Rohilla R, Rajput M, Rohilla J, Malik M, Garg D, Verma M. Prevalence and correlates of overweight/obesity among adolescents in an Urban City of North India. Family Med Prim Care. 2014;3(4):404–8.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960–62 through 2005–2006. National health and nutrition examination survey National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of overweight, obesity and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960–62 through 2005–2006. National health and nutrition examination survey
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritivie sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mattes RD, Popkin BM. Nonnutritivie sweetener consumption in humans: effects on appetite and food intake and their putative mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Mintel. Ingredient trends – US – December 2004 – Market research report Mintel. Ingredient trends – US – December 2004 – Market research report
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kroger M, Meister K, Kava R. Low-calorie sweeteners and other sugar substitutes: a review of the safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2006;5:35–47.CrossRef Kroger M, Meister K, Kava R. Low-calorie sweeteners and other sugar substitutes: a review of the safety issues. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2006;5:35–47.CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang Q. Gain weight by going diet? Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):101–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Yang Q. Gain weight by going diet? Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: neuroscience 2010. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(2):101–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Rolland-Cachera MF, Scaglioni S. Role of nutrients in promoting adiposity development. In ML Frelut (Ed.), The ECOG’s eBook on child and adolescent obesity. 2015; Retrieved from ebook.ecog-obesity.eu Rolland-Cachera MF, Scaglioni S. Role of nutrients in promoting adiposity development. In ML Frelut (Ed.), The ECOG’s eBook on child and adolescent obesity. 2015; Retrieved from ebook.ecog-obesity.eu
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Asta K, Miller AL, Retzloff L, Rosenblum K, Kaciroti NA, Lumeng JC. Eating in the absence of hunger and weight gain in low-income toddlers. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5), e20153786.CrossRef Asta K, Miller AL, Retzloff L, Rosenblum K, Kaciroti NA, Lumeng JC. Eating in the absence of hunger and weight gain in low-income toddlers. Pediatrics. 2016;137(5), e20153786.CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Koch CA. Endocrine hypertension: what is new? Rev Port Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2012;7(2):50–9. Koch CA. Endocrine hypertension: what is new? Rev Port Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2012;7(2):50–9.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Vinik AI, Nevoret M, Casellini C, Parson H. Neurovascular function and sudorimetry in health and disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(4):517–32.PubMedCrossRef Vinik AI, Nevoret M, Casellini C, Parson H. Neurovascular function and sudorimetry in health and disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(4):517–32.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Voulgari C, Pagoni S, Vinik A, Poirier P. Exercise improves cardiac autonomic function in obesity and diabetes. Metabolism. 2013;62(5):609–21.PubMedCrossRef Voulgari C, Pagoni S, Vinik A, Poirier P. Exercise improves cardiac autonomic function in obesity and diabetes. Metabolism. 2013;62(5):609–21.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Colberg SR, Vinik AI. Exercising with peripheral or autonomic neuropathy: what health care providers and diabetic patients need to know. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(1):15–23.PubMedCrossRef Colberg SR, Vinik AI. Exercising with peripheral or autonomic neuropathy: what health care providers and diabetic patients need to know. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(1):15–23.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson F, Mavrogianni A, Ucci M, Vidal-Puig A, Wardle J. Could increased time spent in a thermal comfort zone contribute to population increases in obesity? Obes Rev. 2011;12(7):543–51.PubMedCrossRef Johnson F, Mavrogianni A, Ucci M, Vidal-Puig A, Wardle J. Could increased time spent in a thermal comfort zone contribute to population increases in obesity? Obes Rev. 2011;12(7):543–51.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Mavrogianni A, Johnson F, Ucci M, Marmot A, Wardle J, Oreszczyn T, et al. Historic variations in winter indoor domestic temperatures and potential implications for body weight gain. Indoor Built Environ. 2013;22(2):360–75.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mavrogianni A, Johnson F, Ucci M, Marmot A, Wardle J, Oreszczyn T, et al. Historic variations in winter indoor domestic temperatures and potential implications for body weight gain. Indoor Built Environ. 2013;22(2):360–75.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Pontzer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Dugas LR, Plange-Rhule J, Bovet P, Forrester TE, et al. Constrained total energy expenditure and metabolic adaptation to physical activity in adult humans. Curr Biol. 2016;26(3):410–7.PubMedCrossRef Pontzer H, Durazo-Arvizu R, Dugas LR, Plange-Rhule J, Bovet P, Forrester TE, et al. Constrained total energy expenditure and metabolic adaptation to physical activity in adult humans. Curr Biol. 2016;26(3):410–7.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Hamann A, Muenzberg H, Tafel J, Ziegler R. Some may feel hot: significance of thermogenesis for energy metabolism and the treatment of obesity. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2001;126(9):241–6.PubMedCrossRef Hamann A, Muenzberg H, Tafel J, Ziegler R. Some may feel hot: significance of thermogenesis for energy metabolism and the treatment of obesity. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2001;126(9):241–6.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Greco-Perotto R, Zaninetti D, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Bobbioni E, Jeanrenaud B. Stimulatory effect of cold adaptation on glucose utilization by brown adipose tissue. Relationship with changes in the glucose transporter system. J Biol Chem. 1987;262(16):7732–6.PubMed Greco-Perotto R, Zaninetti D, Assimacopoulos-Jeannet F, Bobbioni E, Jeanrenaud B. Stimulatory effect of cold adaptation on glucose utilization by brown adipose tissue. Relationship with changes in the glucose transporter system. J Biol Chem. 1987;262(16):7732–6.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Skarulis MC, Celi FS, Mueller E, Zemskova M, Malek R, Hugendubler L, et al. Thyroid hormone induced brown adipose tissue and amelioration of diabetes in a patient with extreme insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(1):256–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Skarulis MC, Celi FS, Mueller E, Zemskova M, Malek R, Hugendubler L, et al. Thyroid hormone induced brown adipose tissue and amelioration of diabetes in a patient with extreme insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(1):256–62.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Kayahara T, Kameya T, Kawai Y, et al. Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(8):3404–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Kayahara T, Kameya T, Kawai Y, et al. Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(8):3404–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1509–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1509–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouillaud F, Combes-George M, Ricquier D. Mitochondria of adult human brown adipose tissue contain a 32 000-Mr uncoupling protein. Biosci Rep. 1983;3:775–80.PubMedCrossRef Bouillaud F, Combes-George M, Ricquier D. Mitochondria of adult human brown adipose tissue contain a 32 000-Mr uncoupling protein. Biosci Rep. 1983;3:775–80.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee P, Zhao JT, Swarbrick MM, Gracie G, Bova R, Greenfield JR, et al. High prevalence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2450–5.PubMedCrossRef Lee P, Zhao JT, Swarbrick MM, Gracie G, Bova R, Greenfield JR, et al. High prevalence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2450–5.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B. Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E444–52.PubMedCrossRef Nedergaard J, Bengtsson T, Cannon B. Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E444–52.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, Heglind M, Westergren R, Niemi T, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1518–25.PubMedCrossRef Virtanen KA, Lidell ME, Orava J, Heglind M, Westergren R, Niemi T, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1518–25.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1500–8.PubMedCrossRef Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1500–8.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu J, Bostr MP, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang AH, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell. 2012;150:366–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wu J, Bostr MP, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang AH, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell. 2012;150:366–76.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Shabalina IG, Petrovic N, de Jong JM, Kalinovich AV, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue mitochondria is functionally thermogenic. Cell Rep. 2013;5:1196–203.PubMedCrossRef Shabalina IG, Petrovic N, de Jong JM, Kalinovich AV, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue mitochondria is functionally thermogenic. Cell Rep. 2013;5:1196–203.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee P, Swarbrick MM, Ho KK. Brown adipose tissue in adult humans: a metabolic renaissance. Endocr Rev. 2013;34:413–38.PubMedCrossRef Lee P, Swarbrick MM, Ho KK. Brown adipose tissue in adult humans: a metabolic renaissance. Endocr Rev. 2013;34:413–38.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:277–359.PubMedCrossRef Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:277–359.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Ricquier D. Uncoupling protein 1 of brown adipocytes, the only uncoupler: a historical perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012;2:85. Ricquier D. Uncoupling protein 1 of brown adipocytes, the only uncoupler: a historical perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012;2:85.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Lans AA, Hoeks J, Brans B, Vijgen GH, Visser MG, Vosselman MJ, et al. Cold acclimation recruits humanbrown fat and increases nonshivering thermogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:3395–403.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van der Lans AA, Hoeks J, Brans B, Vijgen GH, Visser MG, Vosselman MJ, et al. Cold acclimation recruits humanbrown fat and increases nonshivering thermogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:3395–403.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Kayahara T, Kameya T, Kawai Y, et al. Recruited brown adipose tissue asan antiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:3404–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yoneshiro T, Aita S, Matsushita M, Kayahara T, Kameya T, Kawai Y, et al. Recruited brown adipose tissue asan antiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:3404–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulder NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1500–8.PubMedCrossRef Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulder NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(15):1500–8.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Huttunen P, Hirvonen J, Kinnula V. The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in outdoor workers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1981;46:339–45.PubMedCrossRef Huttunen P, Hirvonen J, Kinnula V. The occurrence of brown adipose tissue in outdoor workers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1981;46:339–45.PubMedCrossRef
79.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohade C, Mourtzikos KA, Wahl RL. USA-Fat’: prevalence is related to ambient outdoor temperature-evaluation with 18 F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1267–70.PubMed Cohade C, Mourtzikos KA, Wahl RL. USA-Fat’: prevalence is related to ambient outdoor temperature-evaluation with 18 F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:1267–70.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat van Ooijen AM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, van Steenhoven AA, Westerterp KR. Seasonal changes in metabolic and temperature responses to cold air in humans. Physiol Behav. 2004;82:545–53.PubMedCrossRef van Ooijen AM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, van Steenhoven AA, Westerterp KR. Seasonal changes in metabolic and temperature responses to cold air in humans. Physiol Behav. 2004;82:545–53.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Murano I, Barbatelli G, Giordano A, Cinti S. Noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fiber branching after cold acclimatisation correlates with brown adipocyte density in mouse adipose organ. J Anat. 2009;214:171–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Murano I, Barbatelli G, Giordano A, Cinti S. Noradrenergic parenchymal nerve fiber branching after cold acclimatisation correlates with brown adipocyte density in mouse adipose organ. J Anat. 2009;214:171–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen KD, Qiu Y, Cui X, Goh YP, Mwangi J, David T, et al. Alternatively activated macrophages produce catecholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis. Nature. 2011;480:104–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nguyen KD, Qiu Y, Cui X, Goh YP, Mwangi J, David T, et al. Alternatively activated macrophages produce catecholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis. Nature. 2011;480:104–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Collins S. β-adrenoceptor signaling networks in adipocytes for recruiting stored fat and energy expenditure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012;2:102. Collins S. β-adrenoceptor signaling networks in adipocytes for recruiting stored fat and energy expenditure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2012;2:102.
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Asano A, Morimatsu M, Nikami H, Yoshida T, Saito M. Adrenergic activation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in rat brown adipose tissue: implication in cold-induced angiogenesis. Biochem J. 1997;328:179–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Asano A, Morimatsu M, Nikami H, Yoshida T, Saito M. Adrenergic activation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression in rat brown adipose tissue: implication in cold-induced angiogenesis. Biochem J. 1997;328:179–83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Tonello C, Giordano A, Cozzi V, Cinti S, Stock MJ, Carruba MO, et al. Role of sympathetic activity in controlling the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in brown fat cells of lean and genetically obese rats. FEBS Lett. 1999;442(2–3):167–72.PubMedCrossRef Tonello C, Giordano A, Cozzi V, Cinti S, Stock MJ, Carruba MO, et al. Role of sympathetic activity in controlling the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in brown fat cells of lean and genetically obese rats. FEBS Lett. 1999;442(2–3):167–72.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Uldry M, Yang W, St-Pierre J, Lin J, Seale P, Spiegelman BM. Complementary action of the PGC-1 coactivators in mitochondrial biogenesis and brown fat differentiation. Cell Metab. 2006;3:333–41.PubMedCrossRef Uldry M, Yang W, St-Pierre J, Lin J, Seale P, Spiegelman BM. Complementary action of the PGC-1 coactivators in mitochondrial biogenesis and brown fat differentiation. Cell Metab. 2006;3:333–41.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Leone TC, Lehman JJ, Fink BN, Schaeffer PJ, Wende AR, Boudina S, et al. PGC-1α deficiency causes multi-system energy metabolic derangements: muscle dysfunction, abnormal weight control and hepatic steatosis. PLoS Biol. 2005;3, e101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Leone TC, Lehman JJ, Fink BN, Schaeffer PJ, Wende AR, Boudina S, et al. PGC-1α deficiency causes multi-system energy metabolic derangements: muscle dysfunction, abnormal weight control and hepatic steatosis. PLoS Biol. 2005;3, e101.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Wulf A, Harneit A, Kroger M, Kebenko M, Wetzel MG, Weitzel JM. T3-mediated expression of PGC-1α via a far upstream located thyroid hormone response element. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2008;287:90–5.PubMedCrossRef Wulf A, Harneit A, Kroger M, Kebenko M, Wetzel MG, Weitzel JM. T3-mediated expression of PGC-1α via a far upstream located thyroid hormone response element. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2008;287:90–5.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Hondares E, Mora O, Yubero P, de la Concepcion RM, Iglesias R, Giralt M, et al. Thiazolidinediones and rexinoids induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator (PGC)-1α gene transcription: an autoregulatory loop controls PGC-1α expression in adipocytes via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivation. Endocrinology. 2006;147:2829–38.PubMedCrossRef Hondares E, Mora O, Yubero P, de la Concepcion RM, Iglesias R, Giralt M, et al. Thiazolidinediones and rexinoids induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator (PGC)-1α gene transcription: an autoregulatory loop controls PGC-1α expression in adipocytes via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivation. Endocrinology. 2006;147:2829–38.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Chartoumpekis DV, Habeos IG, Ziros PG, Psyrogiannis AI, Kyriazopoulou VE, Papavassiliou AG. Brown adipose tissue responds to cold and adrenergic stimulation by induction of FGF21. Mol Med. 2011;17:736–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chartoumpekis DV, Habeos IG, Ziros PG, Psyrogiannis AI, Kyriazopoulou VE, Papavassiliou AG. Brown adipose tissue responds to cold and adrenergic stimulation by induction of FGF21. Mol Med. 2011;17:736–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Hondares E, Iglesias R, Giralt A, Gonzales FJ, Giralt M, Mampel T, et al. Thermogenic activation induces FGF21 expression and release in brown adipose tissue. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:12983–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hondares E, Iglesias R, Giralt A, Gonzales FJ, Giralt M, Mampel T, et al. Thermogenic activation induces FGF21 expression and release in brown adipose tissue. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:12983–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee P, Smith S, Linderman J, Courville AB, Brychta RJ, Dieckmann W, et al. Temperature-acclimated brown adipose tissue modulates insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63(11):3686–98.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee P, Smith S, Linderman J, Courville AB, Brychta RJ, Dieckmann W, et al. Temperature-acclimated brown adipose tissue modulates insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63(11):3686–98.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenwald M, Perdikari A, Rulicke T, Wolfrum C. Bi-directional interconversion of brite and white adipocytes. Nat Cell Biol. 2013;15:659–67.PubMedCrossRef Rosenwald M, Perdikari A, Rulicke T, Wolfrum C. Bi-directional interconversion of brite and white adipocytes. Nat Cell Biol. 2013;15:659–67.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Allard M, Leblanc J. Effects of cold acclimation, cold exposure, and palatability on postprandial thermogenesis in rats. Int J Obes. 1988;12:169–78.PubMed Allard M, Leblanc J. Effects of cold acclimation, cold exposure, and palatability on postprandial thermogenesis in rats. Int J Obes. 1988;12:169–78.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothwell NJ, Saville ME, Stock MJ. Factors influencing the acute effect of food on oxygen consumption in the rat. Int J Obes. 1982;6:53–9.PubMed Rothwell NJ, Saville ME, Stock MJ. Factors influencing the acute effect of food on oxygen consumption in the rat. Int J Obes. 1982;6:53–9.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ, Theriault G, et al. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1477–82.PubMedCrossRef Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Nadeau A, Lupien PJ, Theriault G, et al. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1477–82.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Joosen AM, Bakker AH, Westerterp KR. Metabolic efficiency and energy expenditure during short-term overfeeding. Physiol Behav. 2005;85:593–7.PubMedCrossRef Joosen AM, Bakker AH, Westerterp KR. Metabolic efficiency and energy expenditure during short-term overfeeding. Physiol Behav. 2005;85:593–7.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagai N, Sakane N, Ueno LM, Hamada T, Moritani T. The −3826 A–G variant of the uncoupling protein-1 gene diminishes postprandial thermogenesis after a high fat meal in healthy boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5661–7.PubMedCrossRef Nagai N, Sakane N, Ueno LM, Hamada T, Moritani T. The −3826 A–G variant of the uncoupling protein-1 gene diminishes postprandial thermogenesis after a high fat meal in healthy boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5661–7.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Sramkova D, Krejbichova S, Vcelak J, Vankova M, Samalikova P, Hill M, et al. The UCP1 gene polymorphism A-3826G in relation to DM2 and body composition in Czech population. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007;115:303–7.PubMedCrossRef Sramkova D, Krejbichova S, Vcelak J, Vankova M, Samalikova P, Hill M, et al. The UCP1 gene polymorphism A-3826G in relation to DM2 and body composition in Czech population. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2007;115:303–7.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Kern PA, Finlin BS, Zhu B, Rasouli N, McGehee Jr RE, Westgate PM, et al. The effects of temperature and seasons on subcutaneous white adipose tissue in humans: evidence for thermogenic gene induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E2772–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kern PA, Finlin BS, Zhu B, Rasouli N, McGehee Jr RE, Westgate PM, et al. The effects of temperature and seasons on subcutaneous white adipose tissue in humans: evidence for thermogenic gene induction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E2772–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunt DRG, Gidman MI. A national field survey of house temperatures. Build Environ. 1982;17:107–24.CrossRef Hunt DRG, Gidman MI. A national field survey of house temperatures. Build Environ. 1982;17:107–24.CrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Department for the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR). English house condition survey 1996. UK. Department for the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR). English house condition survey 1996. UK.
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Chappells H, Shove E. Debating the future of comfort: environmental sustainability, energy consumption and the indoor environment. Build Res Inf. 2005;33:32–40.CrossRef Chappells H, Shove E. Debating the future of comfort: environmental sustainability, energy consumption and the indoor environment. Build Res Inf. 2005;33:32–40.CrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Healy S. Air-conditioning and the ‘homogenization’ of people and built environments. Build Res Inf. 2008;36:32–41.CrossRef Healy S. Air-conditioning and the ‘homogenization’ of people and built environments. Build Res Inf. 2008;36:32–41.CrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Besnard P. Lipids and obesity: also a matter of taste? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016; in press Besnard P. Lipids and obesity: also a matter of taste? Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016; in press
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Claussnitzer M, Dankel SN, Kim KH, Quon G, Meuleman W, Haugen C, et al. FTO obesity variant circuity and adipocyte browning in humans. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):895–907.PubMedCrossRef Claussnitzer M, Dankel SN, Kim KH, Quon G, Meuleman W, Haugen C, et al. FTO obesity variant circuity and adipocyte browning in humans. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(10):895–907.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Reed HL, Silverman ED, Shakir KM, Dons R, Burman KD, O’Brian JT. Changes in serum triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics after prolonged Antarctic residence: the polar T3 syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(4):965–74.PubMedCrossRef Reed HL, Silverman ED, Shakir KM, Dons R, Burman KD, O’Brian JT. Changes in serum triiodothyronine (T3) kinetics after prolonged Antarctic residence: the polar T3 syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70(4):965–74.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanefeld M, Pistrosch F, Bornstein SR, Birkenfeld AL. The metabolic vascular syndrome – guide to an individualized treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016 Hanefeld M, Pistrosch F, Bornstein SR, Birkenfeld AL. The metabolic vascular syndrome – guide to an individualized treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramanathan V, Carmichael G. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci. 2008;1:221–7.CrossRef Ramanathan V, Carmichael G. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci. 2008;1:221–7.CrossRef
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Darviri C, Alexopoulos EC, Artemiadis AK, Tigani X, Kraniotou C, Darvyri P, et al. The healthy lifestyle and personal control questionnaire (HLPCQ): a novel tool for assessing self-empowerment through a constellation of daily activities. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:995.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Darviri C, Alexopoulos EC, Artemiadis AK, Tigani X, Kraniotou C, Darvyri P, et al. The healthy lifestyle and personal control questionnaire (HLPCQ): a novel tool for assessing self-empowerment through a constellation of daily activities. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:995.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Karatzi K, Moschonis G, Barouti AA, Lionis C, Chrousos GP, Manios Y. Healthy growth study group. Dietary patterns and breakfast consumption in relation to insulin resistance in children. The healthy growth study. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(12):2790–7.PubMedCrossRef Karatzi K, Moschonis G, Barouti AA, Lionis C, Chrousos GP, Manios Y. Healthy growth study group. Dietary patterns and breakfast consumption in relation to insulin resistance in children. The healthy growth study. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(12):2790–7.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Mennella JA, Bobowski NK, Reed DR. The development of sweet taste: from biology to hedonics. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; in press Mennella JA, Bobowski NK, Reed DR. The development of sweet taste: from biology to hedonics. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; in press
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Markou A, Sertedaki A, Kaltsas G, Androulakis II, Marakaki C, Pappa T, et al. Stress-induced aldosterone hypersecretion in a substantial subset of patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2857–64.PubMedCrossRef Markou A, Sertedaki A, Kaltsas G, Androulakis II, Marakaki C, Pappa T, et al. Stress-induced aldosterone hypersecretion in a substantial subset of patients with essential hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2857–64.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Endocrine Hypertension (editors: Koch CA & Chrousos GP), Contemporary endocrinology series, Springer, New York, 2013. Endocrine Hypertension (editors: Koch CA & Chrousos GP), Contemporary endocrinology series, Springer, New York, 2013.
Metadaten
Titel
The effects of indoor and outdoor temperature on metabolic rate and adipose tissue – the Mississippi perspective on the obesity epidemic
verfasst von
J. B. Turner
A. Kumar
C. A. Koch
Publikationsdatum
11.05.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Ausgabe 1/2016
Print ISSN: 1389-9155
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2606
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-016-9358-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2016

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 1/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.