Background
Methods
Ethics statements
Study design and population
Randomization and treatment allocation
Outcomes
Anthropometric measures
Clinical measures
Biochemical measures
Sample size calculation
Statistical analysis
Results
Placebo group (n = 30) | Magnesium-zinc-calcium-vitamin D group (n = 30) | P1 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 29.1 ± 4.1 | 27.7 ± 4.0 | 0.19 |
Height (cm) | 163.5 ± 3.7 | 162.8 ± 4.1 | 0.48 |
Weight at study baseline (kg) | 67.6 ± 6.1 | 68.2 ± 9.4 | 0.78 |
Weight at end-of-trial (kg) | 69.4 ± 6.1 | 70.0 ± 9.2 | 0.76 |
BMI at study baseline (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 2.5 | 25.8 ± 3.7 | 0.66 |
BMI at end-of-trial (kg/m2) | 26.0 ± 2.6 | 26.4 ± 3.6 | 0.58 |
Placebo group (n = 30) | Magnesium-zinc-calcium-vitamin D group (n = 30) | P1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wk0 | Wk6 | Change | Wk0 | Wk6 | Change | ||
FPG (mg/dL) | 95.1 ± 5.4 | 94.2 ± 5.7 | -0.9 ± 4.5 | 93.1 ± 2.5 | 88.8 ± 4.7 | -4.3±4.9 | 0.008 |
Magnesium (mg/dL) | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | − 0.05 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.002 |
Zinc (mg/dL) | 83.9 ± 8.1 | 84.3 ± 8.1 | 0.4 ± 2.6 | 80.3 ± 8.8 | 84.4 ± 9.1 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
25-OH-vitamin D (ng/mL) | 13.5 ± 3.6 | 17.3 ± 3.1 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 4.2 | 18.7 ± 4.7 | 6.1 ± 3.5 | 0.001 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 7.0 ± 2.6 | 0.8 ± 2.0 | 6.9 ± 1.7 | 5.7 ± 3.7 | −1.2 ± 3.5 | 0.01 |
Total nitrite (μmol/L) | 40.9 ± 10.3 | 41.2 ± 17.7 | 0.3 ± 15.3 | 43.1 ± 5.5 | 44.3 ± 6.1 | 1.2 ± 7.1 | 0.76 |
TAC (mmol/L) | 694.8 ± 111.6 | 678.4 ± 89.9 | −16.3 ± 93.5 | 619.4 ± 81.1 | 657.6 ± 98.1 | 38.2 ± 76.5 | 0.01 |
GSH (μmol/L) | 475.9 ± 112.0 | 466.9 ± 109.2 | −9.0 ± 96.6 | 474.2 ± 121.7 | 486.1 ± 115.6 | 11.9 ± 63.7 | 0.32 |
MDA (μmol/L) | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | −0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.003 |
Placebo group (n = 30) | Magnesium-zinc-calcium-vitamin D group (n = 30) | P1 | |
---|---|---|---|
Cesarean section (%) | 9 (30.0) | 4 (13.3) | 0.11† |
Preterm delivery (%) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.31† |
Need to insulin therapy after intervention (%) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0.55† |
Pre-eclampsia (%) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0.64† |
Polyhydramnios (%) | 2 (6.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0.55† |
Macrosomia > 4000 g (%) | 5 (16.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0.08† |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.2 ± 1.1 | 39.1 ± 1.2 | 0.90 |
Newborns’ weight (g) | 3346.3 ± 411.1 | 3089.8 ± 519.9 | 0.05 |
Newborns’ length (cm) | 50.0 ± 1.4 | 49.2 ± 3.6 | 0.28 |
Newborns’ head circumference (cm) | 35.2 ± 1.7 | 34.4 ± 3.0 | 0.20 |
1- min Apgar score | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 0.3 | 0.45 |
5- min Apgar score | 9.8 ± 0.4 | 9.9 ± 0.3 | 0.45 |
Newborns’ hyperbilirubinemia (%) | 12 (40.0) | 8 (26.7) | 0.27† |
Newborns’ hospitalization (%) | 12 (40.0) | 8 (26.7) | 0.27† |