Background
Methods
Study design
Intervention
Spirulina platensis ingredients | Content (per gram) |
---|---|
Total protein | 550–670 mg |
Total fat | 60–80 mg |
Total fiber | 20–60 mg |
chlorophyll | 15 mg |
Total ash | 60–80 mg |
carbohydrate | 120–200 mg |
Moisture | 40–60 mg |
Beta Carotene | 2.58 mg |
Vitamin E | 0.066 mg |
Niacin | 0,16 mg |
Phosphorus | 9.14 mg |
Sodium | 1.86 mg |
Calcium | 1.71 mg |
Magnesium | 2.6 mg |
Potassium | 17.7 mg |
Iron | 0.75 mg |
Zinc | 0.05 mg |
Vitamin B1 | 48 mg |
Vitamin B2 | 42 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 7 mg |
Vitamin B12 | 2.3 mg |
Biotin | 0.25 mg |
Folic Acid | 0.61 mg |
Anthropometric and dietary assessments
Measurements of appetite
Physical activity level
Biochemical assays
Statistics
Results
General characteristics of trial and drop-outs
Demographic parameters, physical activity level and nutrients intake
Variable | Spirulina platensis | Placebo | P† | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender [n (%)] | Male | 5 (17.2) | 4 (14.8) | 0.81 |
female | 24 (82.8) | 23 (85.2) | ||
Age (y) | 34.75 ± 8.04 | 33.92 ± 8.57 | 0.71 | |
Physical activity | ||||
Before |
Low
| 16 (55.2) | 12 (44.4) | 0.80 |
Moderate
| 12 (41.4) | 14 (51.9) | ||
High
| 1 (3.4) | 1 (3.7) | ||
After |
Low
| 11 (37.9) | 6 (22.2) | 0.91 |
Moderate
| 17 (58.6) | 20 (74.1) | ||
High
| 1 (3.4) | 1 (3.7) | ||
P‡ |
0.03
| 0.12 |
Variable | Spirulina platensis (Mean ± SD) | Placebo (Mean ± SD) | P† | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 2289.51 ± 436.48 2289.96 ± 361.78 0.99 | 2305.71 ± 298.84 2266.47 ± 347.24 0.40 | 0.418 |
Protein (gr) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 103.8 ± 25.58 110.5 ± 26.19 0.06 | 110.24 ± 31.9 113.14 ± 24.8 0.62 | 0.70 |
Carbohydrate (gr) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 303.67 ± 105.27 299.34 ± 81.63 0.73 | 302.3 ± 79.58 304.13 ± 61.48 0.9 | 0.80 |
Fat (gr) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 73.67 ± 28.54 70.54 ± 20.03 0.4 | 67.49 ± 24.61 68.77 ± 21.48 0.79 | 0.75 |
Protein (%) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 18.20 ± 4.10 18.72 ± 5.58 0.5 | 19.59 ± 5.92 19.25 ± 3.85 0.79 | 0.68 |
Carbohydrate (%) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 50.37 ± 12.37 51.96 ± 8.55 0.54 | 54.48 ± 9.54 53.07 ± 6.75 0.54 | 0.59 |
Fat (%) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 27.95 ± 8.57 29.1 ± 6.78 0.36 | 25.92 ± 7.42 28.92 ± 10.66 0.18 | 0.94 |
Vitamin E(mg) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 9.75 ± 8.34 11.02 ± 11.58 0.316 | 8.00 ± 9.2 10.23 ± 10.27 0.21 | 0.14 |
Vitamin C(mg) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 81.23 ± 39.94 93.05 ± 33.43 0.12 | 74.36 ± 43.35 67.92 ± 33.31 0.41 |
0.007
|
Selenium(mg) |
Before
After
P
‡
| 0.1 ± 0.05 0.14 ± 0.18 0.25 | 0.12 ± 0.17 0.08 ± 0.04 0.33 | 0.1 |
Change in anthropometric and biochemical parameters
Variable | Treatment Groups |
P
‡
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spirulina platensis |
Percent change
| Placebo |
Percent change
| |||
Weight(kg) |
Before
| 89.62 ± 11.54 | 1.79 | 87.66 ± 13.64 | 0.71 | 0.007 |
After
| 88.01 ± 11.42 | 87.03 ± 13.70 | ||||
P†
|
<0.001
|
0.09
| ||||
WC(cm) |
Before
| 98.89 ± 8.48 | 1.40 | 101.07 ± 9.56 | 0.66 | 0.059 |
After
| 97.50 ± 8.39 | 100.40 ± 9.77 | ||||
P†
|
0.00
|
0.003
| ||||
BMI (kg/m2) |
Before
| 33.35 ± 2.81 | −1.90 | 32.71 ± 3.18 | −0.73 | 0.005 |
After
| 32.71 ± 2.80 | 32.47 ± 3.24 | ||||
P†
|
<0.001
|
0.01
| ||||
VEGF(ng/l) | Before | 3.22 ± 0.37 | 0.14 | 3.20 ± 0.28 |
0.25
| 0.580 |
after | 3.22 ± 0.37 | 3.21 ± 0.29 | ||||
P†
|
0.775
|
0.735
| ||||
TG(mg/dl) |
Before
| 144.13 ± 57.57 | −3.84 | 156.14 ± 79.01 | −7.31 | 0.486 |
after
| 136.65 ± 60.80 | 140.88 ± 72.73 | ||||
P†
|
0.365
|
0.052
| ||||
LDL(mg/dl) |
Before
| 116.27 ± 34.79 | −2.06 | 119.90 ± 21.69 | −2.05 | 0.725 |
after
| 115.42 ± 28.61 | 116.68 ± 21.31 | ||||
P†
|
0.886
|
0.196
| ||||
HDL(mg/dl) |
Before
| 36.55 ± 10.21 | 1.73 | 34.88 ± 11.56 | 4.36 | 0.385 |
after
| 38.75 ± 8.84 | 38.37 ± 9.44 | ||||
P†
|
0.05
|
0.001
| ||||
TC(mg/dl) | Before | 190.48 ± 35.25 | −4.67 | 187.25 ± 27.10 | −2.18 | 0.123 |
after | 180.10 ± 31.13 | 183.03 ± 28.07 | ||||
P†
|
0.002
|
0.09
| ||||
Appetite | Before | 211.03 ± 31.68 | −4.16 | 191.29 ± 33.95 | 2.44 |
0.001
|
after | 202.06 ± 34.13 | 195 ± 33.25 | ||||
P†
|
0.008
|
0.064
|
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) |
0.026
|
0.057
| 0.106 |
WC (cm) | 0.168 | 0.255 | 0.403 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
0.017
|
0.038
|
0.038
|
VEGF(ng/l) | 0.820 | 0.918 | 0.876 |
TG (mg/dl) | 0.394 | 0.513 | 0.533 |
LDL(mg/dl) | 0.445 | 0.659 | 0.735 |
HDL(mg/dl) | 0.636 | 0.755 | 0.441 |
TC(mg/dl) | 0.080 | 0.170 | 0.180 |
Appetite |
0.004
|
0.012
|
0.019
|